A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae)

Abstract The species of the genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel are revised, including 13 new species (type locality in parenthesis): Lamproclasiopa aliceae (United States. New Mexico. Grant: Silver City (Big Ditch; 32°46.4'N, 108°16.5'W; 1790 m)), Lamproclasiopa argentipicta (Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°2.8'N, 84°0.6'W)), Lamproclasiopa auritunica (Bolívia. Oruro: Paznã (S. of the town; 18°36.2'S, 66°54.7'W, 3750 m).), Lamproclasiopa brunnea (Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°2.8'N, 84°0.6'W)), Lamproclasiopa caligosa (Chile. Osorno: Anticura (1 km W; 40°39'S, 72°10'W; 430 m)), Lamproclasiopa curva (Chile. Los Lagos: Chiloé Island, Chepu (on seashore; 42°5'S, 73°59.65'W)), Lamproclasiopa ecuadoriensis (Ecuador. Orellana: Río Tiputini Biodiversity Station (0°38.2'S, 76°8.9'W)), Lamproclasiopa furvitibia (Costa Rica. San José. Zurquí de Moravia (10°2.8'N, 84°0.6'W)), Lamproclasiopa lapaz (Bolívia. La Paz: La Paz (6 km NE; 16°25.7'S, 68°04.3'W; 4130m)), Lamproclasiopa mancha (Brazil. Paraná: Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9'S, 49°14'W; 915 m)), Lamproclasiopa triangularis (Peru. Madre de Dios: Río Manu, Pakitza (11°56.6'S, 71°16.9'W; 250 m)), Lamproclasiopa xanthocera (Brazil. Paraná. Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Reserva Biológica (25°26.9'S, 49°14'W; 915 m)), Lamproclasiopa zerafael (Brazil. Amazonas: Reserva Ducke (02°55.8'S, 59°58.5'W; 40 m)). All known species are described with an emphasis on structures of the male terminalia, which are fully illustrated. Detailed locality data and distribution maps for all species are provided. For perspective and to facilitate genus-group and species-group recognition, the tribe Discocerinini is diagnosed and a key to genera in the New World is provided.


Introduction
The need for revision of Lamproclasiopa Hendel 1933 is abundantly apparent. Over half of the included species (13 of 24 species) were undescribed previous to this paper, and the genus has never been treated comprehensively. We also document in this revision how the nomenclatural history of the genus is reflective of changing concepts in classification that resulted from an improved understanding of the tribal phylogeny (Zatwarnicki andMathis 2001, Zatwarnicki et al. 2016).
While change is seemingly inevitable in science, including the classification of shore flies, an objective of taxonomy/systematics is a stable classification and nomenclature. These objectives are best achieved with discovery of accurate and well-documented phylogenetic relationships of the included taxa, as well as their accurate and detailed descriptions. Although we focus primarily on descriptive details in this revision, including keys, illustrations and photographs, we also provide a brief phylogenetic framework for the genus and to a lesser degree for species groups within the genus. Hendel (1933) first described Lamproclasiopa as a subgenus within the genus Discocerina Macquart and included D. facialis Hendel, which he described in the same paper, as the type species. Hendel (p. 80) also included D. chalybea Hendel in Lamproclasiopa. Hendel's name for D. facialis, however, was preoccupied (Williston 1896) and was corrected when Wirth (1968: 7) proposed L. hendeli as a replacement new name. Cresson (1942Cresson ( , 1945Cresson ( , 1946 continued usage of Lamproclasiopa as a subgenus but changed its concept to include those species of Discocerina with a bare parafacial and three facial setae. The type species of Lamproclasiopa (L. hendeli), however, only has two facial setae. Toward the end of Cresson's illustrious career (1942: 116), he described yet another subgenus within Discocerina, Basila (type species: Ditrichophora nadineae Cresson) for those species with two facial setae and a bare parafacial. Cresson's precedent was adopted by Wirth in his catalogs for the shore-fly fauna of the New World (1965,1968) and by Mathis and Zatwarnicki (1995) in their world catalog. Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001) recharacterized Lamproclasiopa as part of their phylogenetic revision of the tribe Discocerinini, and the former subgenus was accorded generic status. Their recharacterization essentially reverted back to Hendel's original diagnosis of two facial setae, but they also included a bare parafacial. Their revised concept of Lamproclasiopa included 10 New World species and one species, L. laevior (Cresson), from the Indian Subcontinent. Cresson (1946) published the first synopsis of Neotropical Discocerinini, which was the last in a series of synopses for the region that he produced. Cresson included 28 species in four genera, and some of these species were based on tentative identifications. Over twenty years later, Wirth (1968) produced the first catalog of shore flies from the Neotropical Region and listed 30 species in the same four genera. In recent revisions Zatwarnicki 2012, 2013;Mathis et al. 2016), herein, and in a forthcoming revision of the Neotropical species of Discocerina (Costa et al. in prep), we treat 38 species so far in seven genera from the fauna of Brazil alone. The purpose of this paper is to revise species of the genus Lamproclasiopa, including description of thirteen undescribed species.
This revision of Lamproclasiopa Hendel directly results from recent field work in southern Brazil that is part of an overall survey of the shore flies of this biologically diverse country. Although it is recognized that field and laboratory work are complimentary, even synergistic, the balance too often favors laboratory work. Herein we emphasize how extensive field work is a necessary and desirable compliment to comprehensive research at the desk level and eventually to publication. An objective of the field work in 2009-2010 and 2015 was the shore-fly fauna from the state of Paraná and to a lesser degree from Amazonas, Santa Catarina and São Paulo and resulted in numerous specimens of Discocerinini. Our sampling from Brazil (specimens recently collected and those from museums), however, is mostly from the southern states, and given this incomplete sampling, we anticipate additional species will yet be collected and eventually added to this diverse fauna. The same patchiness or in some cases the total lack of sampling applies to the Neotropical fauna in general. Responsible collecting of the Neotropical shore-fly fauna needs to be encouraged and to receive sustained support.

Methods and materials
The descriptive terminology, with the exceptions noted in Mathis (1986) and Mathis and Zatwarnicki (1990a), follows McAlpine (1981). Because specimens are small, usually less than 2.60 mm in length, study and illustration of the male terminalia required use of a compound microscope. We have followed the terminology for most structures of the male terminalia that other workers in Ephydridae have used (references in Mathis 1986;Zatwarnicki 1990a, 1990b), such as surstylus. Zatwarnicki (1996) suggested that the pre-and postsurstylus correspond with the pre-and postgonostylus and that the subepandrial sclerite is the same as the medandrium. The terminology for structures of the male terminalia is provided directly on Figs 3-6. We use the term basal flagellomere for the large antennomere beyond the pedicel. We prefer this term over "first flagellomere" as there may be more than one flagellomere involved, and basal does not imply a number or numbers. We likewise do not use "postpedicel" (Stuckenberg 1999) for this antennomere because at least the multisegmented arista is beyond the pedicel in addition to the large antennomere, and postpedicel is thus ambiguous and lacking precision.
