Corresponding authors: Zai-fu Xu (
Academic editor: A. Köhler
Eleven species of
Lelej AS, Zhou H-t, Loktionov VM, Xu Z-f (2016) Review of the genus
The genus
The following acronyms are used for the collections where type specimens and other materials are deposited:
To study male genitalic characters, the male genitalia were extracted after being previously softened. The muscles were removed in a sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH 10%), several hours without heating; the genitalia were later placed in water to neutralize the NaOH and stored in micro vials filled with glycerin. Male genitalia were studied under a stereomicroscope in a depression slide.
Photographs of imagos and genitalia were taken with a digital camera Cool SNAP attached to Zeiss stereomicroscope Stemi 2000-CS and stacked using CombineZM software (
Feminine.
Male. Head very short, rounded posterad. Eye deeply notched inside. Prementum not tuberculate. Mandible bidentate, with weak subbasal widening beneath or subbasal tubercle (
The male of the type species has not been recognized; the presumed males of other species were associated and described by
Oriental Region.
The male of
1 | Males (unknown in |
|
– | Females (unknown in |
|
2 | Mandible beneath with subbasal denticle; penial valves weakly elongate, apically widened |
|
– | Mandible beneath basally slightly widened, without subbasal denticle beneath; penial valves shortened, apically capitate |
|
3 | First flagellomere approximately equal in length to flagellomere 2; scape distinctly widened apically; metasomal sternum 8 with weak submedian elevation; sternum 7 without lateral tubercle; sternum 2 with median carina highest basally |
|
– | First flagellomere 1.4× flagellomere 2; scape not widened apically; metasomal sternum 8 with two submedian carinae; sternum 7 with blunt lateral tubercle; sternum 2 with strong median carina highest apically |
|
4 | Mesosoma partly or predominantly reddish; metasoma black or dark metallic blue |
|
– | Mesosoma black; metasoma black with segments 1–3 yellowish-orange |
|
5 | Metasoma dark metallic blue; metasomal tergum 3 with pale band; mesosoma (except sternum) ferruginous |
|
– | Metasoma black |
|
6 | Metasomal tergum 3 with pale band; mesosoma mostly black with pronotum, mesonotum and tegula ferruginous |
|
– | Metasomal terga 3–4 with pale band |
|
7 | Mesosoma almost entirely ferruginous with black sterna |
|
– | Mesopleuron ventrally, propodeum and sterna black, other parts of mesosoma ferruginous |
|
8 | Metasoma dark metallic blue |
|
– | Metasoma black |
|
9 | Metasomal tergum 2 with apical pale fringe or narrow band |
|
– | Metasomal tergum 2 without apical pale fringe |
|
10 | Humeral angle of mesosoma prominently angulate; mesosoma dorsally with long black setae; larger species: 11.0 mm |
|
– | Humeral angle of mesosoma angulate but not prominent; mesosoma dorsally with long yellowish setae; smaller species: 5.6–7.6 mm |
|
11 | Posterolateral margin of propodeum dentate; metasomal terga 4 and 5 with black setae |
|
– | Posterolateral margin of propodeum crenulate; metasomal terga 4 and 5 with rather dense golden setae |
|
12 | Tibiae and tarsi black; pale band on metasomal tergum 3 interrupted medially |
|
– | Tibiae and tarsi ferruginous; pale band on metasomal tergum 3 entire |
|
Holotype (
CHINA: ♂ (
Male. Body length 8.5–10.2 mm. First flagellomere 1.2× flagellomere 2.
Male. Body length 8.5–10.2 mm. Black with ferruginous metasomal terga 1–2, sterna 1–3, and base of terga 3 and 4. Head, mandible and scape with yellowish, dense, subappressed setae; pronotum dorsally, mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum medially with subappressed and erect golden setae, longer on scutellum and metanotum, posterodorsal margin of pronotum densely fringed; propleuron, mesopleuron, and propodeum laterally with whitish appressed and subappressed setae, denser on mesopleuron; posterior propodeal slope with whitish yellow, sparse, erect setae; dorsal propodeal slope with short appressed white setae; legs with dense pale yellow, suberect setae. Metasomal terga with appressed and erect yellowish setae, apically sparsely fringed with pale yellowish setae, sterna with sparse subappressed yellowish setae. Metasomal tergum 2 laterally with felt line, sternum 2 without lateral felt line.
