﻿Three new species of the planthopper genus Oecleopsis Emeljanov, 1971 from China (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)

﻿Abstract Three new species of the genus Oecleopsis Emeljanov, 1971 from China, O.acerbus Lv & Chen, sp. nov. and O.panxianensis Lv & Chen, sp. nov. from Guizhou Province, and O.digitatus Lv & Chen, sp. nov. from Sichuan Province, are described and illustrated. With these additions, the number of species in the genus is increased to 18. An updated identification key and checklist of all known species of Oecleopsis are provided as well as a map of their geographic distributions.


Material and methods
The external morphology terminologies are as follows: male genitalia follows Bourgoin (1987), female genitalia follows Bourgoin (1993), and wing venation follows Bourgoin et al. (2015).Body measurements are from apex of vertex to tip of forewing; vertex length was measured the median length of vertex (from apical transverse carina to tip of basal emargination).All measurements are in millimeters (mm).External morphology and drawings were done under the Leica MZ 12.5 stereomicroscope.Photographs were taken with NIKON SMZ 25 and VHX-1000E digital camera.Illustrations were scanned with CanoScan LiDE 200 and imported into Adobe Photoshop 7.0 for labeling and plate composition.The dissected male and female genitalia are preserved in glycerin in small plastic tubes pinned together with the specimens.The distribution map was generated with ARCGIS 10.7.
The type specimens examined are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China (IEGU).
Male terminalia.Pygofer (Fig. 2F, H) symmetrical, in lateral view, lateral lobes triangularly extended caudally; in ventral view, dorsal margin concave and U-shaped.Medioventral process triangular in ventral view.Anal segment (Fig. 2F, I, J) tubular, asymmetrical, widened towards apex in left side view; in right side view, left ventral margin convex and right ventral margin excavated near apex; 1.55 times longer than wide in dorsal view; anal style finger-like, beyond anal tube.Aedeagus (Fig. 2K-N) in total with 4 processes; spinose process near apex of periandrium on right side short relatively, nib-like, directed right-dorsocephalad, only a quarter length of periandrium; left side apical process of endosoma bifurcated, curved outward, rami of bifurcation asymmetrical, dorsal ramus longer and thicker, ventral ramus slender and shorter; 2 subapical spines, dorsal process long and tapering to apex, lateral margins straight, directed ventrocephalad; ventral process constricted in the middle, curved ventrocephalad.Gonostyli (Fig. 2F-H) slender, curved apically, tapering into a process, T-shaped in ventral view.
Female terminalia.Terminalia as shown in Fig. 5A ventrally.Anal segment (Fig. 5C) 1.79 times longer than wide in dorsal view.Posterior vagina (Fig. 5B) elongate, with 4 sclerites in total, dorsal sclerite tapering at the end, median and ventral sclerites long, oval and trapezoidal, respectively, left side of terminal sclerite twist into angular process with straight lateral margins.
Etymology.The species name is derived from the Latin adjective "acerbus", referring to dorsal process of the endosoma which is pointed on the left side.
Remarks.This species is similar to Oecleopsis wuyiensis Guo, Wang & Feng, 2009, but differs from the latter in: (1) frons yellowish to blackish brown (frons black in O. wuyiensis); (2) ventral margin near base of periandrium without a spinose process (ventral margin near base of periandrium with a spinose process in O. wuyiensis); (3) dorsal process of endosoma directed ventrocephalad (dorsal process of endosoma directed dorsocephalad in O. wuyiensis); (4) ventral process of endosoma curved and rounded at apex (ventral process of endosoma straight and pointed in O. wuyiensis).Diagnosis.The salient features of the new species include: vertex (Fig. 3A, C) at least three times as long as broad; frons (Fig. 3D) yellowish brown, with brown spots; aedeagus (Fig. 3K-N) in total with 3 processes; spinose process near apex of periandrium on right side (Fig. 3K) long, half wide at base, half thinner at end; left side (Fig. 3L) apical process of endosoma bifurcated, rami long, approximately equal length; a subapical spine, lateral margins curved.
Male terminalia.Pygofer (Fig. 3F, H) symmetrical, in lateral view, lateral lobes triangularly extended caudally; in ventral view, dorsal margin concave and U-shaped, middle part narrow.Medioventral process triangular in ventral view.Anal segment (Fig. 3F, I, J) tubular, asymmetrical, widened towards apex in left side view; in right side view, left ventral margin convex and right ventral margin excavated near apex; 1.68 times longer than wide in dorsal view; anal style finger-like, beyond anal tube.Aedeagus (Fig. 3K-N) in total with 3 processes; spinose process near apex of periandrium on right side long, half wide at base, half thinner at end, directed cephalically, more than 1/2 length of periandrium; left side apical process of endosoma bifurcated, rami long, approximately equal length, dorsal ramus directed cephalad, ventral ramus directed ventrocephalad; a subapical spine, lateral margins curved, curved dorsad, apical margin rounded.Gonostyli (Fig. 3F-H) slender, curved apically, tapering into a process, constricted for about ¾ its length, T-shaped in ventral view.
Etymology.The new species is named after its the county in which it was collected.
Remarks.This species is similar to Oecleopsis laminatus Zhi & Chen, 2018, but differs from the latter in: (1) spinose process near apex of periandrium long, half wide at the base, ½ thinner at end (spinose process near apex of periandrium long, smoothly tapering at the end in O. laminatus); (2) apical process of endosoma bifurcated at base (apical process of endosoma bifurcated at apex in O. laminatus); (3) left side near apex of endosoma with a spiniform process, curved dorsad (left side near apex of endosoma with a large laminal process, directed cephalad in O. laminatus).Diagnosis.The salient features of the new species include: vertex (Fig. 4A,  C) less than three times as long as broad; spinose process near apex of periandrium on right side (Fig. 4K) short and thick, finger-like; left side (Fig. 4L) apical process of endosoma bifurcated, rami short; two subapical spines long, dorsal process tapering toward the end, ventral process curved.
Male terminalia.Pygofer (Fig. 4F, H) symmetrical, in lateral view, lateral lobes triangularly extended caudally; in ventral view, dorsal margin concave and U-shaped, widened towards apex.Medioventral process triangular in ventral view.Anal segment (Fig. 4F, I, J) tubular, asymmetrical, widened towards apex in left side view; in right side view, left ventral margin convex and right ventral margin excavated near apex; 1.64 times longer than wide in dorsal view; anal style finger-like, beyond anal tube.Aedeagus (Fig. 4K-N) with 4 processes in total; spinose process near apex of periandrium on right side short and thick, directed dorsocephalad, finger-like, only a 1/4 length of periandrium; left side apical process of endosoma bifurcated, curved outward, rami short, dorsal ramus directed dorsad, ventral ramus directed ventrad; 2 subapical spines long, dorsal process tapering toward end, directed cephalad; ventral process curved, curved ventrad.Gonostyli (Fig. 4F-H) slender, curved apically, tapering into a process, curved portion near right angle, T-shaped in ventral view.
Female terminalia.Terminalia, viewed ventrally, are shown in Fig. 5D.Anal segment (Fig. 5F) 1.84 times longer than wide in dorsal view.Posterior vagina (Fig. 5E) elongate, with 4 sclerites in total, dorsal sclerite tapering at the end, median and ventral sclerites long, suboblong and slender, respectively, left side of terminal sclerite twist into thick finger-like process.
Etymology.The species name is derived from the Latin adjective "digitatus", referring to the finger-like spinose process near apex of periandrium on the right side.

