The genus Amegilla (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Anthophorini) in Australia: A revision of the subgenera Notomegilla and Zonamegilla

Abstract The Australian bees in the subgenera Notomegilla and Zonamegilla of the genus Amegilla are revised. Commonly in Australia the species in these subgenera are called blue-banded bees, although not all species have blue bands. A phylogeny based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 sequence data was used to delineate the species and a set of morphological criteria was developed for species identification. Strong support was obtained for separating the Australian species into the three subgenera previously proposed on the basis of morphology. Two species, are recognised in the subgenus Notomegilla and eleven new synonymies are proposed. Twelve Australian species are recognised in the subgenus Zonamegilla including four new species: indistincta, karlba, paeninsulae and viridicingulata, and twenty new synonymies are proposed. Keys to the species of both sexes and descriptions or redescriptions of all species are provided. Distribution maps, data on flower visitation and phenology are given.


Introduction
Many species in the genus Amegilla are conspicuous because of their colourful, iridescent hair bands, relatively large size and hovering flight patterns. Some species are known to nest in sand, loam or clay soils, and in soft sandstone, clay washouts and mud bricks. Nests are often found in large aggregations that are re-used for many generations (Michener 1960, Cardale 1968). Their bright colours, nearly ubiquitous presence in Australia, readiness to forage from exotic flowers in suburban gardens and nesting behaviour ensure that this genus is well-recognised by the general public. Several species belonging to the subgenera Zonamegilla and Notomegilla are referred to as 'blue-banded bees' (Rayment 1935, Dollin et al. 2000. The life-cycles of the different species seem to have many similarities. With a lifespan of approximately 6 weeks, adult Amegilla are relatively short-lived. Depending on the species and the suitability of the climate, one or several generations are produced during a flight season, while immatures survive the unfavourable season in the prepupal stage in their cells (Michener 1965, Cardale 1968). Amegilla species visit a large range of flowering plants, and belong to the group of buzz pollinating bees (Buchman 1983), which makes them suitable Australian native pollinators for solanaceous crops, such as tomato, eggplant and pepper (Bell et al. 2006, Hogendoorn et al. 2006. Members of the genus are among the main pollinators of Australian Solanum species in the arid zone (Anderson and Symon 1988) which include a number of smallrange endemic species and culturally significant species such as Solanum centrale or bush tomato (Symon 1979).
The taxonomy of the genus Amegilla has had a long and colourful history. Amegilla zonata (Linnaeus, 1758) was among the first organisms to receive a Latin binomial. The first Australian bee species to be described, Amegilla cingulata (Fabricius, 1775) was collected by Sir Joseph Banks. Rayment (1944Rayment ( , 1947Rayment ( , 1951 recognised three groups of species, which were later formalised by Brooks (1988) as the subgenera Asaropoda, Notomegilla, which are endemic to Australia and Papua New Guinea, and Zonamegilla, which has a wide distribution throughout Eurasia, S.E. Asia, and Australia (Michener 2007). Because of the difficulty of separating females of different species, Michener (2007) chose not to recognise subgenera, but acknowledged that the names might be useful to define species-groups within this very large genus.
Prior to 1940, species confusion and name changes were frequent, due in no small part to morphological similarities between species. In addition, many morphological character traits of Amegilla seemed variable, both within and between species, which made it difficult to find reliable characters to distinguish the species. Conscious of this intraspecific variation, Rayment (1935) disagreed in print with his mentor, Cockerell and warned of the dangers of using hair colour as a character. Rayment later published two papers (Rayment 1944(Rayment , 1947 in which he used new characters in an attempt to identify the Australian species. The diagnostics used by Rayment relied heavily on sculpture on the pygidial plate of females and on small differences in the extent of pale face marks of males. Unfortunately, these characters were unreliable: the sculpture of the pygidial plate is subject to wear with age, and the face marks of males vary within species. Rayment described 24 new species and some subspecies, several from the same localities (Cardale 1993). Although his descriptions are often well illustrated, the lack of identification keys and adequate diagnostic traits of the species make it virtually impossible to properly identify these species. Thus, Rayment's (1944Rayment's ( , 1947 descriptions contributed to a new level of confusion in a group that consists of morphologically similar species. Revising this group was further complicated by problems with the identity of type material. Instead of assigning single specimens as type specimen, Rayment often referred to series of specimens when defining new names. In addition, information on specimen labels often differed from that given in the published descriptions, and most males in Rayment's 'type series' had their apical sternites and genitalia dissected. As many of these subsequently became lost, the morphological information of type series is incomplete.
Here we present a revision of the species in the subgenera Notomegilla and Zonamegilla based on examination of the majority of the type material and supported by molecular phylogenetics based on mitochondrial DNA of all currently recognised Australian species sampled throughout their geographical ranges.

Specimens examined
This study is based on examination of museum specimens. The following acronyms are used in the supplementary information associated with this paper: Information from the labels of museum specimens was copied in a single database, which was subsequently used to generate distribution maps, analyse species phenology and flower records. The database is available as supporting information associated with this publication (Suppl. material 2).
Fresh specimens were collected throughout Australia for molecular analysis by the authors and by numerous other people acknowledged below. Special attention was given to type localities for named species and localities known from apparently undescribed species in museum collections. Some non-Australian A. (Zonamegilla) species were included to enable inferences about the historical biogeography of this subgenus. Collected specimens were killed and preserved in absolute ethanol to allow DNA extraction at a later stage. Ethanol-preserved specimens, as well as extracted DNA, are kept in the Australian Biological Tissue Collection at the South Australian Museum. DNA voucher specimens are kept in the Entomology Collection of the South Australian Museum. Locality data, voucher numbers and GenBank Accession numbers of specimens used in the molecular analyses are available as supporting data associated with this publication (Suppl. material 1: Table S1).

Taxonomic methods
Genitalia were extracted from a number of male museum specimens, after relaxation for up to three days in a humid container with chromocresol or thymol added as a fungal inhibitor. Dissected genitalia were treated with 10% cold sodium hydroxide for 24 hours, glacial acetic acid for approximately one hour and stored in glycerol to facilitate the study of morphology. Digital photography using an automontage system was used to obtain images of relevant characters. Morphological terminology follows that of Brooks (1988) and Michener (1944Michener ( , 2007. Terminology used for integumental sculpture is that of Houston (1975) or Harris (1979). Metasomal terga are referred to as T1, T2 etc., sterna as S1, S2 etc., individual flagellar segments as f1, f2 etc. The following descriptive abbreviations are used: IOD, interocellar distance; OOD, ocellocular distance; OS, shortest distance between medial and lateral ocelli. The seventh, hidden, sternum of males exhibits useful diagnostic characteristics and was extracted for examination. Terms used by Brooks (1988) to describe S7 were of limited use for Zonamegilla species and were supplemented by those illustrated in Fig. 1.
The description of, and differentiation between, intra-and interspecific colour variation has for a long time bedevilled the taxonomy of this group of bees. Colour variation in both the iridescent hairs of the tergal bands and the non-reflective hairs of the mesosoma are found in most species and can, in some cases, obscure genuine intraspecific colour differences. The metallic interference colours, which are produced by reflection from arrays of microtubules (Fung 2005), are easily dulled by damage to the scale-like setae that produce them. Species descriptions are, therefore, reported for selected fresh specimens, followed by discussion of intraspecific variation.

Incorporating phylogenetics in a taxonomic revision
To overcome the difficulty of separating interspecific from intraspecific morphological variation, we used partial mitochondrial CO1 gene sequences, as in the 'barcoding' approach (Hebert et al. 2004), to delineate species boundaries. Voucher specimens from the molecular clades were then compared with type material in order to determine the corresponding species names. Morphological character sets for each species were then re-defined and geographical distributions were determined from the sequenced specimens as well as from specimens in the major Australian insect collections. All Australian species have been re-described, where possible based on DNA voucher specimens, lodged in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide.

DNA methods
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing were performed as described in Cooper et al. (2002). Two regions of the mitochondrial genome were amplified. An 822 bp region of the 3' end of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene was amplified using primers M202 (forward, 5'-CAA CAT TTA TTT TGA TTT TTT GG-3') and M70 (reverse, 5'-TCC ATT GCA CTA ATC TGC CAT ATT A-3') (alias Jerry and Pat, Simon et al. 1994), as well as a 648 bp fragment just upstream of the previous fragment of CO1 using primers M414 (5'-GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3') and M423 (5'-TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3') (LCO1490 and HCO2198: Folmer et al. 1994). ChromasPro version 1.34 (Technelysium Pty Ltd, Tewantin, QLD, Australia) was used to edit chromatogram files, to determine consensus sequences from both strands, and to align sequences across specimens. DNA sequences are available from GenBank: KY485622-KY485915.

Phylogenetic analyses
Phylogenetic analyses of aligned sequence data were carried out using the program PAUP* version 4.0b8 (Swofford 2001), MRBAYES v.3.1 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001) and BEAST version 1.4.8 . PAUP* was used for generating and editing data matrices as well as error proofing using neighbourjoining runs, and for analyses of uncorrected sequence divergence. For each species, as recognized by neighbour-joining analyses and morphology, a small number of representatives across their geographic range were selected for Bayesian phylogenic analyses. Bayesian analyses were performed using MRBAYES and BEAST. The analyses were performed on combined CO1 sequence fragments, applying unlinked data partitions for each of the codons for the CO1 gene and using a general time reversible model of sequence evolution with invariable sites and gamma distributed rates across sites (GTR + i + g). Tracer v1.4 ) was used to check that the effective sample sizes (ESS) of the parameters during the Baysian runs were larger than 100.
A BEAST analysis allowed the application of relaxed molecular clock methods in order to obtain estimates of node divergence times. Because fossils are not known for Amegilla bees a mean rate of 0.0115 substitutions per site per million years (Brower 1994) was used in analyses with an uncorrelated log-normal molecular clock and a Yule process of speciation. The analyses were performed with 40 million generations, sampling trees every 1000 generations. Parameter estimation and calculations of the >50% posterior probability consensus tree was done after discarding the first 4000 saved trees.
MRBAYES analysis was performed with four simultaneous chains, sampling tree topologies and parameters every 50 generations. After 2,029,200 generations all parameters had reached their ESS, and the potential scale reduction parameter was approximately one for all parameters, indicating that the Bayesian runs had converged and that a sufficient sample of the posterior distribution had been obtained. A burn in of 10,000 sampled trees was chosen for each independent run of MRBAYES. A >50% posterior probability consensus tree was constructed from the remaining 61,170 saved trees (30,585 trees per individual run).