Relation of head width and mesosoma width including tegulae 55:60; relation of maxillary palpus length and cardo length 5.0:1.5. Mandible bidentate apically, with subbasal tooth on outer margin beneath and dorsal carina extending from base to subapical tooth. Clypeus with median area subtriangularly raised, anterior margin with two denticles, distance between them much less than between denticle and base of mandible. Scape not widened apically, bicarinate beneath. First flagellomere 1.2× flagellomere 2; antennal scrobe carinate above. Ocelli small,
Fore wing fuscous, first submarginal cell large, subtriangular, apically acute, 0.8× length of marginal cell; second submarginal cell receiving recurrent vein at midpoint; third submarginal cell less distinct than submarginal cell 2 and receiving recurrent vein at midpoint. Pterostigma length equal to distance between origin of
Carina on metasomal sternum 1 well developed, straight, 0.8× length of sternum 1 in profile, straight; sternum 2 (except apical third) with strong longitudinal median carina highest apically. Terga 1–6 and posterior halves of sterna 3–6 with moderately fine, well separated punctures, larger on tergum 2; sternum 2 with large, moderately coarse, separated punctures; sternum 8 (hypopygium) and tergum 7 (except apical part) with moderately coarse, dense punctures; tergum 7 medially with longitudinal narrow glabrous area up to apical fourth where it with small punctures.
Female. Unknown.
The specific name is a Latin adjective meaning “abnormal”, with reference to the unusual carina on metasomal sternum 2, like that of males of
China (Guangdong, Hainan).
LAOS: 1 ♂ (
Male. Body length 10.4–12.0 mm (holotype 12.0 mm). Mandible slightly widened beneath at base, without small subbasal denticle. Penial valves shortened, slightly longer than digitus, apically capitate. Mesosoma black. Metasoma black with segments 1–3 yellowish-orange. Female unknown.
Myanmar, India, Laos, Vietnam.
Possibly, this species is the male of
INDONESIA: Sulawesi, holotype of
Male. Body length 13.0 mm. Metasoma black. Metasomal tergum 3 with entire pale band. Mesosoma mostly black with pronotum, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, metanotumn and tegula ferruginous. Female unknown.
Indonesia (Sulawesi) (
INDONESIA: 1 ♀ (
Male unknown. Female. Body length 6.4–9.0 mm. Metasoma black. Metasomal tergum 2 with apical pale fringe. Posterolateral border of propodeum dentate. Metasomal terga 4 and 5 with black setae. Tibiae and tarsi black. Pale band on metasomal tergum 3 interrupted medially.
Indonesia (Sulawesi) (
Holotype (
CHINA: 2 ♂ (
Male. Body length 6.8–11.9 mm. First flagellomere equal in length to flagellomere 2. Scape widened apically. Ocelli small,
Male. Body length 6.8–11.9 mm. Black except ferruginous metasomal terga 1–3 and sterna 1–3; tegula brownish. Frons, vertex, lateral area of clypeus and base of mandible with whitish dense subappressed setae; gena with whitish dense erect setae. Pronotum, propleuron with golden or whitish recumbent setae (posterior margin of pronotum densely fringed); mesonotum with sparse reddish (Yunnan) or white (Hainan) setae. Mesopleuron, lateral area of metanotum and dorsum of propodeum with whitish yellow, dense, appressed setae; posterior propodeal slope with whitish sparse erect setae; mesoscutellum and metanotum medially with erect yellowish setae; legs with yellowish dense suberect setae; lateral propodeal slope with few erect white setae. Metasomal tergum 2 with sparse yellowish setae; terga 3–4 with dense subappressed yellowish setae; terga 1–6 sparsely fringed apically; sterna 1–3 (1–4 in paratypes from Hainan) with sparse subappressed yellowish setae. Metasomal tergum 2 with felt line laterally, sternum 2 without lateral felt line.