Dissections of male terminalia were performed following Clausen and Cook (1971) and Grimaldi (1987). Abdomens were removed with microforceps and macerated in a sodium hydroxide solution. Cleared genitalia were then transferred to glycerin for observation, description, and illustration. The dissected abdomen was placed in a plastic microvial filled with glycerin and attached to the pin supporting the remainder of the insect from which it was removed. These structures for species of Lamproclasiopa are minute, and for accurate determinations using them, we often had to use a compound microscope to see them clearly.
The species descriptions are composite and not based solely on holotypes. One head and two venational ratios used in the descriptions are based on three specimens (largest, smallest, and one other): gena-to-eye ratio -genal height (immediately below maximum eye height)/eye height; costal vein ratio -the straight line distance between the apices of R 2+3 and R 4+5 /distance between the apices of R 1 and R 2+3 ; M vein ratio -the straight line distance along vein M between crossveins dm-cu and r-m/distance apicad of dm-cu.
Distribution maps were made using ESRI ArcView GIS 3.2. Longitude and latitude coordinates were obtained for the locality where each specimen was collected and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. If unavailable directly from specimen labels, longitude and latitude were estimated using gazetteers and maps to determine the geographical coordinates. Localities of specimens were plotted on a world land projection, presented within ESRI ArcView layouts and exported as encapsulated postscript (EPS) files.
The habitus illustrations are digital photographs taken with a Visionary Digital System. The images series obtained were combined by Zerene Stacker and Photoshop CS5 was used to adjust the color and make minor corrections (e.g., remove debris). Illustrations of male terminalia were made in Adobe Illustrator CS5.
Many specimens examined for this study are in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM) and in the Universidade Federal do Paraná, Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil (DZUP). We also borrowed and studied numerous specimens, especially primary types from the following museums:

Diagnosis.
A tribe of Gymnomyzinae that is distinguished from other tribes of the subfamily by the following combination of characters: Head: Frontal vitta (or ocellar triangle) mostly bare of setulae, not conspicuously setulose; ocellar setae well developed, inserted anterolaterad of anterior ocellus; reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted anteromediad of proclinate fronto-orbital (if 2 proclinate fronto-orbital setae, reclinate seta inserted anteromediad of larger, posterior, proclinate seta); pseudopostocellar setae well developed, proclinate, slightly divergent, usually at least half length of ocellar setae. Pedicel bearing a large seta anterodorsally; arista bearing 4-6 dorsal rays, inserted along length of arista; conical process of basal flagellomere in lateral view finger-like. Face generally shallowly arched, frequently more prominent at level of dorsal facial setae, not conspicuously pitted, rugose, tuberculate, or carinate. Gena generally short (secondarily high in some species), bearing setulae (including midportion) and 1 large seta, its posterior (postgenal) margin rounded, not sharp. Oral opening and clypeus narrow; mouthparts generally dark colored; proboscis with number of pseudotracheae quite variable; lacinia Y-shaped with narrow posteromedial arm, dorsal arm spatulate; 2 different kinds of cibarium: (1) primitive type with dispersed medial sensillae arranged sparsely in a horizontal line; (2) advanced type with medial sensillae arranged densely in a sinuous line.
Abdomen: Five tergites visible, usually not densely covered with microtomentum. Male terminalia: Epandrium as inverted U, encircling cerci, anterior margin rounded, in lateral view with setae mainly on dorsum and along anteroventral margin; cerci paired, hemispherical, setose; presurstylus lacking or fused indistinguishably with ventral margin of epandrium; anterolateral arms of epandrium attached with ventral apex of gonites, middle of posterior margin a base for phallapodeme; phallapodeme situated under aedeagus, associated with hypandrium and with ventral part of base of aedeagus, ventral margin with lobate appendix providing attachment for genital muscles that move aedeagus; gonite paired, connecting sides of base of aedeagus and laterodorsal margin of epandrium, bearing 1 or some setulae; aedeagus tubular, tapered anteriorly; ejaculatory apodeme usually lacking, if present as a spatula (Zatwarnicki et al. 2016, Figs 99-100).
Discussion. Several of the characters noted in the diagnosis are synapomorphies and establish the tribe's monophyly (Zatwarnicki et al. 2016). These are as follows: (1) ocellar setae inserted slightly in front of alignment of anterior ocellus; (2) reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted in front of proclinate fronto-orbital seta; (3) conical process of basal flagellomere in lateral view finger-like; (4) prescutellar acrostichal setae small and inserted close together and behind the transverse alignment of the posteriormost dorsocentral setae (secondarily lacking in some species); and (5) presurstylus of the male terminalia either lacking or fused indistinguishably with the ventral margin of the epandrium. Larvae are microphagous and in other aspects are similar to those of Hyadinini (Ilytheinae).
As currently characterized, the tribe Discocerinini is one of the richest tribes within the family Ephydridae (225 species), and numerous additional species, especially from tropical zones, remain to be described. Many of the undescribed species are already in collections, and undoubtedly numerous others await collection. With the recent phylogenetic review of the tribe (Zatwarnicki et al. 2016) and description of additional genera and subgenera, there are now 13 genera and two subgenera. Two genera are monotypic and have relatively localized distributions: Galaterina in the Solomon and Andaman Islands and Pectinifer limited to the Neotropics (Mathis et al. 2016). Other genera are more speciose and widespread. Aquachasma (24 species), Facitrichophora (4 species), Hydrochasma (10 species), and Polytrichophora (nominate subgenus) (22 species) are found in the New World. The distributions of Lamproclasiopa (24 species) and Orasiopa (15 species) extend from the New World into the Australasian and Oriental Regions. Diclasiopa (4 species), Gymnoclasiopa (25 species), Hecamedoides (26 species) and Ditrichophora (39 species) have been recorded from all Regions except the Neotropics. Two genera, Discocerina (20 species) and Polytrichophora (subgenus Sklodowskopa) (10 species), are essentially cosmopolitan.
Phylogenetic considerations. Zatwarnicki et al. (2016) proposed division of Discocerinini into four groups of genera (their proposed synapomorphies are provided in parentheses): 1. The Gymnoclasiopa group with Gymnoclasiopa (aedeagus with lateromedial appendices and facial setae arranged close to eye margin); 2. The Diclasiopa group with Diclasiopa, Ditrichophora, Hecamedoides and Pectinifer (gonite elongated, that is tapered apically); 3. The Lamproclasiopa group with Galaterina, Lamproclasiopa, and Orasiopa (subgenera Orasiopa and Reymontopa) (palpal setae with papilla-like bases); and 4. The Discocerina group with Aquachasma, Discocerina, Facitrichophora, Hydrochasma and Polytrichophora (nominate subgenus and subgenus Sklodowskopa) (reduced number of pseudotracheae, modified cibarium and the ventral receptacle bearing anterodorsal projection). Zatwarnicki et al. (2016) acknowledged that groups three and four together (Aquachasma, Discocerina, Galaterina, Hydrochasma, Lamproclasiopa, Orasiopa, and Polytrichophora) form a clade that is the best supported lineage within the tribe, being based on (1) notopleuron setulose and (2) gonites elongated and bar-like without an anterior projection or the gonite is fused with the hypandrium (character 32.1-2). As such, we prefer the continued recognition of these seven genera as a single group, the Discocerina group, and use subgroups for further division of this group (the Lamproclasiopa and the Discocerina groups of Zatwarnicki et al. 2016).