Species delineation and molecular phylogeny
Phylogenetic analyses of CO1 gene sequences, using neighbour-joining and parsimony in PAUP* and Bayesian methods in MRBAYES and BEAST resulted in very similar tree topologies with three monophyletic groups (Fig. 2, Suppl. material 1: Figs S1, S2) corresponding to the three subgenera proposed by Brooks (1988). The analyses in general resulted in well-resolved clades that provided the basis for identification of morphological characteristics for each of the proposed species. However the relationships between the subgenera and species-groups within the subgenus Zonamegilla were incompletely resolved (posterior probabilities 0.50-0.85), which is not surprising, considering that these analyses were based on mitochondrial data only.
Morphological and molecular evidence indicates the existence of only two valid species in Notomegilla, and twelve valid Australian species in Zonamegilla. With two exceptions the uncorrected pairwise distances between specimens resulted in unambiguous delineation of the species with maximum intraspecific distances mostly less than 4.5% and interspecific distances greater than 5.8% (Table 1). The first exception concerns the species A. walkeri (Cockerell) and A. thorogoodi (Rayment), which have very shallow uncorrected pairwise sequence divergences of 0.62-1.37% (Table 1). Although closely related, these species are readily recognised by colour differences and are geographically separated (Fig. 13) by the proposed Carpentarian barrier (Joseph and Omland 2009 and references therein). Geographical separation of the colour forms is complete with no evidence of intermediates. The estimated divergence time between the species (Fig. 2) corresponds well with the Pleistocene age of the barrier inferred in previous studies of birds and rodents (Jennings and Edwards 2005, Lee and Edwards 2008, Breed and Ford 2007. Several similar examples of such recent divergences are known for birds (Joseph andOmland 2009), blowflies (Wallmann et al. 2005) and grasshoppers (Carsten and Knowles 2007).
The second exception involved difficulties with delineation within the species-group that includes A. pulchra (Smith), A. murrayensis (Rayment) and A. adelaidae (Cockerell). In all analyses, the group as a whole was well defined with adelaidae as sister to the other two species. Within the group, initially analyses of sequences obtained using the M202/M70 primers resulted in two clades for murrayensis and a single clade with rather large intraspecific divergences for specimens of pulchra (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S1, Table  1). Analysis of sequences obtained using the Folmer primers showed a single clade for murrayensis, but did not resolve the problems for pulchra (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S2). There are a number of explanations possible for these observations: First, it is likely that there is a nuclear paralogue in the sequenced mtDNA fragments (Bensasson et al. 2001, Pamilo et al. 2007, Song et al. 2008) that evolved in the common ancestor of pulchra and murrayensis. Evidence for this are double base pair readings found predominantly at third codon positions, but these never resulting in stop codons. Secondly, the observed phylogenetic patterns may be resulting from Wolbachia infestations that were noted to have distorted phylogenetic patterns in other Hymenoptera (Klopfstein et al. 2016). It was beyond the scope of this study to further investigate the source of these problems. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 2) indicates that the Australian Zonamegilla species are not monophyletic with respect to Asian species. Although the relationships among these species and some isolated taxa from Australia and Asia were incompletely resolved (posterior probabilities 0.50-0.85), it is clear that migration of Zonamegilla species between Australia and the region to the north has involved more than one event.
One well-supported species-group within Zonamegilla, which includes cingulata (Fabricius), paeninsulae sp. n., mcnamarae (Cockerell) from Papua New Guinea and a species from Thailand, comprises species with similar morphological characteristics including brightly coloured hair bands on the posterior margins of the terga and almost uniformly coloured hairs on the scopa of the hind tibia of the females. Among the Australian species, only viridicingulata sp. n. shares this combination of characters, but it is present in a number of Asian species. The species asserta (Cockerell) is sister to the cingulata group.
Another well-supported clade that includes A. alpha (Cockerell), thorogoodi, indistincta sp. n., karlba sp. n. and walkeri consists of species that are superficially rather different in appearance. Most notable is the orange-brown hair covering most of the metasoma in alpha, which led Cockerell to suggest that it was a subspecies of A. (Asaropoda) bombiformis (Smith). A third species-group, adelaidae, murrayensis and pulchra, contains species with partially overlapping distributions (Figs 3,11,12).  The terminals are labelled with species names  and RB-numbers, which refer to Table S1, and a locality indication.

Morphological characters
The most useful diagnostic characters that emerged from this revision were the length of the basitibial streak on the hind leg of females, the size, shape and colour of the medial patch of pubescence on the female T5, and the shape of the male S7. The colour of the scutal pubescence, the tergal hair bands and the pubescence on female T5, although sufficiently reliable characters in fresh specimens, are less reliable in older or worn specimens. Similarly, the shape of the yellow face markings, especially in males, although often a useful indicator, can be aberrant in a small number of individuals. Characters of the male genital capsule have not been used in this study, because obvious differences between species were not evident.

Phenology
Climate seems to determine the phenology of the species. Those species that have a wide latitudinal distribution (A. chlorocyanea (Cockerell), A. asserta (Cockerell) and murrayensis) are active in summer in the south of the continent, but are found yearround in the north. Species that occur only in the north of the country are most active in May and June. Along the eastern seaboards of south Queensland and New South Wales, activity peaks in October and May.

Floral records
Floral records were available for a total of 583 specimens, by far the most for A. chlorocyanea (n = 447), followed by A. aeruginosa (Smith) (n = 37), murrayensis (n = 36) and thorogoodi (n = 21). The number of records available for other species ranges from 1 to 17. The bees visited 147 plant species of 47 different families (Fig. 15). Thus, bluebanded bees are highly polylectic. Because 24% of all plants visited were introduced, there seems to be no clear preference for either native or introduced plants. Bluebanded bees are often observed on the following introduced garden plants and weeds: English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Duranta (Duranta erecta), various blue-flowering members of the Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae, snakeweed (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis), and lantana (Lantana camara). In the arid zone, Amegilla, especially chlorocyanea, is frequently found on Eremophila sp., Ptilotus sp., Solanum sp., Stemodia florulenta and Trichodesma zeylanicum.

Evolution and historical biogeography of Amegilla in Australia
The phylogeny estimated using BEAST (Fig. 2) makes it possible to discuss hypotheses about the evolution and historical biogeography of Amegilla in the Australian region. The subgenus Notomegilla is endemic to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Its species chlorocyanea and aeruginosa diverged circa 17 Mya and have almost non overlapping geographical distributions: chlorocyanea is widespread in southern and in arid Australia (Fig. 7) while aeruginosa is adapted to subtropical and tropical environments of northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. It is possible that the divergence between the two species was triggered by aridification of inland Australia, which started around 15 Mya (Martin 2006). Adaptation to the unpredictability and patchiness of precipitation in the arid zone would include the propensity to migrate over large distances in search for suitable habitat. The fact that long distance dispersals may indeed be common in chlorocyanea is indicated by the lack of geographical signal and the sharing of mitochondrial haplotypes between sample localities thousands of kilometres apart (see NJ-phylogeny in the supplementary information).
The Australian species within the subgenus Zonamegilla are probably not monophyletic. This is indicated by species from India, Thailand and Papua New Guinea occurring amongst the Australian species (Fig. 2). Although, there are unresolved nodes at the base of the Australian clades, it is possible to infer that Zonamegilla colonised Australia around 12 Mya. The Australian Zonamegilla fauna has close links with those of Papua New Guinea as is also known for large carpenter bees, Xylocopa, of which species from Papua New Guinea and Australian form a monophyletic group . Two of the Australian species of Amegilla are also found in Papua New Guinea: A. aeruginosa which is a species found in the wet tropics but also in dry grassland areas (Fig. 4); the other species, A. thorogoodi is mainly distributed in the wet tropics along the east coast of Queensland and in southern Papua New Guinea. The close relationship between A. thorogoodi and A. walkeri (see above) is very likely the result of isolation and speciation in the Pleistocene, when populations of an ancestor adapted to the wet tropics became isolated east and west of the Gulf of Carpentaria, because dry grassland south of the Gulf of Carpentaria became a barrier. The close relationship between Australian and Papua New Guinea Amegilla species is also evidenced by the species from the cingulata group, including mcnamarae from Papua New Guinea. Most of the Australian Zonamegilla species have coastal distributions. The exceptions are asserta which has an east coast and Bassian distribution (Fig. 6), and murrayensis which is the only species that is widespread across the entire arid zone (Fig. 11) and, like chlorocyanea, shows a lack of geographical signal in mitochondrial haplotypes. This suggests that murrayensis also is able to migrate over large distances.

Decisions for Synonymy -Problems with type specimens for Rayment's names
In all but three cases, Rayment described his new species without reference to a type specimen, but listed a number of dates, localities and collectors from which a series of presumed syntypes could potentially be identified. He also left a considerable number of specimens with handwritten labels containing a species name and the word "type" or "allotype". Only a fraction of the material referred to in Rayment's descriptions was located and in many cases the dates given in the published information differed from those on the specimen labels (though this is not necessary for a specimen to be considered as a syntype). Although these circumstances made it tempting to treat all Rayment's names as nomina dubia, presumed syntypes were identified, primarily from specimens with identification labels in Rayment's distinctive hand and collection dates before February 1941, the latest date recorded in Rayment's manuscripts. For type series containing more than one species a lectotype was chosen, though the published descriptions were of little assistance in deciding which species should be selected. The consequences of these decisions were minimal as all but two of Rayment's names were synonymised. For each species the decision for synonymy is discussed in detail in the systematic section below.
The specimens from examined museum collections as well as newly collected material have been data-based, and were used to generate distribution maps (Figs 3-14). The data are available as online supporting information. The major outcome of this study is that of the 43 available specific names, 33 were synonymised, leaving two species in the subgenus Notomegilla and thirteen Australian species in the subgenus Zonamegilla, including four new Australian species.

Excluded species
The whereabouts of type material for the following species is unknown or is in such condition that they could not be distinguished from other species by morphology or the original description.
While the specimens were undoubtedly the syntypes from which the species was described, they could not be distinguished from other species as the hidden sterna and genital capsule of the male are missing and the hair patch on T5 of the female is badly worn. The specimens may eventually prove to be conspecific with thorogoodi or indisctincta if ancient DNA sequence methods can be applied.

