Corresponding author: Andrea Lucchi (
Academic editor: K. van Achterberg
This paper is aimed to summarize the information available on the parasitoid complex of the European Grapevine Moth (
In Italy the complex of parasitoids detected on
Scaramozzino PL, Loni A, Lucchi A (2017) A review of insect parasitoids associated with
The European Grapevine Moth
Later on, the moth was described by
The taxonomic history of
Since its first record,
With regard to the grape moth parasitoids, Camillo Rondani (1871-1878) reported only one Ichneumonid,
In 1899, Del Guercio described in detail the morphology and the behavior of
At the time when Paul Marchal in France was publishing an important work on
With the impressive collections of pupae of the first spring-summer generation and of the overwintering second generation, Catoni collected
After a long period of time of nearly 70 years, in which the essays on
The other vine moth, European Grape Berry Moth,
Larval feeding on green and ripe berries of grapevine allows the infection by various microorganisms that frequently results in bunch rots (
Extensive scientific efforts are still needed to develop biological control as an effective solution for practical use in the field. Egg parasitoids of the genus
The limited knowledge of the field efficacy of
We fully agree with what was written by William Robin Thompson in the “Catalogue of Parasites and Predators of Insects Pests” (published under his direction in several volumes from 1943 to 1972) concerning the introduction of natural enemies of insect pests accidentally introduced in a new country: “… it is necessary to know the identity and habits for the parasites and predators attacking the pest in its native home. The name and habits of the natural enemies of many pests are recorded in the literature, but it is usually a very difficult and tedious task to assemble the information. A comprehensive list or catalogue of the predators of injurious insects, with the reference to the original papers in which they were recorded is, therefore, one of the fundamental necessities in biological control work.” (
Among the difficulties that can arise when compiling these lists, Thompson suggests mainly the “inaccuracy in observation, rearing work and identification contained in the works of former authors, which greatly limits their practical value.” Many past mistakes of unusual parasitoid species associated to
Over time, the observations and the rearing techniques have been refined and rarely constitute a serious obstacle to this type of investigation. On the other hand, there is still a great difficulty in parasitoid and predator identification, which is intrinsic to the vastness and complexity of the taxonomic groups to which they belong.
This paper deals with
The Italian records on
Most of the data result from studies conducted in the vineyards (approx. 85 species recorded in 29 papers) and some from the spurge flax (
The origin, quality and consistency of the data are not uniform and reflect the absence, in certain regions, of people with the necessary scientific knowledge and skill to carry out this type of investigation.
The list of parasitoid species feeding on
References consulted for the compilation of the parasitoid list of the European grapevine moth in Italy. See references for the full bibliographic citation. The numbers on the left are the same as in Table
Number | Authors |
---|---|
1 | Bagnoli B, Lucchi A (2006) |
2 | Barbieri R, Cavallini G, Pari P, Guardigni P (1992) |
3 | Baur H (2005) |
4 | Boselli F (1928) |
5 | Caotni G (1910) |
6 | Catoni G (1914) |
7 | Cerretti P, Tschornig H-P (2010) |
8 | Colombera S, Alma A, Arzone A (2001) |
9 | Dalla Montà L, Marchesini E (1995) |
10 | Del Guercio G (1899) |
11 | Delrio G, Luciano P, Prota R (1987) |
12 | Forti D (1991) |
13 | Laccone G (1978) |
14 | Leonardi G (1925) |
15 | Loni A, Samartsev KG, Scaramozzino PL, Belokobylkij SA, Lucchi A (2016) |
16 | Lozzia GC, Rigamonti EI (1991) |
17 | Lucchi A, Santini L (2011) |
18 | Lucchi A, Scaramozzino PL, Michl G, Loni A, Hoffmann C (2016) |
19 | Luciano P, Delrio G, Prota R (1988) |
20 | Marchesini E, Dalla Montà L (1994) |
21 | Marchesini E, Dalla Montà L (1998) |
22 | Marchesini E, Dalla Montà L, Sancassani GP (2006) |
23 | Masi L (1907) |
24 | Masi L (1911) |
25 | Moleas T (1979) |
26 | Moleas T (1995) |
27 | Nobili P, Correnti A, Vita G, Voegelé J (1988) |
28 | Nuzzaci G, Triggiani O (1982) |
29 | Pinna M, Gremo F, Scaramozzino PL (1989) |
30 | Roat C, Forti D (1994) |
31 | Ruschka F, Fulmek L (1915) |
32 | Scaramozzino PL, Loni A, Lucchi A, Gandini L (In press) |
33 | Silvestri F (1912) |
34 | Stellwaag F (1928) |
35 | Zangheri S, Dalla Montà L, Duso C (1987) |
Various names are not related to any species currently known and are considered “nomina dubia”, while some misspellings have been amended. The list contains the names used by the different authors in their publications and those updated according to the sources mentioned above. Names no longer valid are preceded by a dot and are followed by the name of the authors who used them. Within the list, the species are divided by Order and Family and sorted alphabetically. Valid names are in bold. Synonyms, misspellings, combinations other than those valid today, are in a smaller font and show in square brackets the valid name. The papers examined and included in the list are sorted alphabetically and consecutively numbered. These numbers are shown in the table, in the columns of the main geographical areas in which Italy can be divided: northern Italy (indicated by NORTH and including the Regions of Valle d’Aosta, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Trentino-South Tyrol, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Emilia-Romagna); Central Italy (shown with CENTER and including Tuscany, Marche, Umbria, Lazio and Abruzzo), southern Italy (indicated with SOUTH, including Campania, Molise, Apulia, Basilicata and Calabria), Sicily and Sardinia. In two separate columns we indicated if the record is earlier or later than 1970. If the species has been recorded before and after that date, it is shown on both columns.
