Corresponding author: Carlos A. García-Alzate (
Academic editor: D. Bloom
García-Alzate CA, Urbano-Bonilla A, Taphorn DC (2017) A new species of
Twenty-two species of
Fishes were captured using seines and were preserved in situ in 10% formalin and later stored in 70% ethanol. Counts and measurements follow
Upper and lower jaws of
Morphometric data shown in Table
Morphometric and meristic data of
Holotype | Paratypes |
|
|
---|---|---|---|
Standard length | 23.1 | 20.1–28.4 (22.2) | 1.2 |
Total length | 27.5 | 25.8–29.3 (27.5) | 0.9 |
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Body depth | 29.4 | 29.4–35.1 (32.5) | 1.5 |
Snout-dorsal fin distance | 50.2 | 49.7–56.5 (53.7) | 2.5 |
Snout-pectoral fin distance | 32.0 | 25.7–33.6 (30.2) | 2.2 |
Snout-pelvic fin distance | 44.2 | 42.8–53.7 (47.7) | 3.5 |
Snout-anal fin distance | 57.1 | 57.1–69.2 (62.0) | 3.3 |
Dorsal fin-hypural distance | 47.2 | 47.1–53.5 (50.4) | 2.0 |
Dorsal-fin length | 29.9 | 29.2–35.0 (31.9) | 2.1 |
Pectoral-fin length | 38.5 | 35.0–45.0 (39.2) | 3.1 |
Pelvic-fin length | 26.0 | 23.2–29.9 (25.9) | 2.1 |
Caudal peduncle depth | 21.2 | 17.5–24.5 (20.8) | 2.2 |
Caudal peduncle length | 15.2 | 15.1–20.9 (17.9) | 1.8 |
Head length | 22.5 | 20.3–25.3 (21.5) | 1.3 |
Dorsal-anal fin distance | 10.0 | 8.7–12.7 (10.0) | 1.1 |
Dorsal-pectoral fin distance | 15.2 | 12.2–17.0 (14.4) | 1.2 |
Anal-fin length | 28.6 | 27.2–31.3 (29.6) | 1.5 |
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Snout length | 18.2 | 17.6–22.8 (20.4) | 1.8 |
Orbital diameter | 36.4 | 30.1–45.0 (37.9) | 4.9 |
Postorbital distance | 39.4 | 36.6–53.1 (43.5) | 4.3 |
Maxilla length | 39.4 | 23.9–49.2 (35.6) | 7.4 |
Interorbital distance | 39.4 | 29.5–41.5 (25.8) | 3.4 |
Mandible superior distance | 27.3 | 22.5–30.4 (26.4) | 2.5 |
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Lateral scales | 24 | 20–24 | |
Pored lateral-line scales | 4 | 3–4 | |
Scales from lateral line to dorsal fin | 5 | 5 | |
Scales from lateral line to anal fin | 4 | 4 | |
Scales from lateral line to pelvic fin | 3 | 3 | |
Predorsal scales | 9 | 9–10 | |
Dorsal-fin rays | ii, 9 | ii, 9 | |
Anal-fin rays | iii, 20 | iii, 19–20 | |
Pelvic-fin rays | ii, 7 | ii, 7 | |
Pectoral-fin rays | ii, 10 | ii, 10 |
Head and snout long, jaws equal, mouth terminal, lips soft and flexible, outer row of premaxillary teeth not exposed. Premaxilla with long, sharp lateral process over ethmoids, with two rows of teeth: the external row with one (2) or two* (23), all tricuspid; inner row with six* (25) tricuspid teeth the gradually diminish in size away from symphysis. Maxillary long and narrow, posterior margin straight, anterior margin convex, ventral margin reaching anterior border of third infraorbital, with seven* (10) or eight (15) tricuspid and conical teeth. Dentary with convex ventral margin, four (25) frontal multicuspid teeth followed by six* (15) or eight (10) smaller conical teeth (Fig.
Scales cycloid. Lateral line with three (10) or four* (15) pored scales. Lateral scale series with 21 (10), 22 (6) or 24* (9) scales, including those with pores. Transverse scales rows five* (25) between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, not including the predorsal series just in front of first dorsal-fin ray. Four (25) horizontal scale rows from anal-fin origin to lateral line. Three (25) horizontal scale rows between pelvic-fin origins and lateral line. Predorsal scales nine*(18) or 10 (7). Five scales in single row along anterior anal-fin base. Fin rays: Dorsal ii, 9 (25). Anal iii, 19 (18) or 20* (7). Pelvic ii, 7 (25). Pectoral ii, 10 (25). Caudal 10+10 (2) principal and 10 (2) procurrent. Caudal fin bifurcate, upper and lower lobes similar in size, pointed. Total vertebrae 32–33.
Males have hooks on anal-fin and pelvic–fin rays. Anal fin with pair of rows of eight to ten small hooks along third simple ray followed by two to eight pairs of hooks on first to fifth branched rays. Pelvic fins with two to ten pairs of hooks on branched rays, located above internal branch of ray, each segment of branched rays with pair of hooks.