Amegilla (Zonamegilla) zonata (Linnaeus)
Apis zonata Linnaeus, 1758, p. 576. This name has frequently been applied to Australian species and has appeared in checklists long after Cockerell's (1931) suggestion that its use might be inappropriate. Now that the identity of A. zonata has been firmly established (Baker 1996), we can confirm that no specimens from Australia have been located to which this name might be applied.
No type material associated with this name was located. Smith (1879) pointed out that Sichel had incorrectly applied the name cincta to an Australian species and proposed emmendata as a replacement name. Rayment (1947) later proposed fabriciana as another replacement name, believing that Smith had incorrectly interpreted Sichel's length measurement as a printer's error. It is unlikely that either author examined Sichel's specimen, but both described other material associated with their new names and that material has been located. We initially have, therefore, treated emmendata and fabriciana as species, but have synonymised both with cingulata (see below). We believe Smith (1879) correctly interpreted Sichel's size measurement as an error, as a similarly improbable size is given in that author's description of Amegilla chlorocyanea (as Anthophora cingulata) (Sichel 1869).

Key to the Australian subgenera of Amegilla and the Australian species in the subgenera of Notomegilla and Zonamegilla
Note: The following key is based on the species re-described in this paper and the majority of the specimens examined were in good condition. Because the key unavoidably includes references to colour and hair patterns that may be affected by age, wear or intraspecific variation, it should be used in conjuction with the remarks that accompany the detailed descriptions. Metasomal hair bands metallic orange with green iridescence; prepygidial fimbria orange-brown; T5 with scattered orange hair and medial line of denser orange hair extending into fimbria (Fig. 33)
Diagnosis. Length 13-24 mm; pubescence brown to grey (mostly black in aurata from New Guinea and the Bismark Archipelago); maxillary palpus with last segment fused to fifth segment so that maxillary palpus appears five-segmented.; apical margins of male metasomal sterna modified; S4 usually produced medially, rounded and having a thick brush of hair; S5 broadly and deeply emarginate; S6 shallowly emarginate medially with one or two patches of hair laterally; S7 somewhat quadrate, medioapically emarginate; S8 apically narrowed; apex of gonocoxite of male bilobed with long narrow upper lobe and small ventral lobe; gonostylus of male well developed. Forewing conspicuously hairy near costal margin, 1 st discoidal cell without hairs, other closed cells with hairs sparse or absent; gonostylus of male distinct, slender, and directed apically. Distribution. Widely distributed across Australia, New Guinea and the Bismark Archipelago, but not recorded from Tasmania.
Number of species in Australia. Cardale (1993) listed 25 names of which one, alpha, is here moved to the subgenus Zonamegilla. An additional species, paracalva, was described by Brooks (1993). The species belonging to this subgenus are in need of revision.
Diagnosis. Length 9-12 mm; metallic green/blue hair present on femur and tibia of fore and mid legs; pale paraocular marks present in males, absent in females; maxiliary palpus with 4 or 5 segments. Most or all closed cells of forewing with some rather long hairs; S6 of male simple, convex without lateral depression, edge entire to shallowly emarginate medially; apex of S7 of male greatly expanded laterally, without subapical circular area; apex of S8 narrowed, truncate or rounded. Description. For a full description of the subgenus see Brooks (1988). Female. Structure. Head: wider than long; inner orbits of eyes diverging above; length f3-9 subequal. Coloration. Integument black, except ivory or pale yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, clypeus and supraclypeal area (Brooks 1988 erroneously stated that paraocular marks are well developed in both sexes.) Pubescence. Head: labrum white; gena with white hairs. Legs: forecoxa white; hind basitibia white with black streak. Metasoma: T1-T4 with apical hair bands, T5 with long white hair laterally, S3-S4 dark medially, white with metallic blue-green iridescence posterolaterally, S5 dark. Punctation. Head: interspaces on clypeus pit-reticulate; labrum somewhat shiny, with close punctation, interspaces smooth. Scutum with small, shallow punctures; interspaces almost smooth.
Distribution. Australia. Included species. aeruginosa and chlorocyanea. Types. Lectotype of aeruginosa: male, BMNH 17B.659. The original description was from one or more male and female syntypes, reportedly collected from Hunter River, Australia. The only specimen found that was considered to be one of the syntypes was a single male bearing no collection information, but two handwritten labels: "aeruginosa Type Sm." and "Anthophora aeruginosa Type Sm.". Accordingly this specimen is here designated as the lectotype.
Decision for synonymy. Based on examination of the holotype and of Rayment's syntypes, combined with results of DNA analyses of specimens from across its geographical range we conclude that there is evidence for only one species. Uncorrected sequence divergence was found to be 0-2.0%, which is within the limits expected for conspecific individuals (Hebert et al. 2010).
Diagnosis. Both sexes are easily distinguished from other Australian Amegilla by the green/bronze metallic pubescence which covers most of the dorsal surface.
Length 10 mm; forewing length 9 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.4× width of eye; galea in repose reaching more than half-way between coxa of fore and mid legs; length f1 3× length f2; IOD 1.4× OOD; OS 0.6× OOD. Coloration. Yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, supraclypeal areas and inverted T-shape on clypeus; paraocular areas and scape black. Pubescence. Head: labrum and clypeus white, a light yellow hair patch in centre of paraocular area, some black hairs between antennae, near ocelli and vertex, white hair with blue-green metallic iridescence in remaining areas; gena white with metallic blue-green hair. Thorax: scutum with mixed dark and yellowish hair with a metallic blue-green iridescence; pleura pale yellow below wing base, white with metallic blue-green iridescence in other areas; thoracic sterna white with metallic blue-green iridescence; propodeum laterally, dark intermixed longer whitish hair. Legs: fore outer femur and tibia posteriorly with white hair; outer tibia and basitarsus with white hair with metallic blue-green iridescence, rest of tarsus dark; mid legs predominantly dark, white on apex of femur, white with metallic blue-green iridescence on outer surface of tibia and as a basal patch on basitarsus; hind legs predominantly dark, except white on apex of femur and white with metallic blue-green iridescence on outer surface of tibia plus a small basal patch on basitarsus; basitibial streak 0.5× length of femur. Metasoma: T2-T5: green or bronze with a metallic iridescence; T5 laterally with white hair (Fig. 24); fimbria black. Punctation. Head: clypeus dull, with close small, shallow punctures, 0.2-1.0 puncture widths apart; labrum with medium, shallow punctures, 0.2-1.0 puncture widths apart, interspaces smooth. Thorax: scutum weakly shining with dense punctures 0.2-1.0 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 shining with open to close, small, shallow punctures 0.5-2.0 puncture widths apart, interspaces transverse pit-reticulate.
Male: Pine Creek, NT, 10 July 1997, Leg. R. Leijs SAMA 32-002559. Length 10 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.8× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.6× width of eye; galea in repose reaching more than halfway between fore and mid coxae; length f1 1.4× length f2, 0.7× length scape (excluding basal bulb) and 0.7× length f10; length f3-10 1.4× width; IOD 1.8× OOD; OS 0.9× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 2.5× length second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.6× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 weak; S7 windows absent, median hair brush very wide at apex and narrowing towards anterior end (Fig. 38). Pubescence. Head: white on labrum, becoming light yellow towards top of head with some black hairs between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex; ocellocular areas and frons white with blue-green metallic iridescence; gena white with metallic blue-green dense hair. Thorax: scutum black intermixed with white hair with metallic blue-green iridescence; pleura white with metallic blue-green iridescence; thoracic sterna white with metallic blue-green iridescence; propodeum laterally white with metallic blue-green iridescence. Legs: fore outer femur and tibia posteriorly with long white hair; outer tibia and basitarsus with metallic blue-green hair, rest of tarsus dark; mid legs dark, except long white hair posteriorly on femur and tibia, and white hair with metallic blue-green iridescence on apex of femur, outer surface of tibia and posterior edge of basitarsus; hind legs dark, except white with metallic blue-green iridescence on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T6 orange with metallic green iridescence, parts not covered by hair bands bronze with a metallic green iridescence on basal two thirds; T6,T7 brownish-black; S2-S5 dark except apical margins laterally with white hair bands with metallic blue-green iridescence. Punctation. Head: clypeus punctures 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart; labrum: punctures 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: Thorax: scutum somewhat shiny, with close punctures, 0.3-2.0 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 with small, shallow punctures, 0.5-1.5 puncture widths apart.
Variation. The colour of the metasomal hair is predominantly green for approximately half the specimens and bronze for the remaining half, although intermediate coloration is found in a few individuals.
Phenology. Amegilla aeruginosa was observed throughout the year in the Northern parts of Australia. There were an increase in numbers at the start of the wet season, and a decrease in January and February. This may be due to a slowing down or lack of reproduction in the wettest part of the year. The strong male bias in the first two months of the year (Fig. 22) may be a consequence of protandry.

Month
Distribution.Widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics, with little overlap with the distribution of A. (Notomegilla) chlorocyanea (Fig. 4). ( No type material was found for ferrisi but it is placed in chlorocyanea on the basis of the description provided by Rayment (1947).