The complex of parasitoids detected on
List of
Order-family / subfamily / species | subfamily | <1970 | >1970 | NORTH | CENTER | SOUTH | SICILY | SARDINIA | ||||||||
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• | 32 | ||||||||||||||
• |
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? | Forti in |
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• | 27 | |||||||||||||
|
•[4, 14: as |
• | 3, 8, 20, 21, 23 | 1, 10, 33 (as |
13, 28, 33 (as |
25 (as |
19 | |||||||||
• |
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• |
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• |
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• | 11 | ||||||||||||||
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• | 25, 26 | ||||||||||||||
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• | 28 | 19 | |||||||||||||
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• | 13 | ||||||||||||||
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• | 28 | ||||||||||||||
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• | 20, 21, 22 | 1 | 19 | ||||||||||||
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• 4 | 33 | ||||||||||||||
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• | 28 | ||||||||||||||
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• | 15, 32 (as |
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• 14 (as |
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• |
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• | 11 | ||||||||||||||
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• | 8 | ||||||||||||||
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• | 26 | 11 | |||||||||||||
• |
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• | 15, 32 (as |
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• 4 (as |
• | 15, 32 (as |
25, 33 (as |
33 (as |
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• | 15, 32 (as |
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• 4 | 33 | ||||||||||||||
• |
• Thompson, 1946 | |||||||||||||||
• |
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• | 6 (as |
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• | 8, 20, 21, 22 | ||||||||||||||
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• 4 (as |
6, 31 | ||||||||||||||
|
• | 19 (as |
Table explanation. First column shows: 1- Order and Family to which the parasitoid belongs (e.g.:
Second column includes, only for the valid species, the relating subfamily.
Third column titled “<1970”, are indicated with a dot the valid species recorded before that date.
Fourth column titled “> 1970”, are indicated with a dot the valid species recorded after that date.
Columns “North”, “Center”, “South”, “Sicily” and “Sardinia” the records that refer to a specific area are shown by a number (which refers to the work mentioned in the “references”), with in parenthesis the name used in the message if it differs from that of the valid species [e.g.: 4 (as
Tuscany:
Palearctic species widely distributed, present, with few exceptions, all over Europe; to the east it reaches the Kuril Islands and Japan through southern Siberia and Mongolia (
It is a rather polyphagous species: little more than fifteen hosts are known, mostly belonging to the family
During a research carried out in the natural reserve of Migliarino-San Rossore-Massaciuccoli, Pisa), we have obtained quite often specimens of this Tachinid from larvae of the three generations of
Very probably the species reported by
Apulia:
Campania:
Piedmont:
Sardinia:
Tuscany:
Umbria:
Veneto:
Emilia-Romagna:
North Central and South Europe, Russia North West, Ukraine (Fauna Europaea)
Larval endophagous koinobiont parasitoid,
Author/s, publication year | Italian Region | Host plant | Year | 1st generation |
2nd generation |
3rd generation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Piedmont | grapevine | 1998 | 17.3 | 0 | does not occur |
|
Piedmont | grapevine | 1999 | 6.5 | (2 specimens) | does not occur |
|
Apulia / Cerignola | grapevine | 1978 | 26.08 | 11,4 / 12,4 / 14,7 | 0 |
|
Veneto/ Pernumia (PD) | grapevine | 1989 | 0 | 1,76 | 0 |
|
Veneto/ Pernumia (PD) | grapevine | 1990 | 0 | 0,23 | 0 |
|
Veneto/ Pernumia (PD) | grapevine | 1991 | 0 | 0,97 | 0 |
|
Veneto/ Colognola (VR) | grapevine | 1990 | 0.36 | 6,72 | 0 |
|
Veneto/ Colognola (VR) | grapevine | 1991 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|
Veneto/ Colognola (VR) | grapevine | 1992 | 0 | 0,48 | 0 |
Veneto/ Valpolicella (VR) | grapevine | 1992 (1) | 0 / 0.64 | 0,48 / 2,14 | 0 / 0 | |
|
Veneto | grapevine | 2000 (2) | 14,6 / 4,4 | 0 / 0 | |
|
Veneto | grapevine | 2001 (2) | 0 / 0 | 1,0 / 0,8 | 0 / 0 |
|
Apulia |
|
1979–1982 | ? | ? | 30 |
|
Sardinia |
|
1986–87 | 25-24,1 | ? | 7,1-0 |
Data obtained in vineyards treated with both BT (
Data obtained in vineyards with chemical defense or biological defense.