In the classification that Zatwarnicki et al. (2016) proposed (their character numbers are in parentheses), the Lamproclasiopa-subgroup has palpal setae with papillalike bases (character 13). Within the Lamproclasiopa subgroup, the monophyly of the genus Lamproclasiopa is established by two characters (autapomorphies): (1) postsutural supra-alar (character 11 in Zatwarnicki et al. 2016) and (2) prescutellar acrostichal setae greatly reduced or lacking (character 22 in Zatwarnicki et al. 2016). The monophyly of its sister group, the combined Galaterina + Orasiopa, is confirmed by an increased number of pseudotracheae (convergent with Pectinifer). Thus, in the most recent classification, Lamproclasiopa is the sister-group of the combined lineage of Galaterina + Orasiopa, and these three genera together form an assemblage that is now the Lamproclasiopa subgroup.

Diagnosis.
Lamproclasiopa is distinguished from other genera of Discocerinini by the following combination of characters: Small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 1.7-3.0 mm; generally sparsely to densely microtomentose, subshiny to dull species (Figs 2,9,25,57,69). Head: One proclinate and one reclinate pair of fronto-orbital setae. Arista usually bearing 5 dorsal rays, rarely 6. Face moderately prominent at level of dorsal facial seta; antennal grooves generally distinctly defined ventrally; face lacking secondary series of setae; facial setae 2, dorsal setae not arising from shiny papilla, lacking a dorsoclinate seta at lower lateral extremity; parafacial narrow to moderately wide throughout length, lacking ventroclinate setulae; gena generally short but very high in the polita group. Eye generally oval, moderately microsetulose, bearing interfacetal setulae (sometimes not discernible by light stereomicroscope). Proboscis with 7 pseudotracheae; cibarium of primitive type with 4 medial sensillae arranged in a horizontal row and 4 moderate posterior sensillae. Thorax: Anterior notopleural seta inserted near middle toward ventral margin, distance between anterior and posterior setae slightly less than half distance between postpronotal seta and anterior notopleural seta; noto-pleuron bearing several setulae in addition to 2 larger setae; presutural supra-alar seta usually present, well developed; postsutural supra-alar seta lacking; acrostichal setae, including prescutellar pair, lacking, only tiny setulae present. Wing variable, mostly to completely hyaline in most species but some with maculation pattern; costa bearing 5-6 long, dorsal setae between humeral and subcostal breaks; costal vein ratio varying between 0.40-0.90. Forefemur normally developed, lacking row of short, stout setae along posteroventral surface; hindtibia lacking a preapical, ventral, spur-like seta. Stem of halter blackish brown, knob white to whitish yellow. Abdomen: Tergites usually unicolorous, lacking pale-colored areas laterally; male tergite 4 longer than tergite 3. Male terminalia: Epandrium as inverted U in posterior view, dorsal arch complete; arms separate ventrally beyond cerci, surface covered with setae; cercus not fused with epandrium, in posterior view semicircular or crescent-shaped; gonites variously shaped, usually symmetrical, separate from hypandrium, in lateral view generally lunate without setulae; aedeagus longer than wide, mostly tubular, in ventral view navicular, without projections, in lateral view cigar-shaped or tapered toward apex; phallapodeme separate from aedeagus, in ventral view variously shaped; in lateral view irregularly triangular with distinct ventral projection; hypandrium in ventral view U-or Y-shaped with long posterolateral arms (incision reachs to 1/3-1/2 hypandrial length, in lateral view flat, sometimes slightly arched; ejaculatory apodeme absent. Female terminalia: Ventral receptacle without operculum, C-shaped stalk with broader head. Distribution (Figs 7,14,36,59,81,104,111,139). Oriental, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions.
Discussion. With the exception of L. laevior (Cresson), which is a very disjunct species, occurring only on the Indian Subcontinent, the other congeners are found thus far only in the New World and there primarily in the Neotropics. In the older literature, including catalogs, this genus was frequently treated as a subgenus of Discocerina (see generic and species' synonymies).
We have arranged all recognized species into species groups based primarily on similarity, both external features and structures of the male terminalia. These groups are not necessarily monophyletic, although some are. Within a species group, the species are treated in alphabetical order. Forebasitarsomere white, contrasted with black apical tarsomeres (Fig. 2)  extended gradually toward costa, curved gently subapically, not angulate or bearing a stump vein. Femora and tibiae black; foretarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres white, tarsomere 3 darkened, apical 2 tarsomeres black; mid-and hindtarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres yellow, apical 3 tarsomeres blackish; forefemur lacking 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Epandrial sides in posterior view uniformly thin, thinner than width of cerci; cerci almost same height as epandrium; hypandrium generally U-shaped, narrow, without a wide projection ventrally. Remarks. For the present, L. laevior is the only included species in this species group, and among all known congeners, this is the only species known to occur only in the Old World. Its anomalous and disjunct distribution (see "Remarks" for this species) is perhaps partially explained by the proposed sister group of Lamproclasiopa, which is the combined lineage of Galaterina+ Orasiopa (Zatwarnicki et al. 2016). The latter two genera are found primarily in the Old World (O. mera (Cresson) occurs also in the New World, probably as an introduction), and there are many species of Orasiopa that occur in the Oriental Region (Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995). Thus far, however, no species of either Galaterina or Orasiopa are known from the Indian Subcontinent. We suggest that this may also well represent sampling error rather than actual distributions of all included species whether described or not. The shore-fly fauna of the Oriental Region has not been well sampled. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.85-2.65 mm, generally black, subshiny to shiny species. Head: Frons black, very sparsely microtomentose, anterior half shiny, posterior subshiny, transition from shiny to subshiny gradual. Antenna black, densely microtomentose, appearing velvety black. Face black, sparsely microtomentose, antennal grooves and lateral areas shiny, otherwise subshiny, lacking prominent, vertical stripes; face bearing 2-3 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial blackish yellow; gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.16-0.22. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly sparsely microtomentose, black, subshiny; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural area concolorous with mesonotum, subshiny black. Wing hyaline to very faintly infuscate, lacking pattern of spots; vein R 4+5 extended at gradual to costa, not angulate subapically or bearing a stump vein; costal vein ratio 0.47-0.55; M vein ratio 0.60-0.62. Femora and tibiae black; Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; foretarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres white, tarsomere 3 darkened, apical 2 black; mid-and hindtarsus with basal 2 tarsomeres yellow, apical 3 tarsomeres blackish. Abdomen: Generally black, mostly subshiny to shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose. Male terminalia (Figs 3-6): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 3) generally vertically oval, each lateral arm narrow, almost parallel sided, acutely pointed ventrally, in lateral view ( Fig. 4) with dorsal 2/3 rectangular, basal 1/3 almost twice width as dorsal portion, widest subventrally, apex broadly rounded, posteroventral portion bearing several larger setulae; cerci in posterior view ( Fig. 3) elongate, narrowly semicircular, medial margin nearly straight, gradually tapered toward ventral apex, this apex acutely pointed, dorsal apex with medial short, digitiform extension, in lateral view (Fig. 4) semicircular; gonite in lateral view ( Fig.  6) narrowly elongate, somewhat rod-like, ventral 1/3 narrower than dorsal 2/3, in ventral view (Fig. 5) very robustly C-shaped with medial concavity, wider than high; aedeagus in lateral view ( Fig. 6) tubular, gradually tapered to apex, apex generally broadly rounded with very apex narrowed, curved anteriorly at nearly right angle; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 6) very narrow, L-shaped, apex toward base of aedeagus acutely pointed, apex toward hypandrium slightly flared and truncate, in ventral view (Fig. 5) as an elongate hourglass, expanded at each apex and truncate; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 6) narrowed posteriorly, then abruptly expanded to widest point subanteriorly, anterior margin abruptly narrowed, digitiform, in ventral view (Fig. 5) generally U-shaped, lateral arms widest at midlength, anterior margin broadly rounded, deep, posterior emargination narrowed on anterior 1/3, thereafter posterior more than twice anterior width.