Amegilla (Notomegilla) chlorocyanea
Decisions for synonymy. The results of DNA analyses of specimens from across the complete geographical range indicated that there is only one banded Notomegilla species. Uncorrected sequence divergence was found to be 0-3.05%, which is below the usual limits for conspecific individuals. Moreover, there was no geographical pattern in the sequence variation. No morphological differences, other than colour variation, were found when Rayment's syntypes were examined. Variations in the genitalia as illustrated by Rayment (1944) appear to be due to different focal distances and angles of the drawings.
We agree with Brooks's (1988) decision to synonymise luteola and tinsleyella with chlorocyanea. Both Sichel (1869) and Cockerell (1905) have incorrectly referred to this species as Anthophora cingulata (Fabr.) Diagnosis. This species superficially resembles several Zonamegilla species, but can be distinguished by the blue/green iridescent pubescence on the fore and mid legs; females by the completely black paraocular areas and a large, dense, medial spot of pale pubescence on T5 (Fig. 25); and males by a smooth unmodified surface of S5 and medially interrupted hair bands on T4-T6.
Redescription Length 13 mm; forewing length 9.5 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5× width of eye; galea in repose reaching just past forecoxa; length f1 3.5× length f2, 0.9× length scape (excluding basal bulb) and 2× length f10; f3-9 as long as wide; IOD 1.6× OOD; OS 0.8× OOD. Coloration. Pale yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, supraclypeal areas and inverted T-shape on clypeus; paraocular areas and scape black. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale yellow with some black hairs between antennae and on vertex; gena white/pale brown. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hairs; pleura light ginger under wing base, remainder white; thoracic sterna white; propodeum laterally light ginger intermixed with black. Legs: foreleg brown, except white long hair posteriorly on femur and pale hair with orange or light blue metallic iridescence on outer tibia and basitarsus; mid legs black, except pale hair with orange or light blue metallic iridescence on apex of femur, outer tibia and basal part of basitarsus; hind legs black except pale with orange or light blue metallic iridescence on apex of femur, outer tibia and basal part of basitarsus; length of basitibial streak 0.4× length of femur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 white with metallic blue-green iridescence, margin of T4 medially with hairless shiny triangle, parts not covered by hair bands black, with some white hair medially on T4; T5 laterally with long white hair intermixed with hairs with metallic blue-green iridescence (Fig. 25 Length 11 mm; forewing length 9 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.6× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.4× width of eye; galea in repose almost reaching mid coxa; length f1 2.4× length f2, 0.7× length scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.1× length f11; length f3-10 1.2× width; IOD 1.8× OOD; OS 0.9× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.7× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 2.3× length second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.4× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 weak and broad; S7 windows absent or very small (Fig. 39); S7 median hair brush very short with long lateral wings in v-shape. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale yellow with some black hairs along lateral margins of clypeus, between antennae and on vertex; gena white. Thorax: scutum brown intermixed with black hair; pleura light brown under wing base, remainder white; propodeum laterally light brown. Legs: forefemur white; fore outer tibia and basitarsus with light blue iridescence; mid legs black, except long white hair posteriorly on femur and tibia and white hair with weak metallic orange or light blue iridescence on apex of femur, outer surface of tibia and base of basitarsus; hind legs black, except white with weak metallic orange or light blue iridescence on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia. Metasoma: T1-T6: apical hair bands on margin greyish white with weak metallic blue-green iridescence, bands on T4-6 black medially and therefore seeming interrupted; parts not covered by hair bands black; T7 brown; S2-S5 black. Punctation. Head: clypeus punctures 1.5-3.0 puncture widths apart; labrum punctures 1.5-3.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close punctures, 0.5-1.0 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 with fine, shallow punctures, 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart.
Variation. About 10% of specimens have enough orange pigmentation to make the tergal bands and scutal hair orange and the hair of the legs pale orange. A larger number of specimens have almost white tergal bands, presumably as a consequence of wear.
Phenology. Amegilla chlorocyanea occurs throughout Australia, but the epicentre of the distribution is in the south of the continent, as is demonstrated by the fact that 73% of the specimens with known localities (n = 2043) have been collected south of a latitude of 30°S. The phenology changes with the latitude: peak activity is in January in the south, and in May and October in the north. In Fig. 23 the frequency of males and females is given only for specimens caught south of 30°S.

Month
Distribution. Wide-spread throughout the arid and temperate areas of the southern part of mainland Australia and Tasmania (Fig. 7).

Diagnosis.
Length 10-14 mm; most species with blue, green, white, or occasionally orange, metallic hair bands on metasomal terga; pale paraocular markings present in both sexes; maxiliary palpus with 6 segments; S5 of male apicomedially broadly to narrowly emarginate; S6 of male with lateral depressions on apical third, sometimes with a median protuberance, tuft of black hair apicomedially.
Description. The following description refers to the Australian species of Zonamegilla (see Brooks 1988 for a full description of the subgenus).
Female. Structure. Head: wider than long; inner orbits diverging above; f3-9 about equal in length. Coloration. Integument black, except yellow or pale yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, clypeus, scape, paraocular and supraclypeal area (marks are ivory in pulchra). Pubescence. Head: gena with white hairs. Legs: forecoxa and femur posteriorly light ginger in paeninsulae, white in all other species, hair of anterior face of femur and tibia white or ginger; mid and hind legs dark or black, but lighter coloured on apex of femur, on outer surface of tibia and on base of basitarsus. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4; parts not covered by hair bands dark brown or black in A. alpha, black in all other species. Punctation. Head: clypeus somewhat shiny, close to dense punctation, interspaces pit-reticulate; labrum interspaces almost smooth in murrayensis and adelaidae, reticulate in other species. Thorax: scutum with small, shallow punctures; interspaces almost smooth. Metasoma: T1-T5 somewhat shiny, with fine, shallow punctures, interspaces pit-reticulate.
Male. Structure. Head: wider than long; inner orbits diverging above; f3-10 about equal in length. Metasoma: apicomedial margin of T7 bilobed. Coloration. Integument black, except yellow or pale yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, clypeus, scape, paraocular and supraclypeal area (marks are ivory in pulchra). Pubescence. Head: gena with white hair. Thorax: sterna pale orange in paeninsulae, white in all other species. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long, light coloured hairs; coxa greyish white in paeninsulae, white in all other species; mid and hind legs: dark or black, with lighter coloured hairs on apex of femur, outer surface of tibia and basitarsus. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5; parts not covered by hair bands dark brown in walkeri, black in all other species. S6 dark except in paeninsulae, thorogoodi and cingulata. Punctation. Head The identity of the species adelaidae was determined unequivocally from the shape of S7 of the holotype.
Diagnosis. Amegilla adelaidae may be recognized by the matt, pale orange tergal hair bands in both sexes; females by the broad, entire patch of white hairs on T5 (Fig.  26); males by the shape of S7, which has a smoothly rounded posterior margin with a sharp apical projection, a narrow ventral ridge and narrow Y-shaped brush with an acute angle between the lateral arms (Fig. 40) Length 13 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5× width of eye; galea in repose reaching beyond mid coxa; length of f1 2.7× length of f2, 0.8× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.8× length of f10; length of f3-9 0.9× width; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.6× OOD. Coloration. Yellow marks on labrum, mandible, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas; inverted T-shape on clypeus; f2 and apex of f1 orange ventrally. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale, darker towards the vertex; black robust hairs scattered between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex, a few on clypeus; gena white, light brown towards vertex. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hair; pleura ginger with scattered black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; thoracic sterna white; propodeum laterally light ginger with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of foretibia and -tarsus pale yellow, inner surface of foretarsus dark; mid legs dark, except white hairs on apex of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus and a streak of contiguous short white hairs on posterior proximal part of femur; hind legs dark, except white hairs on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, white patch on basal part of basitarsus; basitibial streak black, 0.7× length of femur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 white with weak light blue and orange iridescence; T5 laterally with long white hairs and few dispersed short hairs (Fig. 26), fimbria dark, medial patch forming broad band around fimbria, medial streak overlapping fimbria; S3, S4 dark, posterolateral patches of white hairs; S5 dark, laterally with small white patches. Punctation. Head: clypeus with close medium sized, deep punctures, 0. Length 12 mm; forewing length 8.5 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.8× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5× width of eye; galea in repose reaching beyond mid coxa; length of f1 1.9× length of f2, 0.6× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.1× length of f11; length of f3-10 1.1× width; IOD 1.4× OOD; OS 0.7× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 2.3× length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.5× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 wide; S7 with rounded apical margin, sharp apical projection, large windows, width medial ridge 1.6× length, narrow Y-shaped brush (Fig. 40); S8 apical emargination wide almost trilobed. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale, darker towards the vertex; scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white. Thorax: scutum light brown intermixed with black hairs; pleura light brown with scattered black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; propodeum laterally light brown with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus pale yellow, inner surface of tarsus dark; mid legs dark, except white hair on the apex of femur, posteriorly on proximal half of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs dark, except white hairs on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, small white patch on outer base of basitarsus. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 greyish white with orange tinge, almost not iridescent; T6, T7 black when viewed from behind, brown when viewed from the side; S2-S5 medially dark, lateral thirds white. Punctation. Head: clypeus with punctures 0.5-3.0 puncture widths apart; labrum with small, shallow punctures 0.5-2.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close, small, shallow punctures 0.5-1.0 puncture widths apart, interspaces smooth. Metasoma: T1-T5 shiny, with open, fine, shallow punctures, 1.0-3.0 puncture widths apart.
Variation. Most female specimens have pale orange bands with no metallic reflections, but the bands of males are frequently paler and more often show hints of green iridescence. A few specimens, male and female, had ivory, rather than yellow face marks.
Phenology. Distribution. Australia, mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, including the arid zone (Fig. 3).