This insect is associated to 29 species of
Among the
Its importance as parasitoid depends on the host generation; indeed, various authors found that the parasitism rates are more generally related to the
In Piedmont, Pn reached on the first generation of
In France,
According to
Sardinia:
The cosmopolitan genus
In Sardinia
Apulia:
Spread in Central and Southern Europe, UK, Finland, Russia, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Central Asia, Canada (Quebec), USA (some States bordering Canada) (
This species was obtained in low numbers during a three-year investigation in vineyards of table grapes in five locations of Apulia and has been associated to
Apulia:
It occurs in Central and Southern Europe, Great Britain, Finland, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia (
In Apulia this species reached 9% of parasitization rate on
Sardinia:
The species is known as larval parasitoid of
This species, distributed in North America from Canada to Mexico, is also present in Cuba, Brazil, Hawaii, while it is not present in Europe. In 1935 it was introduced from Hawaii into Egypt to control the Pink Bollworm,
Tuscany:
This species was originally described by
The species was raised from larvae of
Sardinia:
Idiobiont larval ectophagous and gregarious parasitoid predominantly of
In Sardinia vineyards
Tuscany:
Campania:
Tuscany:
Sicily:
South Italy:
Cosmopolitan.
In the past, the taxonomic position of
Highly polyphagous, it is known to attack various species of pyralid moths feeding on stored products, as well as other Lepidopterous pests on several cultivated plants (
Tuscany:
Currently this species is only found in Asian Turkey (
Very little information is available on this species (
Also in this species the larvae developed both solitary and gregariously, with up to three individuals feeding on the same host (
Sardinia:
Tuscany:
Veneto:
The species is present in Europe and North Africa; in Asia it is recorded up to Japan (for more details see: Yu 1997-2012 and
This koinobiont egg-larval endophagous parasitoid feeds on various species of economically important moths, especially belonging to the family
As already highlighted by
Campania:
This species shows a Palaearctic distribution, being present in Europe (excluding Iberian Peninsula, ex Yugoslavia and Greece), Russia, Far East Russia, and China.
Koinobiont endophagous egg-larval parasitoid. The only record is due to
Sardinia:
Like the species of the genus
In Sardinia
Piedmont: Colombera at al. 2001
Campania:
Apulia:
The species of the genus
Apulia:
Sardinia:
The situation is still controversial and Mason’s opinion is not accepted by all taxonomists of the group (see note 180 in
Like all
In Apulia, an unidentified species of
Apulia:
Palaearctic species, widespread in Europe and in the former Soviet Union up to the east coast.
Yu (1997-2012) provides a list of 33 species of Lepidopteran hosts including
Specimens of this species were rarely obtained from
Trentino-South Tyrol:
In the past, the name “
The species is now reported in the Fauna Europaea as
Piedmont:
Veneto:
All the species of this genus are solitary or gregarious endoparasitoids of Lepidopteran larvae (especially
Both
Trentino-South Tyrol:
It is a solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid of Lepidopteran larvae (
The only Italian records of this species on the two vine moths are due to
Apulia:
In most cases, the species of this genus live on larvae of macrolepidoptera, both diurnal and nocturnal and, to a lesser extent, on larvae of microlepidoptera, including tortricids. They are koinobiont larval endoparasitoids, and lay their eggs in the host young larva and pupate inside the mummified remains of the dead caterpillar. Three species of