Remarks.
Although similar and perhaps related to L. ecuadoriensis, this species is distinguished from congeners by the white forebasitarsomere, which is contrasted with the black, apical tarsomeres; the short gena (gena-to-eye ratio 0.10-0.14); and the shape of structures of the male terminalia (Figs 3-6).
The distribution of this species is anomalously disjunct. Except for this species, which is found on the Indian Subcontinent, all other congeners occur in the New World, especially in tropical zones, which are many thousands of kilometers from India and Sri Lanka. This distributional anomaly prompts a number of questions. For example, is this species indeed a valid congener? If so, what is it related to? How did it come to be found on the Indian Subcontinent when other congeners occur in the New World? Although our responses to these and other questions are not wholly satisfactory, often being based on tenuous evidence, we offer some thoughts and observations. Based on morphological evidence, both external and from structures of the male terminalia, we affirm that this is a congener within the genus Lamproclasiopa. Within Lamproclasiopa, we suggest that this species, being generally characterized by homoplasious characters, would probably be near the base of the evolutionary stem or node giving rise to all other included congeners. See also our remarks under the species group.
As we noted in the introduction, however, characterization of Lamproclasiopa has only become reasonably well resolved in recent decades, resulting in earlier recognized species, including this species, being first described in another genus. Cresson (1934) first described this species in Ditrichophora then transferred it to the subgenus Lamproclasiopa within Discocerina (Cresson 1945). Over 50 years later, Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001) accorded generic status to Lamproclasiopa and included this species along with other congeners in this genus.
Remarks. This species group is mostly based on homoplasious characters, and we cannot confirm its monophyly. The two included species are similar to each other and the species group can be diagnosed. These are the bases for recognition of this species group.
Remarks. This species is very similar and superficially appear to be closely related to L. ecuadoriensis, as evidenced by the generally dark brown body color and yellowish parafacies of both species. The thoracic pleural area of L. brunnea, however, is more sparsely microtomentose. Moreover, the frontal microtomentum of L. brunnea covers only the fronto-orbital plates and the ocellar triangle, which easily distinguishes this species from L. ecuadoriensis. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.50 mm. Head: Frons broader than long, 1.5 times as wide as an eye; glossy black with anterior margin reddish yellow, between ocelli and fronto-orbits somewhat dull by very fine reddish brown microtomentose. Pedicel black, slightly whitish dusted dorsally; basal flagellomere red yellow, darkened along outer margin; arista with 5 long rays dorsally. Face protruded in lateral view; dorsal half of face with distinct antennal grooves, these separated by a vertical ridge, just ventrad of ventral margin of antennal grooves a transverse ridge. Ventral portion of face flat, receded towards oral margin; face silvery white, microtomentose with 2 vertical stripes toward middle. Gena moderately high, ¼ height of eye; silvery white at edge of eye; with 1 strong seta. Thorax: Shiny black, smooth; central portion and scutellar disc covered with very short and fine reddish brown microtomentum that reduces the shine; within this microtomentum on mesonotum, shiny black dots at bases of short setae. No prescutellar pair of setae or supra-alar seta. Legs shiny black; tarsi reddish yellow. Wing grayish hyaline, with yellow veins; costal section II about 1.5 times as long as costal section I; veins R 4+5 and M 1 parallel, last section of M 1 twice as long as penultimate section. Halters with black stem and light yellow knob. Calypteres with dark brown margins and hairy. Abdomen: Concolorous with mesonotum, with dense, short, black setulae; tergites 3-5 almost equally long. Male terminalia : Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 15) roundly U-shaped, except for ventral gap, oval, only slightly narrower dorsally and ventrally, widest at midheight, dorsal arch relatively narrow, each lateral arm widest ventrally, ventral margin evenly rounded, lacking medial or ventral extensions, ventral portion bearing numerous, loosely clustered, long setulae; cercus hemispherical, tapered ventrally to pointed apex, more setulose dorsally, medial margin straight; gonite in lateral view rod-like, shallowly curved, banana-like, very slightly wider toward hypandrium than toward aedeagal base, in ventral view shallowly curved, distinctly expanded on portion toward hypandrium with extension toward aedeagal base tapered to a narrow apex, lateral margin with a wide, short irregularly shaped keel; aedeagus in lateral view ( Fig. 17) very elongate, narrowly triangular, almost parallel sided, tapered evenly to moderately narrow, rounded apex, in ventral view as an elongate, very narrow, parallel-sided, rod-like structure, basal end shallowly and bluntly rounded, apical 1/5 tapered toward narrow point; phallapodeme in lateral view ( Fig. 17) more or less irregularly triangular, with moderately long, narrow extensions toward aedeagal base and hypandrium, keel distinct, relatively narrow, irregular, somewhat pointed apically; hypandrium in lateral view ( Fig. 17) generally narrow, rod-like, very shallowly sinuous, in ventral view almost rectangular, wider than long, anterior margin shallowly emarginate, posterior margin more deeply emarginate, moderately deeply and broadly U-shaped, depth of emargination about half length of anterior portion.
Type locality. Bolivia. La Paz: Sillutincara (= Cilluntincara) (16°17'S, 67°54'W; 3200 m). Distribution (Fig. 36). Neotropical: Bolivia (La Paz). Remarks. Although similar and apparently closely related to L. argentipicta, this species is distinguished from this congener by the shiny black frons and blackish brown coxae. Cresson (1946: 148) suggested that this species could be Discocerina nitida Cresson. We confirm that this is an included species in Lamproclasiopa, and further, that it is not related to D. nitida. The illustrations of this species in Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001) are of the holotype and are further evidence that it is a congener within Lamproclasiopa.