Amegilla (Zonamegilla) alpha (Cockerell) Figs 5, 27
Sarapoda bombiformis var α Smith, 1854, p. 318. Saropoda alpha Cockerell, 1904, p. 204. Amegilla (Asaropoda) alpha (Cockerell) Michener, 1965, p. 217. Length 14 mm; forewing length 9 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5× width of eye; galea in repose reaching just reaching mid coxa; length of f1 3× length of f2, 0.8× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.7× length of f10; f3-9 as long as wide; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.5× OOD; length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; cu-v of hind wing approximately half length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of vein M of hind wing 1.7 times as long as second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.5× length of vannal lobe. Coloration. Yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas; inverted T-shape on clypeus; distal part of flagellum brown ventrally from apex of f1. Pubescence. Head: labrum and clypeus with orange setae, pale yellow hairs intermixed with dark hairs on paraocular areas, frons, near ocelli and on vertex, darker near ocelli; gena white, pale ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum orange intermixed with black hairs; pleura orange with few black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; thoracic sterna orange; propodeum laterally orange with few black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of foretibia and -tarsus light orange, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid leg black, except light orange hair on apex of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus, hair on basitarsus lighter than on tibia; posterior proximal part of femur with a narrow line of light orange hair; hind legs black, except orange hair on apex of femur, scopa and basal part of basitarsus; basitibial streak brown, very short. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 ginger with weak orange iridescence, parts not covered by hair bands dark orange; T5 laterally pale yellow (Fig. 27), fimbria brown, medial patch absent; pubescence as on T1-4; S3, S4 dark, posterolateral patches of pale yellow hairs; S5 dark. Punctation. Head: clypeus with dense to close, large, deep punctures, 0.1-0.5 puncture widths apart; labrum somewhat shiny, with close to dense, medium, deep punctures, 0.1-0.5 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close punctures, 0.2-1.0 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 with close to open punctures, 0.5-1.5 puncture widths apart.
Phenology. Distribution. (Fig. 5). The locality data given by Rayment (1951) as Toowoomba and Mackay does not fit the distribution as we know it. Since Rayment did not examine the type of alpha, the basis of his statement about the distribution is unclear.
Decisions for synonymy. Examination of the above type material revealed no morphological differences.
Diagnosis. Amegilla asserta is distinguished from other Australian Zonamegilla species by a combination of the following characters: Face marks yellow; tergal hair bands pale blue. Hind tibia of females with long dark basitibial streak; T5 with dense medial patch of pale hair including a central line extending into prepygidial fimbra (Fig. 28). Posterior margin of S5 of males with a distinct patch of branched hairs; S7 with a narrow medial ridge (Fig. 41).
Redescription Length 13 mm; forewing length 9 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.4× width of eye; galea in repose reaching half-way between coxa of fore and mid legs; length of f1 3× length of f2, 0.8× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.7× length of f10; length of f3-9 0.9× width; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.7× OOD. Coloration. Pale yellow-yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas; inverted T-shape on clypeus. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale brown with scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, pale orange towards vertex. Thorax: scutum dark ginger intermixed with black hairs; pleura ginger with scattered black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; thoracic sterna white; propodeum laterally pale ginger with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus with white hair, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs dark, with whitish hair on apex of femur, posteriorly on proximal third of femur, on outer surface of tibia and forming a small basal patch posteriorly on basitarsus; hind legs black, except white hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia; basitibial streak black, 0.7× length of femur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 white with metallic blue iridescence; T5 laterally with long white hairs intermixed with short hairs, fimbria dark, medial patch as in Fig. 28; S3, S4 dark, except posterolateral patches of white hair; S5 dark brown, laterally with small white patches. Punctation. Head: clypeus with close, medium sized, shallow punctures, 0.2-1.0 puncture widths apart; labrum somewhat shiny, with close, small, shallow punctures, 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close punctures, 0. Length 11 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.7 length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5 width of eye; galea in repose almost reaching mid coxa; length of f1 2× length of f2, 0.7× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.1× length of f12; length of f3-10 1.3× width; IOD 1.2× OOD; OS 0.6× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 2 times as long as second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.3× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 narrow; S7 windows medium size, half circular; S7 median hair brush 3× as long as wide; S7 lateral wings of median hair brush well developed an angle of ≥90° between them (Fig. 41) ; S8 apical emargination shallow. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale brown with scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, pale orange towards vertex. Thorax: scutum brown intermixed with black hairs; pleura brown with scattered black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; propodeum laterally brown with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hairs, outer surface of tibia and tarsus with pale brown hairs, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs dark, except pale yellow hairs on the apex of the femur, posteriorly on proximal one third of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs black, except pale yellow hairs on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 white with metallic blue iridescence; T6, T7 black when viewed from behind, light brown when viewed from the side; S2-S5 dark with white apicolateral patches. Punctation. Head: clypeus punctures 1.0-3.0 puncture widths apart; labrum with small, shallow punctures 0.5-1.5 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum somewhat shiny, with close medium, shallow punctures 0.5-1.0 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 shiny, with open small, shallow punctures, 1.0-2.5 puncture widths apart.
Variation. The black areas on the clypeus of males are consistently narrow, usually 4 or 5 times as long as wide, but occasionally the length is only 2.5 times the width. The colour of the tergal bands in both sexes usually displays distinct blue iridescence and appears to be less susceptible to the effects of aging than in species like pulchra. The scutal hair of both sexes is usually distinctly ginger in appearance. The colour of the flagellum varies in both sexes from dull orange-brown to dark brown on the ventral surface and from dark brown to black on the dorsal surface. Very rarely, the length of the dark streak in the hair of the hind tibia of females is 0.5× the length of the tibia.
Remarks. Amegilla asserta superficially resembles thorogoodi and indistincta, but females may be distinguished by the longer hind basitibial streak the hair pattern on T5 (Fig. 28). Males may be distinguished from both species by the patch of branched hairs on S5 and from indistincta by the shape of S7 (Fig. 41).
Phenology. Amegilla asserta is one of the most common and widespread species along the eastern seaboard, reaching from the tip of Cape York into South Australia. In the south of the continent, the species is active between November and April, with a peak in January. In the north, A. asserta can be found year round, albeit at lower frequencies in July, August and September.

Month
Distribution. From Eyre Peninsula and the Lofty Ranges in South Australia, Tasmania, and the temperate areas of Victoria and New South Wales to subtropical and tropical areas along the east coast of Queensland (Fig. 6). In a tunnelled cell in plaster in the walls of an old house", "Anthophora cincta, Dours", ANIC 32-034445.

Amegilla (Zonamegilla) cingulata (Fabricius)
Discussions for synonymy. Based on examination of the type material, we concur with Meade-Waldo's (1914) decision to synonimise emendata and gilberti and Brooks's (1988) decision to synonymise lilacine. Meade-Waldo (1914) suggested that Smith's (1879) description of the type of emmendata as a female is a typographical error. Although the holotype of fabriciana does not have that name attached, it is the only specimen found bearing the name "Anthophora cincta, Dours" and the other attached information is consistent with Rayment's references to "wattle-and-daub walls" (Rayment 1935), "a remarkably large female from a plaster cell. Maitland" (as Anthophora gilberti in Rayment 1939), which became "Dours's bee … from the Hunter River" (Rayment 1941). Tergites 5 and 6, and the corresponding sternites, were missing from the specimen, presumably because they were mislaid after being used in the production of Fig III, 2 in Rayment (1941). Despite repeated references by Rayment to a length of 18 mm, our estimate is that the length of the intact specimen would have been 15 mm. All observable features of the specimen are consistent with its belonging to A. cingulata.
Diagnosis. Amegilla cingulata is a distinctive species with metallic blue tergal hair bands and orange scutal pubescence in both sexes. Females lack a dark basitibial dark streak on the hind legs and the disc of T5 is without pale hair (Fig. 29).
Length 14 mm; forewing length 9 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.3× width of eye; galea in repose reaching mid coxa; length of f1 2.9× length of f2, 0.8× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.5× length of f10; f3-9 as long as wide; IOD 1.1× OOD; OS 0.5× OOD. Coloration. Yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas; inverted T-shape on clypeus; distal part of flagellum brown ventrally from f2. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas white to light ginger, darker towards vertex and intermixed with black hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, light ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum orange intermixed with black hairs; pleura orange with few black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; thoracic sterna white; propodeum laterally ginger with few black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hairs, outer surface of fore tibia and -tarsus light ginger, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs black, except light ginger hairs on apex of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus, hairs on basitarsus lighter than on tibia; posterior proximal part of femur with a narrow line of light ginger hairs; hind legs black, except ginger hairs on apex of femur, scopa and basal part of basitarsus, a white tuft on apex of tibia; basitibial streak absent. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 white with electric blue iridescence; T5 laterally white (Fig. 29), fimbria brown, medial patch absent; S3, S4 brown, posterolateral patches of white hairs; S5 brown. Punctation. Head: clypeus with close medium to large, deep punctures, 0.2-1.0 puncture widths apart; labrum somewhat shiny, with close, medium, deep punctures, 0.2-0.6 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close punctures, 0. windows medium size, median hair brush 4× width, lateral wings of hair brush narrow almost perpendicular to the long axis (Fig. 42); S8 apical emargination deep. Pubescence. Head: labrum white; clypeus and paraocular marks predominantly black, remainder ginger with scattered black hairs on frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, light ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum orange intermixed with black hairs; pleura orange under wing base, turning white ventrally; thoracic sterna and propodeum laterally orange. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hairs, outer surface of tibia and tarsus pale yellow, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs brown, except pale ginger hairs on apex of femur, posteriorly proximally on femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs black, except orange hairs on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia and a very small tuft on base of basitarsus, apex of tibia white. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 white with electric blue iridescence; T6-T7 black when viewed from behind, brown when viewed from side; T7 black; S2-S5 pale brown with white lateral patches; S6 black when viewed from behind, brown when viewed from side. Punctation. Head: clypeus punctures 1.0-3.0 puncture widths apart; labrum with medium, shallow punctures 0.5-2.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum somewhat shiny with close to open, medium, shallow punctures 0.2-2.0 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 somewhat shiny, with close, fine, shallow punctures, 0.8-1.5 puncture widths apart.
Variation. The thoracic hair, especially of females, is consistently bright orange, but the metasomal bands are seldom infused with orange and even then, the colour is mostly restricted to the band on T1. The colour of the flagellum is variable, as in asserta. Two females were found with a few white hairs on T5 forming the narrowest of longitudinal lines. Distribution. Along the east coast of New South Wales and Queensland (Fig. 8).
Amegilla ( Diagnosis. Amegilla indistincta is distinguished from other Australian Zonamegilla species by the following combination of characters: Tergal hair bands usually with a yellowish tint. Hind tibia of females with a short dark streak (≤ 0.4× length hind tibia); pale hair on T5 forming a relatively small medial patch (Fig. 30). Apical margin of T5 of males lacking a patch of dense, dark hair; medial ridge of S7 very broad and apical projection truncate (Fig. 43).
Description. Female: holotype. Length 14 mm; forewing length 9 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.4× width of eye; galea in repose just reaching mid coxa; length of f1 3× length of f2, 0.9× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.6× length of f10; length of f3-9 0.9× width; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.6× OOD; length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of cu-v of hind wing approximately half the length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of vein M of hind wing 2.2× length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.5× length of vannal lobe. Coloration. Yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas; inverted T-shape on clypeus; small brown spot on f2. Pubescence. Head: labrum and clypeus white, paraocular areas and frons white intermixed with black hairs, light ginger intermixed with black hairs near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, light ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum light orange intermixed with black hair; pleura light orange with few black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; thoracic sterna white; propodeum laterally light orange with few black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus greyish white, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs dark, except white hair on apex of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basal part of basitarsus; apex of tibia with brown spot; posterior proximal part of femur with narrow line of white hair; hind legs black, except greyish white hair on apex of femur, scopa, white hair on basal part of basitarsus and on apex of tibia; basitibial streak black, 0.4× length of femur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 greyish white with green-blue iridescence; T5 laterally white, fimbria dark brown, medial patch of dispersed short white hairs around a denser longitudinal line (Fig. 30); S3, S4 dark with posterolateral patches of white hair; S5 dark. Punctation. Head: clypeus with dense, large, deep punctures, 0.1-0.5 puncture widths apart; labrum with somewhat shiny, with close, medium sized, deep punctures, 0.1-0.8 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close punctures, 0.2-0.7 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 with close punctures, 0.8-1.5 puncture widths apart.
Male: allotype. Length 12 mm; forewing length 9 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.5× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.6× width of eye; galea in repose reaching mid coxa; length of f1 1.5× length of f2, 0.6× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 0.8× length of f1; f3-10 as long as wide; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.6× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 2.1× length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.4× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 moderately wide and shallow; S7 with wide medial ridge and truncate apical projection, hair pattern almost inverted T-shaped, apical half weak (Fig. 43); S8 apical emargination deep. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly ginger, some black hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hair; pleura ginger, white ventrally; propodeum laterally light ginger. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus light ginger, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs black, except white hair on apex of femur, posteriorly on proximal end of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs black, except ginger hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, apex of tibia white. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 light ginger; T6 with few long white hairs on apical margin, remaining hair black when viewed from behind, brown when viewed from the side; S2-S5 medially dark, laterally with white patches; S6 dark. Punctation. Head: clypeus punctures 0.5-3.0 puncture widths apart; labrum with small, shallow punctures 0.5-2.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close small, shallow punctures, 0. Distribution. In the subtropics and tropics along the east coast of Queensland (Fig. 9).
Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the fact that specimens of this species were found among the type series of other species described by Rayment (indistincta in Latin means 'not distinguished').
Remarks. Amegilla indistincta is closely related to karlba and superficially resembles thorogoodi and asserta. Females may be distinguished from asserta by the length of the hind tibial streak and from karlba and thorogoodi by the relatively small patch of pale hair on T5. Males may be distinguished from asserta by the absence of a hair patchon S5, and from thorogoodi by the shape of S7 (Fig. 43). While the tergal hair bands of female indistincta are less blue than those of thorogoodi, this colour difference may prove unreliable for separating the species.
Males of indistincta are not easily distinguishable from those of karlba, but the small number of specimens available all had a truncate apical projection on S7 (Fig. 43), while the projection is blunt but rounded in karlba (Fig. 44).  NT, 12.8333S 132.8500E, 16.xi.1972, T. Weir & A. Allwood, MAGNT I004895;2 females, 19km E by N of Mt Cahill, NT, 12.5000S 132.5200E, 14 Jun 1973, J.C. Cardale, ANIC 32-33723, 33725;female, male, 19km E by N of Mt Cahill, NT, 12.5000S 132.5200E, 16 Nov 1972, J.C. Cardale, ANIC 32-33757, 34386;4 males, 19km NE by E of Mt Cahill, NT, 12.47S 132.51E, 16.xi.1972 Diagnosis. Amegilla karlba is distinguished from other Australian Zonamegilla species by the following characters: Metasomal hair bands of both sexes yellow ochre coloured; hair on outer face of the hind tibia usually orange or brown. Basitibial hair streak on hind leg of females short; hind basitarsus less than half covered with pale hair; T5 with pale hair reaching lateral margins. S7 of males with a broad medial ridge resulting in small, lightly pigmented windows and a broad but distinct apical projection (Fig. 44).