Opercular and humeral spots absent. Dorsal part of head and body to dorsal fin dark brown, then yellow on sides and light yellow ventrally. Base color divided by conspicuous, wide (three to four horizontal scale rows), dark lateral stripe from anterior margin of eye through middle caudal-fin rays. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins hyaline. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins with dark margins. Anal fin with dark pigment concentrated on interradial membranes.
Body greenish-yellow, predorsal area orange-yellow, preventral area silvery-yellow, upper and lower margins of eye red and black respectively, dorsal area of head orange-yellow, ventral area greenish-yellow with great concentration of melanophores on infraorbitals, preopercle and opercle. Wide, black, lateral stripe from anterior part of eye along sides through middle caudal-fin rays, covering at least half of body height near midbody. Iridescent orange stripe present above black stripe from eye to upper caudal-fin lobe. Lower lobe of caudal fin with orange iridophores at bases of rays. Bases of dorsal-fin rays orange, base of caudal and pelvic fins greenish–yellow. Adipose fin light orange (Fig.
Live colours of
Distribution of
Research leading to the discovery and recognition of this species was partially funded by Mr. Klaus-Peter Lang from Oberhausen, Germany. To commemorate the 80th birthday of his mother, this species is dedicated to and named for his father “Klaus” and his mother “Anni”.
Principal component analysis (
Principal component analysis for morphological data of
Eigenvalue for principal components (
|
Eigenvalue | Percentage variance |
---|---|---|
1 | 742.872 | 43.712 |
2 | 715.071 | 42.076 |
3 | 143.989 | 8.4725 |
4 | 0.887396 | 5.2216 |
5 | 0.0177261 | 0.1043 |
6 | 0.012861 | 0.075676 |
7 | 0.0106605 | 0.062728 |
8 | 0.00831635 | 0.048935 |
9 | 0.00719985 | 0.042365 |
10 | 0.00544939 | 0.032065 |
11 | 0.00483203 | 0.028432 |
12 | 0.00454893 | 0.026767 |
13 | 0.00389345 | 0.02291 |
14 | 0.00330895 | 0.01947 |
15 | 0.00202874 | 0.011937 |
16 | 0.00152486 | 0.0089725 |
17 | 0.00134239 | 0.0078988 |
18 | 0.00118167 | 0.0069531 |
19 | 0.00103976 | 0.0061181 |
20 | 0.00091383 | 0.0053771 |
21 | 0.000677078 | 0.003984 |
22 | 0.000411058 | 0.0024187 |
23 | 0.000201424 | 0.0011852 |
Eigenvector for first four principal components (
|
0.036926 | 0.11125 | 0.053717 | 0.15823 |
TL | 0.014453 | 0.11428 | 0.12973 | 0.1757 |
Bd | 0.0014034 | 0.2336 | 0.19898 | 0.10276 |
Sndorsalfin | 0.035809 | 0.15093 | 0.19889 | 0.077996 |
Snpectoralfin | -0.029764 | 0.12309 | 0.14127 | -0.055979 |
Snpelvicfin | 0.00039923 | 0.17469 | 0.19359 | -0.035305 |
Snanalfin | 0.10796 | 0.19393 | 0.084414 | -0.03285 |
Dorfinhyp | -0.049318 | 0.15887 | 0.12493 | 0.34098 |
Doranafin | 0.020214 | 0.22269 | -0.017732 | 0.24495 |
Dorpecfin | 0.16087 | 0.1257 | 0.18137 | 0.021098 |
Dfl | -0.042492 | 0.088703 | -0.12982 | 0.0055815 |
Pecfl | -0.17901 | 0.13165 | -0.31013 | 0.37798 |
Pelfl | 0.016911 | 0.3717 | 0.12014 | -0.010603 |
Anfl | -0.12234 | 0.20629 | -0.10574 | 0.209 |
CDP | 0.15708 | 0.24308 | 0.21375 | 0.093422 |
CPL | -0.69393 | 0.34328 | -0.0388 | -0.34286 |
|
-0.016057 | 0.13764 | -0.11393 | 0.29254 |
SnL | -0.11936 | 0.32028 | 0.22983 | -0.24192 |
ED | -0.043155 | -0.076829 | 0.19662 | 0.4488 |
PostOL | 0.54766 | 0.26111 | -0.013493 | -0.21286 |
ML | 0.044176 | 0.24261 | -0.56997 | 0.079634 |
IW | 0.17908 | 0.1701 | -0.10416 | -0.15303 |
UJL | 0.22414 | 0.23888 | -0.40194 | -0.10821 |
Although in our opinion the artificial groupings based on pigmentation patterns proposed by
Rapid taxonomic description of the many as yet unnamed fish species of the Neotropical ichthyological biodiversity is urgently needed given the accelerated rate of extirpation caused by human impacts in many aquatic ecosystems in the Orinoco River Basin. The loss of habitat for fish species is caused by many different human activities such as dam construction, urban water pollution, mining, poor agricultural and animal husbandry practices, the introduction of non-native species and overfishing (Barletta et al. 2012). The Guaviare River drainage in Colombia is an area of high priority for conservation (
We are grateful for the support of the Biology Program, University of Atlántico (UA). We thank Javier Maldonado-Ocampo and Saúl Prada-Pedreros (