Discussion
Host plant information is less well documented in cixiids, especially in the genus Oecleopsis, where the host plants of only two species have been recorded so far.Oecleopsis sinicus (Jacobi, 1944) was collected on Artemisia L. sp.(Asteraceae) and Zea mays L. (Panicoideae), and O. yoshikawai (Ishihara, 1961) was collected on bamboo (Bambusoideae) (Zhi et al. 2018).Since these two discoveries, no additional information has been found on the ecology or behavior of any other species of Oecleopsis.
Based on data from published information and our field surveys, the distribution of Oecleopsis is restricted to the Palaearctic and Oriental regions (Fig. 1) (Holt et al. 2013), and the genus especially speciose in China where all species have been recorded to date.However, at present, it is mainly known to occur in Central, East, South, and Southwest China, but collection and survey data are still not comprehensive enough.Therefore, we believe that additional wide-ranging field surveys will find that the diversity of Oecleopsis in China is doubtlessly richer.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. A-N Oecleopsis acerbus sp.nov., male A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head and thorax, dorsal view D frons, ventral view E forewing F male terminalia, lateral view G gonostyli, inner lateral view H pygofer and gonostyli, ventral view I anal segment, dorsal view J anal segment, right lateral view K aedeagus, right side L aedeagus, left side M aedeagus, dorsal view N aedeagus, ventral view.Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. A-N Oecleopsis panxianensis sp.nov., male A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head and thorax, dorsal view D frons, ventral view E forewing F male terminalia, lateral view G gonostyli, inner lateral view H pygofer and gonostyli, ventral view I anal segment, dorsal view J anal segment, right lateral view K aedeagus, right side L aedeagus, left side M aedeagus, dorsal view N aedeagus, ventral view.Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. A-N Oecleopsis digitatus sp.nov., male A habitus, dorsal view B habitus, lateral view C head and thorax, dorsal view D frons, ventral view E forewing F male terminalia, lateral view G gonostyli, inner lateral view H pygofer and gonostyli, ventral view I anal segment, dorsal view J anal segment, right lateral view K aedeagus, right side L aedeagus, left side M aedeagus, dorsal view N aedeagus, ventral view.Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. A-F female terminalia of Oecleopsis species A-C Oecleopsis acerbus sp.nov.D-F Oecleopsis digitatus sp.nov.A, D female terminalia, ventral view B, E posterior vagina, ventral view C, F anal segment, dorsal view.Scale bars: 0.2 mm.