Structure.
Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.3× width of eye; galea in repose reaching mid coxa; length of f1 3.1× length of f2, 0.7× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.6× length of f10; f3-9 as long as wide; IOD 1.2× OOD; OS 0.6× OOD; length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; cu-v of hind wing 2.7× length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of vein M of hind wing 2× length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 2× length of vannal lobe. Coloration. Yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas; inverted T-shape on clypeus; distal part of flagellum orange-brown ventrally from f2. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale yellow, darker towards vertex; scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, pale yellow towards vertex. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hair; pleura ginger under wing base, turning white ventrally; thoracic sterna pale brown; propodeum laterally ginger with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of foretibia and -tarsus light brown, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs dark, except pale brown hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, slightly darker than on foretibia, posteriorly proximal end of femur with narrow line of white hair, apex of tibia with brown spot, basitarsus white basally; hind legs black, except pale brown hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, a patch of pale brown hair on base of basitarsus, small white tuft on apex of tibia; basitibial streak brown, 0.25× length of femur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 yellow ochre with orange and weak light blue iridescence; T5 laterally with moderately dense white hairs, fimbria brown; T5 entirely covered with open pale yellow ochre hairs, a denser longitudinal line extends into fimbria (Fig. 31); S3, S4 dark, posterolateral patches of pale yellow hairs; S5 dark. Punctation. Head: clypeus with dense to close, medium sized, deep punctures, 0.2-0.7 puncture widths apart; labrum somewhat shiny, with close to dense, small, deep punctures, 0.1-0.5 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close punctures, 0.2-1.5 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 with close punctures 0.2-0.8, puncture widths apart.
Male: allotype. Length 11 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.7× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.6× width of eye; galea in repose reaching mid coxa; length of f1 1.8× length of f2, 0.5× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 0.9× length of f11; length of f3-10 1.3× width; IOD 1.4× OOD; OS 0.7× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 2.2× length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.4× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 very shallow, moderately wide; S7 with very broad medial ridge leaving small, lightly pigmented windows, apical projection very broad, but distinct and not truncate, hair pattern almost inverted T-shaped (Fig. 44); S8 apical emargination deep. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale yellow, darker towards vertex; scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, pale yellow towards the vertex. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hair; pleura ginger under wing base, becoming white ventrally; propodeum laterally ginger with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus pale brown, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs dark, except pale brown hair on apex of femur, posteriorly on proximal end of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs black, except ginger hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, a few light ginger hairs on base of basitarsus, apex of tibia white. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 yellow ochre with orange and weak light blue iridescence; T6 yellow ochre hairs on apical margin, remaining hair black when viewed from behind, brown when viewed from the side; S2-S5 brown with narrow white lateral patches. Punctation. Head: clypeus with punctures 1.0-3.0 puncture widths apart, interspaces rough pit-reticulate; labrum with small, shallow punctures, 0.5-2.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum somewhat shiny, close to open, medium, shallow punctures 0.2-2.0 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 somewhat shiny, with close, fine, shallow punctures, 0.5-1.5 puncture widths apart.
Phenology. Distribution. Arnhem Land, Kakadu, Kimberleys (Fig. 10). Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition referring to the colour of the tergal hair bands (karlba in the language of the Kuninjku people of Western Arnhemland means yellow ochre (Evans et al. 2002)).

Month
Remarks. Amegilla karlba is similar to indistincta and, to a lesser extent, viridicingulata. Females may be distinguished from viridicingulata by the extent of pale hair on the hind basitarsus and from indistincta the more extensive area of white hair on T5 (Fig. 31). Hair on the hind tibia of female karlba is usually more orange than that in indistincta. Males of karlba may be distinguished by the shape of S7, differing from adelaidae and walkeri in the width of the medial ridge and from viridicingulata by the presence of an apical projection. Colour variation may make it difficult to distinguish males from those of indistincta, though the species are probably allopatric. Truncation of the apical projection of S7 may prove to be diagnostic for indistincta but examination of a greater number of specimens is needed.
Decisions for synonymy. The results of DNA analyses of specimens from across the complete geographical range showed no geographical pattern with respect to sequence variation. The uncorrected sequence divergence was found to be 0-1.3% (Table 1), which is well below the usual limits for conspecific individuals.
The syntypes of murrayensis and longula were examined and considered to be conspecific. Type material for subsalteri, presumed to be the holotype by monotypy, was not found, but from Rayment's description and drawings (Rayment 1947) together with the collection locality, subsalteri is believed to be conspecific with murrayensis.
Diagnosis. Amegilla murrayensis is a relatively small species with pale yellow face marks and narrow (about 0.3x the width of the disc on T2) apical hair bands which are usually pale blue, occasionally with an orange tint, but never bright orange; female hind tibia with a dark streak at least 0.5× as long as the tibia; T5 with a patch of scattered white hair that narrows laterally and with a longitudinal line of denser white hair that does not intrude significantly into the prepygidial fimbria. Both sexes can be distinguished from other species by hair bands on T1-4 that appear broader laterally below the gradulus because of numerous scattered pale hairs on the disc (Figs 16, 17 Length 12 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5 width of eye; galea in repose reaching half-way between fore and mid coxae; length of f1 2.8× length of f2, 0.9× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.6× length of f10; length of f3-9 0.9× width; IOD 1.4× OOD; OS 0.8× OOD. Coloration. Yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas; inverted T-shape on clypeus. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale yellow with scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hairs; pleura ginger with scattered black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; thoracic sterna white; propodeum laterally light ginger with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hairs, outer surface of fore tibia and tarsus white, inner surface of tarsus dark; mid legs dark, except white hairs on apex of the femur, posteriorly on proximal one third of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs black, except white hairs on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia; basitibial streak black, 0.6-0.9 length of femur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 white with iridescence varying from light blue to greenish orange; T5 laterally with long white hairs and few dispersed short hairs (Fig. 32), fimbria black, medial patch around the fimbria, narrowing laterally; S3, S4 dark, posterolateral patches of white hairs; S5 black, laterally with small white patches. Punctation. Head: clypeus with close, medium sized, deep punctures, 0.3-1.0 puncture widths apart; labrum shiny, with close, small punctures of intermediate depth, 0.2-0.9 puncture widths apart, interspaces almost smooth. Thorax: scutum somewhat shiny, with close punctures, 0. Length 11 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.7 length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5 width of eye; galea in repose reaching halfway between fore and mid coxae; length of f1 1.5× length of f2, 0.5× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 0.8× length of f11; length of f3-10 1.2× width; IOD 1.5× OOD; OS 0.7× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 2.6 times as long as second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.5× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 wide and deep; S7 windows small, median hair brush 3-4× width, lateral wings of hair brush well developed making an angle of 60° with long axis of brush (Fig. 45); S8 apical emargination deep. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale brown with scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white. Thorax: scutum light brown intermixed with black hairs; pleura brown with scattered black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; propodeum laterally light brown with scattered black hairs. Legs: foreleg: femur posteriorly with long white hairs, outer surface of tibia and tarsus white, inner surface of and tarsus dark; mid legs dark, except white hairs on the apex of femur, posteriorly on proximal one third of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs black, except white hairs on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, small white patch on outer base of basitarsus. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 white; T6, T7 black when viewed from behind, light brown when viewed from the side; S2-S5: S3, S4 medially dark, lateral thirds white, S5 medially dark, lateral quarters white. Punctation. Head: clypeus with punctures 1.0-3.0 puncture widths apart; labrum with medium, shallow punctures 0.5-1.5 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close, small, shallow punctures 0.3-1.0 puncture widths apart, interspaces smooth. Metasoma: T1-T5 with shiny, open, fine, shallow punctures, 1.0-3.0 puncture widths apart.
Variation. Males from southern Western Australia often have more black hairs on the clypeus and paraclypeal areas than specimens from northern Queensland or specimens from the Lofty Ranges in South Australia. There is also some variation in the width of the pale patch on T5 in fresh females. Some specimens from the NW Pilbarra and Barrow Island are seemingly larger, have wider tergal bands and a more intense patch of pale hairs on female T5 and have almost ivory face marks and white apical bands on T1-4. These specimens are sufficiently different from murrayensis and may belong to an undescribed species. Future collections and molecular work may shed light on their identity.
Remarks. There were some problems with the molecular delineation of murrayensis and pulchra, as mentioned in the Results and Discussion section. The sequences obtained with the M202/M70 primers resulted in two morphologically similar clades of murrayensis specimens, often with specimens from the same localities in different clades (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S1). It also resulted in a number of specimens now believed to be pulchra to appear in one of the murrayensis clades. Using the CO1 barcoding primers (M414/M423, Hebert et al. 2004) the two murrayensis clades collapsed into one (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S2). These problems may have been caused by amplification of a mitochondrial copy in the nuclear genome.
Phenology. Amegilla murrayensis is the most widespread and common species in the subgenus Zonamegilla. Below 30°S the species is active from November until March, with a peak in January. In the north of the continent they can be found year round possibly with a peak in May.