Head width 0.84–0.92× mesosoma width including tegulae; relation of maxillary palpus length and cardo length 6.0:1.5. Mandible bidentate apically, with subbasal tooth on outer margin beneath and dorsal carina extending from base to subapical tooth; inner margin weakly widened subbasally. Clypeus subtriangularly raised with median area concave and with anterior margin slightly notched, with transverse preapical carina with few setae. Scape widened apically, bicarinate beneath basally, upper (dorsal) carina complete and widened apically. First flagellomere equal in length to flagellomere 2; antennal scrobe carinate above. Ocelli small,
Tegula not projecting over scuto-scutellar suture, with smooth and shiny disc and posterior border. Mesoscutellum evenly convex. Metanotum densely punctured, with deep glabrous area medially. Pronotum and mesopleuron with dense, confluent punctures; mesoscutum with dense separated punctures; mesoscutellum with larger coarse, somewhat confluent punctures; propleuron, mesopleuron anterad, metapleuron glabrous. Propodeum reticulate, laterally more finely so, and dorsomedially with larger cells. Notauli well developed, ⅔ length of mesoscutum. Parapsides weaker and shorter than notauli.
Fore wings fuscous, first submarginal cell large, subtriangular, apically acute, 0.7× length of marginal cell; second submarginal cell receiving recurrent vein at midpoint; third submarginal cell less distinct than submarginal cell 2 and receiving recurrent vein at midpoint. Pterostigma length equal to distance between origin of
Carina on metasomal sternum 1 well developed, 0.8× length of sternum 1 in profile, straight; sternum 2 basally with strong median carina highest basally. Terga 1–6 and posterior halves of sterna 3–6 with moderately fine, well separated punctures, larger on tergum 2; sternum 2 with larger, separated punctures; sternum 8 (hypopygium) and tergum 7 with moderately coarse, dense punctures; tergum 7 medially with narrow glabrous area widened apically.
Female. Body length 7.65 mm. Black with brownish clypeus, palps pale, with ferruginous red mandible (except apex), scape, pedicel, flagellomere 1, legs, mesosoma; flagellomeres 2–9 ventrally ferruginous. Clypeus, gena, mandible with whitish, sparse, erect setae; frons and occiput with subappresseed golden-reddish setae; gena with subappressed whitish setae; dorsum of mesosoma with setae as those on frons; posterior propodeal slope and metasomal tergum 1 with erect whitish setae; metasomal tergum 2 with black dense, recumbent setae; apical fringe of terga 2–3 with yellowish, dense, appressed setae mixed with longer erect ones; terga 4–6 (except pygidial area) with darker and sparser brown setae; sterna 2–6 and legs with yellowish, sparse, erect setae. Metasomal tergum 2 in basal half with two subcircular spots of yellowish setae, separated by distance equal to their diameter; lateral felt line of tergum 2 whitish.
Relation of head width and mesosoma width 47:45 (pronotum): 42 (mesonotum): 37 (propodeum); relation of maxillary palp length and cardo length 3.5:1.5. Head distinctly narrowed behind eyes. Mandible with weak preapical tooth on inner margin. Clypeus posteriorly elevated into rather low, transversely arcuate ridge, with well developed median tubercle basally. First flagellomere 1.33× flagellomere 2; antennal scrobe distinctly carinate above. Eye ovate, strongly convex. Gena not carinate beneath, with tubercle on hypostomal carina closer to mandibular insertion. Frons, vertex and gena with moderately coarse, elongate punctures; vertex with two distinct tubercles located transversely on line of posterior eye borders.