Our description of external features was extracted and interpreted from M. Kotrba's English translation of Hendel's original description, as we did not have access to the holotype. Although we have repeatedly inquired about and asked to examine the holotype male of this species, our requests were ignored. Fortunately, however, we have the illustrations of structures of the male terminalia that Zatwarnicki (Zatwarnicki and Mathis 2001) produced of the holotype male, and these are the basis for much of our diagnosis of this species.
The triangularis group (L. triangularis) Diagnosis. Body generally subshiny to shiny black. Head: Frons mostly brownish black to black; frons sparsely microtomentose; ventral half of face with a microtomentose triangle, sometimes dorsal angle of triangle extended dorsally to level of base of antennae, base of triangle sometimes partially bare, otherwise face largely bare, black except for yellow to yellowish orange lateral margins adjacent to parafacial and antennal grooves; gena relatively short (gena-to-eye ratio 0.06-0.10); genal/postgenal margin rounded. Thorax: Presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; katepisternum and anepisternum thinly microtomentose, generally appearing dull, not shiny. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; vein R 2+3 curved gently apically, not angulate subapically nor bearing a subapical stump vein. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; tarsi yellowish. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Cerci slightly wider dorsally than ventrally; aedeagus in lateral view robust, almost rectangular, only slightly tapered on apical half.
Remarks. This species group currently includes only L. triangularis, which exhibits unique character states in the triangular microtomentose area on the face and the robust, rectangular aedeagus in lateral view.
Lamproclasiopa triangularis sp. n. http://www.zoobank.org/1A4E189A-B737-4B14-8591-12D1102AE698 81 Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-fly species, body length 1.65-2.10 mm; generally black, subshiny to shiny. Head: Frons generally mostly brownish black to black, moderately microtomentose, subshiny; mesofrons more microtomentose, tan to brown; some specimens with 2 gray spots along ventral margin just dorsad of antennal bases. Antenna mostly black, especially scape and pedicel, only basal flagellomere with ventrobasal area with some yellow to yellowish orange coloration. Ventral half of face with a microtomentose triangle (Fig. 18), sometimes dorsal angle of triangle extended dorsally to level of base of antennae, base of triangle sometimes partially bare, otherwise face largely bare, black except for yellow to yellowish orange lateral margins adjacent to parafacial and antennal grooves; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial silvery white. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06-0.10. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly whitish gray microtomentose; pleural area very sparsely microtomentose, mostly dark brown, partially subshiny; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.74-0.79; M vein ratio 0.55-0.59. Legs, except tarsi, black; forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; tarsi yellow; apical tarsomere slightly darker than other tarsomeres. Abdomen: Generally black, subshiny to mostly shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray; sternite 3 of male rectangular, parallel sided, length twice width; sternite 4 of male rectangular, length almost twice width; sternite 5 of male a single, deeply U-shaped plate, length about twice width, opening of U posterior. Male terminalia (Figs 20-23): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 20) almost as wide as high, as an inverted U, dorsal arch very thin, verticolateral arms gradually becoming wider, width wider than width of cercus, in lateral view ( Fig. 21) narrow, elongate, overall as a robust, irregular tear drop with an anteroventral, short, shallowly pointed projection; cercus in posterior view ( Fig. 20) bar-like, elongate, narrow, with dorsal half wider than ventral half, slightly tapered from dorsum to ventral margin, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, in lateral view ( Fig. 21) elongate, dorsal half slightly wider than ventral half; gonite in ventral view (Fig. 22) as an inverted, robust comma, in lateral view (Fig. 23) bar-like, shallowly arched; aedeagus in lateral view ( Fig. 23) robust, narrowly and irregularly rectangular, widest basally, thereafter slightly tapered to truncate apex, in ventral view (Fig. 22) elongate, narrow, narrowly ovate, acutely pointed apically; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 23) as a deeply dissected triangle, extended keel rounded apically, each extended arm narrow, in ventral view (Fig. 22) narrow spindle shaped with a medial bulge, basal and apical widths subequal; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 22) as a robust V-shaped structure, vertex especially robust, in lateral view (Fig. 23) narrow, elongate, shallowly arched. Etymology. The species epithet, triangularis, is of Latin derivation, meaning triangular, and refers to the small triangular microtomentose area on the face of this species.
Remarks. This species is distinguished from congeners by the triangle-shaped facial spot that is sparsely microtomentose. The triangle is situated medially on the ventral half of the face and is sometimes slightly elongated. Also distinguishing this species are the robust (thick) aedeagus in lateral view with its truncate apex and the narrow and elongated keel of the phallapodeme.
Remarks. This species group appears to be monophyletic based on the following two synapomorphies: (1) gena high to very high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.30-0.64; (2) merger of posterior genal margin and lateral postgenal margins forming a sharply angulate, joint margin (convergently similar to Athyroglossa).
Both of the new species included in the species group, L. auritunica and L. lapaz, are very similar to each other, and together, form a separate lineage that is distin-guished by synapomorphies, such as the broad, truncate dorsal, epandrial margin in posterior view, the anterior extension of the epandrium, and the division of the aedeagus into a basiphallus and distiphallus. Certainly these characters are unique within Lamproclasiopa, and are the basis for the monophyly of these two species as a separate and distinct lineage.
Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.30-2.80 mm; generally a shiny black species. Head: Frontal microtomentum sexually dimorphic; male with dense and extensive microtomentum over slightly more than anterior half of frons, also within ocellar triangle (Fig. 24), female with microtomentum only around bases of fronto-orbital setae and ocellar setae, thereafter as a thin stripe within ocellar triangle extended posteromedially, convergent within ocellar triangle, and a small medial spot just before anterior margin (Fig. 25). Antenna black, with dense microtomentum especially evident on basal flagellomere laterally; arista bearing 3-4 dorsal rays (usually 4). Face with moderately deep antennal grooves on dorsal half, shallowly angulate in lateral view, vortex of angle at midheight near dorsal facial seta, ventral half of face receded, facial microtomentum in both sexes generally dense, golden brown dorsally, becoming more silvery ventrally, female with some bare areas, especially at base of facial setae and adjacent to parafacial; parafacial and anterior half of gena densely microtomentose in male, in female with thin area microtomentose at anterior and ventral margins of eye, otherwise bare, shiny; gena very high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.42-0.64; posterior margin of gena at merger with lateral margin of postgenal sharply angulate. Thorax: Mesonotum shiny black, pattern of microtomentum evident as a broad band, much denser anteriorly, becoming sparse posteriorly, microtomentum extended onto scutellar disc; lateral to microtomentose band mostly bare, shiny except for microtomentose anterior surface of postpronotum and ventral margin of notopleuron; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural region generally bare, shiny black. Wing hyaline to faintly infumate, faintly tannish, lacking any pattern or markings. Costal vein ratio 0.50-0.58; M vein ratio 0.59-0.78. Coxae black, shiny; forecoxa with vertical microstriae; femora and tibiae black; forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; basal 2-3 tarsomeres yellow, apical 2-3 brownish black to dark brown. Halter with base black, knob whitish yellow. Abdomen: Generally shiny black; male tergite 5 truncate apically. Male Terminalia : Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 27) irregularly hexagonal with dorsal 2/3 quadrate, as wide as high, corners rounded, ventral third with lateral margin slanted medially ventrally and ventral margin shallowly concave, dorsal portion thinly developed, lateral portions wide, each subequal to width of cercal cavity, setulae more or less evenly distributed laterally,  Type locality. Bolívia. Oruro: Paznã (S. of the town; 18°36.2'S, 66°54.7'W, 3750 m). Distribution (Fig. 36). Neotropical: Bolivia (La Paz, Oruro). Etymology. The species epithet, auritunica, is of Latin derivation, meaning coat of gold, and refers to the golden microtomentum that covers much of the head of this species.