Month
Distribution. Widespread throughout Australia, but not found in Tasmania (Fig. 11). Diagnosis. Amegilla paeninsulae is a distinctive species with orange tergal hair bands, sometimes with green iridescence, orange pubescence on the scutum, orange scopa on the hind legs and no dark basitibial streak in females. Females have T5 covered with scattered orange hair and an orange medial streak (Fig. 33). Males have S7 with a small rounded head and no lightly pigmented windows (Fig. 46).
Description. Female: holotype Length 14 mm; forewing length 9 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.4× width of eye; galea in repose reaching just past forecoxa; length of f1 3× length of f2, equal to length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.4× length of f10; f3-9 as long as wide; IOD 1.5× OOD; OS 0.5× OOD. Coloration. Yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas, inverted T-shape on clypeus; distal part of flagellum brown ventrally from f2 onwards. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, clypeus light ginger intermixed with black, hairs in paraocular areas, frons, near ocelli and on vertex, ginger hair darker towards the top; gena white, light ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hair; pleura ginger with scattered black hair under wing base, light ginger ventrally; thoracic sterna light ginger; propodeum laterally ginger with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long, light ginger hair intermixed with some black hairs, outer surface of foretibia and -tarsus light ginger, inner surface of tarsus brown, coxa light ginger; mid legs black, except light ginger hair on apex of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus and a small patch of light ginger hair on posterior proximal part of femur; hind legs black, except ginger on apex of femur, posterior rim of outer surface of tibia and basal part of basitarsus; basitibial streak absent. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 orange-brown with orange and green iridescence; T5 laterally with moderately long light ginger hairs (Fig. 33), fimbria brown, T5 covered with short, light ginger hairs, with light ginger medial streak overlapping the fimbria; S3, S4 very narrow light ginger posterolateral patches; S5 brown. Punctation. Head: clypeus with close large, deep punctures, 0.2-1.5 puncture widths apart; labrum somewhat shiny, with close, medium, shallow punctures, 0.2-1.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close to open punctures 0.2-3.0 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 with close to open punctures, 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart, interspaces transverse pit-reticulate.
Male: allotype. Length 12 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.7× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5× width of eye; galea in repose reaching past mid coxa; length of f1 1.6× length of f2, 0.5× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 0.9× length of f11; length of f3-10 1.3× width; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.6× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.9× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 2.1× length second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.4× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 wide and deep; S7 windows absent; S7 median hair brush, broad 2× width; S7 with a small rounded head, very wide medial ridge leaving no lightly pigmented windows, no apical projection and a flattened apical margin (Fig. 46); S8 apical emargination deep. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, clypeus and paraocular areas black, remaining areas predominantly ginger with scattered black hairs on frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, light ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum orange brown intermixed with black hair; pleura orange brown, intermixed with black hair, whitish ventrally; thoracic sterna greyish white; propodeum laterally orangebrown with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with light ginger hair, outer surface of foretibia and -tarsus orange-brown, inner surface of tarsus brown, coxa greyish white; mid legs dark, except orange-brown on apex of femur, posteriorly proximally on femur and on outer surface of tibia and tarsus; hind legs black, except orange-brown hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia and tarsus, light ginger tuft on apex of tibia. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 orange-brown with orange and green iridescence; T6 with black medial patch, remaining hair orange when viewed from behind, light brown when viewed from the side, T7 black when viewed from behind with a few orange hairs laterally, brown when viewed from the side; S2-S5 medially light orange, laterally with light orange patches; S6 light orange. Punctation. Head: clypeus punctures 1.0-4.0 puncture widths apart; labrum with medium, shallow punctures 0.8-3.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close to sparse, medium, shallow punctures 0.2-4 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 somewhat shiny, with close to open, fine, shallow punctures, 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart; interspaces pit-reticulate.
Variation. Most males have predominantly orange tergal bands, while those of females are usually a mixture of iridescent green and orange. The hair on the sterna and coxae of most males is pale orange and some males lack the medial brown patch on T6.
Phenology. Distribution. In tropical rainforest patches on Cape York, Queensland (Fig. 10). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to its distribution on Cape York Peninsula.
Decisions for synonymy. Examination of the above types indicated that holmesi, parapulchra, salteri and townleyella were conspecific with pulchra. The holotype of shafferyella had a dense hair patch on S5 an orange tint in the tergal hair bands like adelaidae, as suggested by Rayment (1947) but the shape of S7 was unmistakably that of pulchra, not adelaidae. When examined carefully, the type of salteri was found to be indistinguishable from pulchra. In particular, it was found that the emargination of S5 was normal, though the hair pattern made it appear superficially as reported by Cockerell (1905).

Diagnosis.
For diagnosis and description we used specimens from the Sydney area because they vary less compared to those from the Brisbane area (see also under variation and remarks) Amegilla pulchra is a species with ivory face marks and paraocular areas with some long dark hairs. Tergites with pale blue or white hair bands that are not broadened laterally below the lateral arm of the gradulus (Figs 18, 19). Female T5 with a broad oval patch of white hair, usually not extended laterally, and a medial line of denser white hair that does not extend greatly into the prepygidial fimbria; female hind tibia with dark streak at least 0.5× times as long as the tibia. Male S6 with tuft dark hair apicomedially; S7 with narrow rounded head and small windows.
Length 14 mm; forewing length 9 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.4× width of eye; galea in repose reaching half-way between coxa of fore and mid legs; length of f1 2.8× length of f2, 0.8× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.6× length of f10; length of f3-9 0.9× width; IOD 1.2× OOD; OS 0.6× OOD. Coloration. Ivory marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas; inverted T-shape on clypeus. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale, darker towards vertex with scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with many black hairs, therefore overall darker than other species; pleura ginger with scattered black hair under wing base, white ventrally; thoracic sterna white; propodeum laterally ginger with scattered black hair. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of foretibia and -tarsus greyish white, inner surface of tarsus dark; mid legs black, except white hair on apex of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus, contiguous short white hairs on posterior proximal part of femur; hind legs black except white hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, very small white patch on basal part of basitarsus; basitibial streak black, 0.8× length of femur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 white with very weak light blue iridescence; T5 laterally with moderately long white hair (Fig. 34), fimbria dark, medial patch ovoid with weak medial stripe; S3, S4 dark, posterolateral patches of white hairs; S5 dark, laterally with small white patches. Punctation. Head: clypeus with close, medium, deep punctures, 0. Length 12 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.5× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5× width of eye; galea in repose reaching just past forecoxa; length of f1 2× length of f2, 0.6× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.1× length of f11; length of f3-10 1.2× width; IOD 1.4× OOD; OS 0.7× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.8× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 2.8× length second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.4× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 narrow and deep; S7 windows medium size, median hair brush 3× width, lateral wings of hair brush narrow but well developed with 110° angle between them (Fig. 47). Pubescence. Head: labrum white, clypeus and paraocular marks predominantly black, remaining pubescence grey, scattered black hairs between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white. Thorax: scutum pale brown intermixed with black hair; pleura pale brown with scattered black hair under wing base, white ventrally; propodeum laterally pale brown with scattered black hair. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus greyish, inner surface of tarsus dark; mid legs dark, except white hair on the apex of femur, a small patch near the apex of the femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs dark, except white hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, small white patch on outer base of basitarsus. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 white, lacking iridescence; parts that are not covered by hair bands dark brown; T6, T7 black when viewed from behind, brown when viewed from side; S2-S5 medial 50% dark, laterally white. Punctation. Head: clypeus with punctures 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart; labrum with medium, shallow punctures 0.7-1.5 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum somewhat shiny, with close, medium, shallow punctures 0.4-0.9 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 somewhat shiny, with open, fine, shallow punctures, 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart.
Variation. Most specimens of pulchra in collections have relatively narrow white bands with small amounts of green-blue iridescence and ivory face markings. However, examination of a series of fresh specimens collected from the Brisbane area on two consecutive days showed iridescent bands that varied in colour from green-blue to orange or white. Some specimens also had yellowish face marks and specimens varied with respect to the shape of the white patch on female T5, some approaching those found in murrayensis. There was however no correlation with sequenced mitochondrial DNA, because the majority of those specimens shared the same mitochondrial haplotypes (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S2).
Remarks. In all phylogenetic analyses murrayensis and pulchra appeared as sister species (Fig. 2, Suppl. material 1: S1, S2). As mentioned in the Results and Discussion section and under the remarks for murrayensis there are some unresolved problems with the genetics of the two species, probably due to the presence of a mitochondrial copy in the nuclear genome, which makes molecular identification of these two species not straightforward. DNA barcoding of pulchra specimens using the standard barcoding primers (Hebert et al. 2004) resulted in two distinct clades, separating morphologically similar specimens with identical collection details (Suppl. material 1: Fig. S2). Future results of DNA barcoding of pulchra specimens should therefore be interpreted with caution. Additionally, morphological variation of the above mentioned specimens collected in the Brisbane area and museum specimens from that area and others incidentally showed murrayensis characters such as pale yellow face markings and hair patch that reaches the lateral margins of the female T5. This may be a consequence of intraspecific variability, but it is also possible that these character states result from hybridization with murrayensis. Hybridization regularly occurs between closely related species that historically had allopatric distributions, but that in more recent time became in secondary contact (Kawakami and Butlin 2012) as could be the case with pulchra and murrayensis when their distribution patterns are considered (Fig. 2I, J). Unfortunately, testing above hypotheses about nuclear paralogues and introgression is beyond the scope of this paper.
Phenology. Distribution. Mainly east of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales and Queensland (Fig. 12). This species has also been found on Fiji. Specimens from the Pacific islands had mitochondrial haplotypes identical to those from the Brisbane area and were probably introduced there (Groom et al. 2014).
Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas pale yellow, darker towards vertex with scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, between antennae, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hair; pleura ginger with scattered black hair under wing base, white ventrally; thoracic sterna white; propodeum laterally light ginger with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, foretibia and -tarsus whitish on outer surface, dark on inner surface; mid legs black, except greyish white hair on apex of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus and a dense patch of short white hair on posterior proximal part of femur; hind legs black, except white hair on apex of femur; tibia white on posterior rim, greyish-white with orange tinge in scopal area and black anteriorly; whitish patch on basal part of basitarsus; basitibial streak black, 0.3x length of femur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on margin T1-T4 iridescent blue with orange tinge, especially across anterior edge; T5 laterally with moderately long white hairs (Fig. 35 Length 13 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.7× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.4× width of eye; galea in repose reaching halfway between fore and mid coxae; length of f1 2.1× length of f2, 0.5× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and as long f11; length of f3-10 1.3× width; IOD 1.6× OOD; OS 0.7× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.9× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 1.8× length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.4× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 wide and very shallow; S7 head large, medial ridge moderately narrow resulting in a narrow apical projection, large weakly pigmented windows and an inverted Y-shaped brush (Fig. 48); S8 apical emargination deep. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, remaining areas predominantly pale yellow, darker towards the vertex; scattered black robust hairs on clypeus, paraocular areas, frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hairs; pleura ginger, white ventrally; propodeum laterally light ginger with scattered black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia, tarsus light ginger, inner surface of tarsus dark; mid legs black, except white hair on apex of femur, posteriorly proximally on femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs black, except white hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, white patch on base of basitarsus, orange tuft near inner tibial spur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 white with orange tinge and blue-green iridescence; T6 white on apical margin, remaining hair black when viewed from behind, brown when viewed from side; S2-S5 medially dark, laterally with white patches; s6 dark and few robust white hairs laterally. Punctation. Head: clypeus punctures 1.5-3.0 puncture widths apart; labrum: with small, shallow punctures 0.1-1.5 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close small, shallow punctures, 0.2-1.5 puncture widths apart. Abdomen: T1-T5 somewhat shiny, with open, shallow punctures, 0.8-2.0 puncture widths apart.
Variation. Variation in the colour of the tergal bands caused by fading of the colour and varying amounts of orange can complicate identification, but no other significant variation was observed. Only two specimens had scutal hair with a grey appearance.
Phenology. Distribution. In the subtropics and tropics along the east coast of Queensland (Fig. 13), also found in southern Papua New Guinea.