Relation of mesosoma length to its width 55:37, widest on pronotum, narrowest propodeal spiracles. Mesosoma with lateral margins convergent posterad; crenulate, concavely curved, mesoscutum with lateral carina; humeral angles and pronotal lateral tubercle acute, latter prominent. Pleura depressed in center, sharply marked-off from anterior pronotal slope and dorsum of pro- to metanotum by marginal recurvature and from posterior propodeal slope by marginal tubercles; mesopleural suture carinate; dorsal and posterior propodeal slope in profile without definite bend. Dorsum of mesosoma with moderately coarse, deep punctures; posterior propodeal slope with coarser and shallower, elongate, strongly confluent punctures with tendency to rugosity; pleura glabrous.
Legs moderately long; meso- and metatibia each with one row of 5–6 spines and another one with three weak spines; tibio-tarsal relation of hind leg 37:15:11:9:5:7.
Metasomal sternum 1 with anterior arm of Y-shaped ridge moderately strong and posterior ones very weak. Anterior slope of tergum 1 with well separated punctures; dorsal surface of tergum 1 indefinite; tergum 2 with separate setiferous punctures mixed with dense micropunctures; terga 3–5 basally with separate punctures obscured by dense pale setae; tergum 6 (except pygidial area) with dense punctures; sternum 2 basally with median carina, with large separate punctures; posterior areas of sterna 3–6 with fine, separated punctures. Tergum 6 convex, glabrous and shiny, without definite pygidial area; lateral margins not carinate even apically.
It is a great pleasure for us (A. Lelej and Z. Xu) to name this species after the well-known Chinese hymenopterist Prof. Chu Joo-tsu (1900–1981).
China (Yunnan, Hainan).
The male and female are collected by the same collectors in July 2006 sites Hainan which are close to each other. There is no direct evidence to support the relationship.
MALAYSIA: 1 ♀ (
Male unknown. Female. Body length 9.6–11.0 (holotype) mm. Metasoma black. Metasomal tergum 2 without apical pale fringe. Humeral angle of mesosoma prominently angulate. Mesosoma dorsally with long black setae.
Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak). The record of this species from Perak (Zavattari 1914: 76) is doubtful (
VIETNAM: 1 ♀ (
Male unknown. Female. Body length 6.0 (holotype)–8.4 mm. Metasoma black. Metasomal tergum 2 with narrow apical pale band. Posterolateral border of propodeum dentate. Metasomal terga 4–5 with black setae. Tibiae and tarsi ferruginous. Pale band of tergum 3 entire.
Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Dong Nai). The record of this species from India (Assam,
Possibly, this species is the female of
No specimens examined.
(based on the original description of
Malaysia (Sabah) (
No specimens examined.
(based on the original description of
Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) (
The males of
SINGAPORE: 1 ♂ & 1 ♀ (
Male. Body length 10.6–11.7 mm. Mandible beneath basally slightly widened, without small subbasal denticle beneath. Penial valves shortened, slightly longer than digitus, apically capitate. Metasoma black. Metasomal terga 3–4 with pale band. Mesosoma almost entirely ferruginous with black sterna. Female. Body length 5.6–7.6 mm. Metasoma black. Metasomal tergum 2 without apical pale fringe. Humeral angle of mesosoma angulate but not prominent. Mesosoma dorsally with long yellowish setae.
Malaysia (Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Sabah), Singapore.
Possibly the specimens from Singapore are taken
Malaysia: Sarawak, holotype of
Male unknown. Female. Body length 9.0–12.0 mm. Metasoma dark metallic blue. Head and legs black, mesosoma ferruginous; flagellomeres 2–10 ventrally reddish. Metasomal tergum 2 with two small yellowish spots and narrow apical yellowish fascia interrupted medially, tergum 3 with broad yellowish or golden band.
Malaysia (Sarawak).
Possibly, this species is the female of
We thank the curators of the collections (see list in Material) for the loan of material, collectors, especially Seiki Yamane for the donation of specimens. This study partly supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2013CB127600) and the Russian Found of Basic Research (# 15–29–02466). We thank Denis J. Brothers (School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa), Kevin A. Williams (California Department of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California, USA) and anonymous reviewers for appraising the manuscript and useful suggestions.