Remarks. This species is very similar and closely related to L. lapaz and to a lesser degree L. polita but is distinguished from these two species as follows: Female frons mostly bare, shiny black, lacking a broad, transverse stripe as in L. lapaz; male mesonotum with a broad longitudinal band over entire length, although it is weaker posteriorly, not on anterior third only. Structures of the male terminalia are also diagnostic. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length 2.40-2.97 mm; generally a shiny black species. Head: Frontal and facial microtomentum sexually dimorphic; male with dense and extensive microtomentum on the frons, also within ocellar triangle, anterior laterals of frons bare, shiny black, Female frons with broad, transverse stripe of microtomentum on the center; male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third. Antenna black, with dense microtomentum especially evident on basal flagellomere laterally; arista bearing 3-4 dorsal rays (usually 4). Face with moderately deep antennal grooves on dorsal half, shallowly angulate in lateral view, vortex of angle at midheight near dorsal facial seta, ventral half of face receded, male facial microtomentum generally dense, golden brown dorsally, becoming more silvery ventrally, female face most bare, with silvery microtometum at the ventral portion of face and at base of facial setae and adjacent to parafacial; parafacial and anterior half of gena densely microtomentose in male, in female with thin area microtomentose at anterior and ventral margins of eye, otherwise bare, shiny; gena very high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.42-0.54; posterior margin of gena at merger with lateral margin of postgenal sharply angulate. Thorax: Mesonotum shiny black, male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third, with a thin lateral extension at level of suture and extended along posterior margin of notopleuron; lateral to microtomentose band mostly bare, shiny except for microtomentose anterior surface of postpronotum and ventral margin of notopleuron; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural region generally bare, shiny black. Wing hyaline to faintly infumate, faintly tannish, lacking any pattern or markings. Costal vein ratio 0.40-0.51; M vein ratio 0.69-0.83. Coxae black, shiny; forecoxa with some lateral areas microtomentose but lacking vertical microstriae; femora and tibiae black; forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; basal 2-3 tarsomeres yellow, apical 2-3 brownish black to dark brown. Halter with base black, knob whitish yellow. Abdomen: Generally shiny black; male tergite 5 truncate apically. Male Terminalia (Figs 31-35): Epandrium in posterior view ( Fig. 31) with dorsal half transversely rectangular, lateral margin shallowly convex, dorsal margin broadly truncate, very thin above cercal cavity, ventral half thinner than dorsal half, demarcation sharply angulate, thereafter ventral extensions almost parallel sided, ventral margin broadly bilobed with moderately deep, thin, incision, setulae clumped, at ventral margin, at beginning of ventral half and at 2 sites along dorsal margin, in lateral view ( Fig. 32) with posterior portion linear, thinnest dorsally and subventrally, thereafter ventrally enlarged, clavate, with well-developed anterior, hook-like extension, hook angulate rather than rounded, bearing setulae at vortices of angles; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 32) narrow, elongate, rod-like, slightly wider dorsally, apparently fused ventrally with ventral margin of cercal cavity, in lateral view (  by pointed, lateral projections, apex of basiphallus acutely pointed and more curved, distiphallus less than half length of basiphallus, shallowly curved, otherwise rod-like, in ventral view (Fig. 34) with basiphallus as a thick, inverted Y, incised gap narrowly and deeply U-shaped with a heart-shaped extension at base, distiphallus with base within apical gap of basiphallus, narrow, straight, rod-like; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 35) C-shaped, each arm expanded apically, in ventral view as 2 stacked, moderately broad, short arrowheads; gonite in lateral view irregularly clavate, narrow, elongate, straight, rodlike, in ventral view (Fig. 34) shorter than gonite in lateral view, rod-like; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 35) thin, elongate, irregularly clavate basally with midlength, short projections, in ventral view (Fig. 34) as 2 irregular, almost parallel, rectangular sclerites, wider anteriorly than posteriorly, with a W-shaped base with narrow arms extended posteriorly and slightly laterally, and 2 short medial bumps along base. Distribution (Fig. 36). Neotropical: Bolivia (La Paz).
Etymology. The species epithet, lapaz, refers to the capital of Bolivia, La Paz, where the type series was collected. La Paz is Spanish for peace, which we embrace and recommend to all.
Remarks. This species is very similar both of the other species of the polita group, especially L. auritunica, but is distinguished from these two species as follows: Female frons with broad, transverse stripe on anterior half (female frons in L. auritunica is mostly bare, shiny black); male mesonotum with microtomentum on anterior third only (male mesonotum in L. auritunica has a broad longitudinal band over entire mesonotal length, although it is weaker posteriorly). Shapes of structures of the male terminalia are also diagnostic. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.60-2.70 mm; generally a shiny black species. Head: Frons shiny black. Antenna black except for basoventral yellowish orange to orange of basal flagellomere. Face black except for silvery gray, microtomentose antennal grooves, microtomentum sometimes extended ventrally onto ventral portion of face, in lateral view rounded, obtusely angulate, greatest extension at midheight. Antenna black. Gena high; gena-to-eye ratio 0.30-0.34. Thorax: Mesonotum and pleural areas shiny black; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing hyaline, immaculate; costal vein ration 0.43-0.45; M vein ratio 0.52-0.57. Legs black, mostly shiny except for yellow basal 2 tarsomeres; forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; Abdomen: Tergites shiny black, almost completely bare of microtomentum; male tergite 5 more or less triangular, posterior margin narrowly rounded. Male terminalia (Figs 39-42): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 39) more or less oval, flattened dorsally, narrowed ventrally, setulae more evident ventrally, in lateral view (Fig. 40) longer than wide, ventral half robust, widest just ventrad of midheight, narrowly rounded at apex; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 39) narrow, elongate, slightly curved, ventral apex narrowly pointed, in lateral view (Fig. 40) as an elongated teardrop, shallowly curved, wider dorsally, ventral portion becoming narrower ventrally; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 42) elongate, posterior margin more or less evenly developed, anterior margin with angular protuberance, ventral apex shallowly bifurcate, in ventral view (Fig. 41) robustly developed medially, apices thin, angulate laterally; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 42) clavate, base narrower than globular apex, rounded apically, in ventral view (Fig. 41) with base quadrate with short triangular extension; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 42) robustly L-shaped, in ventral view (Fig.  41) dome-like; hypandrium in lateral view L-shaped, anterior portion longer and more robustly developed than narrow, posterior portion, in ventral view (Fig. 41), slightly more than semicircular, broadly and evenly rounded. Remarks. Although similar to L. auritunica and L. lapaz in having a high gena (gena-to-eye ratio 0.30-0.34), this species is unlike these two species by having a nearly bare and shiny male frons; a triangular-shaped male tergite five, which is narrowly rounded posteriorly; a rounded epandrium, and an aedeagus without any kind of division.