Month
Remarks. Closely related to the allopatric species walkeri, but easily distinguished by the brown scutal hair in both sexes. Similar to A. asserta and A. indistincta, but females distinguished by the length of the hind basitibial streak. Males may be distinguished from those of asserta by the absence of a hair patch on S5 and from indistincta by the colour of the tergal hair bands and the shape of S7 (Fig. 48). Diagnosis. Amegilla viridicingulata is a distinctive species with orange-brown scutal pubescence, tergal hair bands with green iridescence and orange hair on the hind legs in both sexes. Females have a hind tibial scopa without a dark streak and T5 with a broad area of scattered white hair above the fimbria (Fig. 36). Males have pale hair across the sterna, particularly S3, 4 and a distinctive S7 (Fig. 49).
Length 12 mm; forewing length 8.5 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.44× width of eye; galea in repose reaching reaching mid coxa; length of f1 4× length of f2, 0.9× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.6× length of f10; f3-9 as long as wide; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.5× OOD. Coloration. Pale yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas, inverted T-shape on clypeus; f2 red-brown ventrally, remainder of flagellum brown ventrally. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, light ginger intermixed with black hair on clypeus, paraocular areas, frons, near ocelli and on vertex, gena white, light ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hair; pleura ginger with few black hairs under wing base, white ventrally; thoracic sterna light ginger; propodeum laterally ginger with few black hairs. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus light ginger, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs black, except light ginger hair on apex of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus and a narrow line of light ginger hairs on posterior proximal part of femur; hind legs black, except ginger hair on apex of femur, posterior rim of the outer surface of tibia and basal part of basitarsus, a white tuft on the apex of tibia; basitibial streak absent. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 light orange-brown with clear green iridescence; T5 laterally white, fimbria brown, medial patch well developed, centrally white, laterally greyish-white and narrowing, medial streak overlapping fimbria (Fig. 36); S3, S4 dark with posterolateral patches of white hair; S5 dark. Punctation. Head: clypeus with close, medium, deep punctures, 0.1-1.0 puncture widths apart; labrum somewhat shiny, with close, small, shallow punctures, 0.3-1.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with close punctures 0.1-0.7 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 with close to open punctures, 0.5-2.0 puncture widths apart.
Male: allotype. Length 11 mm; forewing length 8 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.7× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5× width of eye; galea in repose reaching halfway between fore and mid coxae; length of f1 1.6× length of f2, 0.5× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 0.8× length of f11; length of f3-10 1.3× width; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.5× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell equal to distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 1.6× length second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.3× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 wide and shallow; S7 with very wide medial ridge, resulting in a flattened apex with no apical projection, very small weakly pigmented areas and an inverted T-shaped brush, weak and broadened towards the apex (Fig. 49); S8 apical emargination deep. Pubescence. Head: labrum white; clypeus and paraocular areas predominantly black, remaining areas with scattered black hair on frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white, ginger towards vertex. Thorax: scutum ginger intermixed with black hair; pleura light brown with green iridescence; propodeum laterally ginger. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white greyish hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus pale brown, inner surface of tarsus brown; mid legs dark, except pale brown hair on the apex of femur, posteriorly proximally on femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs black, except light ginger hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, light ginger patch on base of basitarsus, white tuft on apex of tibia. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 light orange-brown with green iridescence; T6 with a row of pale ginger hair on apical margin, remaining hair black when viewed from behind, brown when viewed from the side; T7 black; S2-S5 greyish white. Punctation. Head: clypeus punctures 0.5-2.0 puncture widths apart; labrum: medium, shallow punctures 0.8-2.5 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, close to open, medium, shallow punctures, 0.2-2.5 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 somewhat shiny, with close to open, fine, shallow punctures, 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart.
Variation. Some males had white metasomal hair bands with blue reflections, making them difficult to recognise before dissection.
Phenology. Distribution. Coastal NE Queensland (Fig. 14). Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin adjective meaning green banded.
Material examined. 66 females and 63 males. Diagnosis. Both sexes of walkeri have grey pubescence on the scutum due of a mixture of black and white hair and conspicuous light blue, metallic hair bands on the terga. Females have a broad band of white hair bordering the fimbria on T5 (Fig. 37) Length 12 mm; forewing length 8.5 mm. Structure. Head: clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.4× width of eye; galea in repose reaching just past fore coxa; length of f1 2.6× length of f2, 0.7× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 1.6× length of f10; length of f3-9 1.1× width; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.5× OOD. Coloration. Yellow marks on labrum, mandibles, scape, clypeus, paraocular and supraclypeal areas; inverted T-shape on clypeus; f2 orange, f3-10 brown ventrally. Pubescence. Head: white, intermixed with black hair on clypeus, paraocular areas, frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white. Thorax: scutum white intermixed with black hair, producing an overall grey appearance; pleura white with scattered black hair under wing base; thoracic sterna white; propodeum laterally white with scattered black hair. Legs: fore femur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus white, inner surface of tarsus dark; mid legs black, except white hair on the apex of femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus and a dense streak of short white hair on posterior proximal part of femur; hind legs black, except white hair on apex of femur, posterior rim of the outer surface of tibia, white patch on basal part of basitarsus; basitibial streak black, 0.4× length of femur. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T4 white with clear light blue iridescence; T5 laterally with moderately long white hair (Fig. 37), fimbria dark, a broad patch of scattered white hair above fimbria with a denser medial stripe overlapping fimbria; S3, S4 dark, posterolateral patches of white hair; S5 dark. Punctation. Head: clypeus with close, medium sized, deep punctures, 0. Length 10 mm; forewing length 7 mm. Structure. Head: shortest distance between eyes 0.7× length of eye; clypeus protuberant, in profile 0.5× width of eye; galea in repose reaching just past mid coxa; length of f1 1.8× length of f2, 0.9× length of scape (excluding basal bulb) and 0.9× length of f11; length of f3-10 1.2× width; IOD 1.3× OOD; OS 0.6× OOD. Wings: length of marginal cell 0.9× distance from apex of marginal cell to wing tip; length of vein M of hind wing 1.6× length of second abscissa of M+Cu; length of jugal lobe about 0.4× length of vannal lobe. Metasoma: apicomedial emargination of S5 wide and shallow; S7 head large, medial ridge moderately narrow resulting in a narrow, rounded apical projection, large weakly pigmented windows and an inverted Y-shaped brush (Fig. 50); S8 apical emargination of intermediate depth. Pubescence. Head: labrum white, black hair on clypeus, white and scattered black hair on paraocular areas, on frons, near ocelli and on vertex; gena white. Thorax: scutum white intermixed with black hair, producing an overall grey appearance; pleura white with scattered black hair under wing base; propodeum laterally white with scattered black hair. Legs: forefemur posteriorly with long white hair, outer surface of tibia and tarsus white, inner surface of tarsus dark; mid legs dark, except white hair on the apex of femur, posteriorly proximally on femur and on outer surface of tibia and basitarsus; hind legs dark, except white hair on apex of femur and outer surface of tibia, a few white hairs on base of basitarsus. Metasoma: apical hair bands on T1-T5 white with clear light blue iridescence; T6, T7 black when viewed from behind, brown when viewed laterally; S2-S5 medially dark, laterally with white patches. Punctation. Head: clypeus medium, shallow punctures 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart; labrum: small, shallow punctures 0.7-2.0 puncture widths apart. Thorax: scutum shiny, with open, small, shallow punctures 0.5-2.5 puncture widths apart. Metasoma: T1-T5 somewhat shiny, with open, fine, shallow punctures, 1.0-2.0 puncture widths apart.
Phenology. Symon DE (1979) Sex forms in Solanum (Solanaceae) and the role of pollen collecting insects. In: Hawkes JG, Lester RN, Skelding AD(Eds) The Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press, London. Wallman JF, Leys R, Hogendoorn K (2005) Figure S1. CO1 (primers M70/M202) neighbour-joining tree calculated using uncorrected sequence divergence in PAUP*. Terminals are labelled with RB-numbers, which refer to Table S1, sequencing primer or 'cons', indicating consensus sequence based on forward and reverse sequencing. Figure S2. CO1 (primers M414/M423) neighbour-joining tree calculated using uncorrected sequence divergence in PAUP*. Terminals are labelled with RB-numbers, which refer to Table S1, sequencing primer or 'cons', indicating consensus sequence based on forward and reverse sequencing. Table S1.