Remarks. This species group, like the hendeli group, is mostly based on homoplasious characters, and we cannot confirm its monophyly. The two included species are similar to each other and the species group can be diagnosed. These are the bases for recognition of this species group. Structures of the male terminalia of L. zerafael are quite different from all congeners, especially the very robust aedeagus that is slightly asymmetrical, and the very wide and dissected hypandrium in ventral view. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore-fly species, body length 1.55-1.80 mm; generally black, subshiny to shiny. Head: Frons mostly brownish black to black, sparsely brownish microtomentose, more so on anterior portion, subshiny, ocellar triangle extended to anterior margin of frons, some specimens with grayish red areas along anterior margin just dorsad of antennal bases, parafrons with narrowly oval, densely microtomentose areas at anterolateral corner. Antenna mostly black, only basal flagellomere with ventrobasal area with some yellowish to yellowish orange coloration. Face narrow, mostly shiny black, especially over greater medial portion, extreme lateral margin adjacent to parafacial yellowish, narrow whitish gray, transverse band just ventrad of antennal base and through dorsal portion of antennal grooves, ventral half of face slightly receded; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial thin, yellow dorsally, adjacent to eye, black ventrally and extended to gena. Gena short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.04-0.06. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly sparsely microtomentose, brownish black to black, subshiny; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural region black; dorsal 2/3 of anepisternum finely granulose, subshiny, anteroventral portion smooth, shiny. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.80-0.81; M vein ratio 0.61-0.64. Legs, except tarsi, black; tarsi yellow; apical 1-2 tarsomeres darker, tan to brown; forefemur with sparse row of 4-5, stouter, spine-like setae along apical half of posteroventral surface. Abdomen: Generally black, subshiny to mostly shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray; sternite 3 of male rectangular, parallel sided, length twice width; sternite 4 of male rectangular, length almost twice width; sternite 5 of male as 2 sternites, length nearly twice greatest width, anterior margin narrow, becoming slightly wider on anterior 1/3, thereafter tapered to a posterolateral point, lateral margin straight, medial margin angulate. Male terminalia (Figs 45-48): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 45) robustly oval, arched and thin dorsally, gradually becoming wider ventrally than narrowed on apical 1/3, in lateral view (Fig. 46) with dorsal 2/3 thirds narrow, strap-like, thereafter ventrally abruptly widened with anterior, pointed extension, ventral margin broadly rounded; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 45) elongate, narrowly semicircular, ventral apex more acutely pointed than more widely produced dorsal margin, in lateral view (Fig. 46) irregularly, narrowly semihemispherical, wider subdorsally than ventrally; gonite in lateral view narrowly rod-like, arched, only slightly wider toward aedeagal base than toward hypandrium, in ventral view (Fig. 47) robustly hook-like with shank of hook narrow and rounded portion very robustly developed; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 48) L-shaped, arm extended to aedeagal base slightly more robust, length of both arms about equal, in ventral view (Fig. 47) as a dog bone, expanded at each apex; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 48) elongate, robust, sinuous, more or less parallel sided, in ventral view (Fig. 47) [red]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a plastic block), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in the USNM. Four paratypes (3♂, 1♀; DZUP, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype.
Remarks. This species is similar to L. laevior and L. polita, although it can be distinguished from congeners by the densely microtomentose anterolateral, narrowly oval black velvet spots on the frons; the narrow, shiny black face; the comparatively elongate costal section III (section III slightly less than section II); and the shape of structures of the male terminalia (Figs 45-48). Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-fly species, body length 1.50-2.05 mm; generally black, subshiny to shiny. Head: Frons mostly brownish black to black, sparsely brownish microtomentose, more so on anterior portion, subshiny, some specimens with 2 gray spots along ventral margin just dorsad of antennal bases. Antenna mostly black, only basal flagellomere with ventrobasal area with some yellowish to yellowish orange coloration. Face mostly shiny black, especially medially and laterally, between with some areas sparsely microtomentose and in antennal grooves, dorsal half; antennal grooves evident , dorsad of dorsoclinate facial pair of setae; ventral half of face slightly receded; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial thin, black. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06-0.07. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly sparsely microtomentose, brownish black to black; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; pleural region black; dorsal 2/3 of anepisternum finely granulose, subshiny, anteroventral portion smooth, shiny. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings; costal vein ratio 0.75-0.89; M vein ratio 0.58-0.61. Legs, except tarsi, black; tarsi yellow; apical 1-2 tarsomeres darker, tan to brown; forefemur with sparse row of 4-5, stouter, spine-like setae along apical half of posteroventral surface. Abdomen: Generally black, subshiny to mostly shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray. Male terminalia (Figs 51-54): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 51) almost as wide as high, as an inverted U, dorsal arch very thin, vertical, lateral arms essentially parallel sided, wider than width of cercus, in lateral view (Fig. 52) widest at ventral 1/3, ventral margin step-wise rounded, overall as a robust tear drop with an anterior, short, shallowly pointed projection at widest width; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 51) bar-like, elongate, narrow, parallel sided, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, in lateral view (Fig. 52) elongate, dorsal half slightly wider than ventral half; gonite in ventral view (Fig. 53) triangular, with basal angle projected into narrow process, in lateral view (Fig. 54) obtusely angulate, extension toward aedeagal base slightly thinner; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 54) irregular, wider apically, margin irregular, in ventral view (Fig. 53) slightly wider subapically, irregularly rounded apically; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 54) angulate, L-shaped, extension toward hypandrium shallowly angulate subapically, in ventral view (Fig. 53) spindle shaped, with basal portion much wider than apical portion; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig.  53) as a very wide and short structure, anterior and posterior emarginations shallow, anterior arms with oblique crossbar, in lateral view (Fig. 54) as an irregular H, with lateral portions of H irregular.
Remarks. This species is distinguished from congeners, especially L. triangularis, by having a sparsely microtomentose body generally, a mostly shiny black face; a short gena (height about half height of basal flagellomere), a hyaline wing, a blackish yellow foretarsus. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguishes this species, especially the relatively gross, thickened aedeagus that is slightly asymmetrical, the wide and thinly dissected hypandrium, and the funnel-shaped gonites in ventral view.
Remarks. This species group comprises species with some pattern in the wing and is thus distinctive from all others, which have mostly hyaline or very faintly infumate wings. The pattern, however, differs. For L. balsamae and L. painteri the pattern comprises numerous distinctive brown spots, and vein R 2+3 is distinctly angulate subapically with the apices abruptly angled subapically toward costa. At the vertex of the abrupt, subapical angle there is also a stump vein and often another stump vein near middle of this vein. Certainly these two species form a monophyletic lineage. The inclusion of L. mancha in this species group may be artificial, as the pattern in the wing is quite different (see species description of L. mancha). Diagnosis. This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore flies, body length 1.65-1.85 mm. Head: Frons bi-or tricolored, lacking iridescent microtomentum, ocellar triangle largely and fronto-orbits whitish tan to tan, ocellar triangle with anteromedial, narrow, slightly oval darkened area, triangle broadly extended to anterior margin, parafrons grayish charcoal. Antenna largely yellow, only dorsum of basal flagellomere slightly darkened. Face narrowed at midheight, mostly unicolorous, whitish gray to blackish gray except for mediovertical brown vitta; parafacial creamy white. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.10. Thorax: Mesonotum with 7 brown vittae, including a medial vitta along acrostichal area (Fig. 57); presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing conspicuously patterned with distinct brown spots (Fig. 58); vein R 2+3 distinctly angulate subapically, apices angled toward costa; at vertex of angle also bearing a stump vein, another stump vein near middle; costal vein ratio 0.67-0.68; M vein ratio 0.66-0.71. Femora brownish black; forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae largely brownish black, apices yellow; tarsi yellow. Distribution (Fig. 59). Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Costa Rica (San José), El Salvador (La Liberdad), Honduras (Colón).

Lamproclasiopa balsamae (Cresson)
Remarks. Although very similar and apparently closely related to L. painteri, this species is distinguished from congeners by the number and entirety of the mesonotal stripes. There are seven longitudinal vittae, including a medial vitta in the acrostichal area.
A male of this species is unavailable, and thus, our diagnosis is incomplete for structures of the male terminalia. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.55-2.10 mm. Head: Frons mostly yellowish to golden tan, especially outline of mesofrons and fronto-orbits, anterior portion immediately dorsad of antennae yellowish orange, microtomentum denser and whiter at base of fronto-orbital setae. Antenna yellow to yellowish orange; basal flagellomere slightly brownish dorsally. Face black but completely to mostly silvery white microtomentose, often with medial, darker stripe with microtomentum thinner, otherwise lacking prominent, vertical stripes; bearing 2 larger facial setae, dorsal seta at about midfacial height, dorsomesoclinate; ventral seta just dorsad of epistomal margin, slightly dorsoclinate; parafacial silvery to creamy white; gena very short. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.05-0.07. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly tannish to golden tan microtomentose; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural area very sparsely microtomentose, mostly dark brown, partially subshiny, contrasted with densely microtomentose mesonotum. Wing hyaline except for conspicuous darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and especially over dm-cu (Fig. 62); vein R 2+3 with apex more abruptly curved toward costa; costal vein ratio 0.51-0.60; M vein ratio 0.59-0.65. Femora mostly black; forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae mostly brownish black, apices yellow; tarsi yellow. Abdomen: Generally black, mostly subshiny to shiny, dorsum of tergites very sparsely and finely microtomentose, faintly whitish gray. Male terminalia (Figs 63-66): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 63) elongate, inverted U-shaped, dorsal arch narrow, becoming wider ventrally, ventral margin bearing loose cluster of longer setulae, in lateral view widest subventrally, ventral margin more narrowly rounded; cercus in posterior hemispherical, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, with somewhat evenly scattered setulae, those toward ventral margin longer; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 66) somewhat rod-like, shallowly curved, both ends tapered, in ventral view (Fig. 65) knife-like, medial end blade-like, lateral extension narrow with apical portion curved and pointed; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 66) as an angulate funnel, comparatively wide basally, thereafter apically angles posteroventrally, tapered to narrowly pointed apex, in ventral view (Fig. 65) an elongate, narrow funnel; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 66) irregularly Y-shaped, keel long, narrow, linear; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 65) as 2 narrow, parallel sided, thin sclerites, with posterior connection, in lateral view (Fig. 66) an elongate, slender, rod-like structure, bulbous posteriorly, shallowly bifurcate anteriorly. Etymology. The species epithet, mancha, is the Portuguese word for a stain and refers to the darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and dm-cu, diagnostic of this species.
Remarks. This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the wing pattern. The wing is mostly hyaline except for darkened clouds over crossveins r-m and especially over dm-cu; and vein R 2+3 has the apex more abruptly curved toward the costa. Sometimes the darkened spots over the crossveins are slightly faded. Diagnosis. This species is easily distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small shore flies, body length 1.15-1.80 mm. Head: Frons bi-or tricolored, lacking iridescent microtomentum, ocellar triangle largely and fronto-orbits whitish tan to tan, ocellar triangle with anteromedial, narrow, slightly oval darkened area, triangle broadly extended to anterior margin, parafrons grayish charcoal. Antenna largely yellow, only dorsum of basal flagellomere slightly darkened. Face narrowed at midheight, mostly unicolorous, whitish gray to blackish gray except for mediovertical brown vitta; parafacial creamy white. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.08-0.09. Thorax: Mesonotum with 4 elongate, mostly separated spots (Fig. 69); presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Wing conspicuously patterned with distinct brown spots (Fig. 70); vein R 2+3 distinctly angulate subapically, apices angled toward costa; at vertex of angle also bearing a stump vein, another stump vein near middle; costal vein ratio 0.76-0.87; M vein ratio 0.66-0.75. Femora brownish black; forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae largely  (Fig. 71) view roundly U-shaped, bluntly oval, narrower dorsally and ventrally, slightly wider at midheight, lateral arm becoming wider ventrally, curved medially ventral margin ventromedial gap V-shaped, ventral angle bearing loosely clustered setulae; cercus hemispherical, pointed dorsomedially, more setulose dorsally, medial margin straight; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 74) robustly rod-like, shallowly curved toward aedeagal base, shaped like a banana, in ventral view shallowly curved with extension toward aedeagal base narrow, thumb-like, thereafter moderately wide, widest subapically; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 74) comparatively narrowly truncate basally, thereafter expanded, widest subbasally, thereafter tapered to rounded apex, apex with short, recurved anterior point, in ventral view (Fig. 73) as an elongate, shallowly rounded, narrowed medially, basal margin somewhat truncate with shallow, medial emargination, apical margin tapered to angulate, rounded apex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 74) Y-shaped with one arm of Y a short, irregularly narrow keel, keel irregularly tapered, pointed apically; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 74) narrowed basally, apical ½-2/3 wider, narrowly rectangular, rounded anteriorly, in ventral view as a very broad, short H with short arms, anterior emargination broadly V-shaped, posterior emargination very broadly and shallowly U-shaped. Remarks. Although similar to L. balsamae, this species is distinguished from that species and all other congeners by having a conspicuously spotted wing, as in L. balsamae, and by having the mesonotum with four stripes, each as a short series of two to four more or less elongated spots. In L. balsamae there are seven distinct and complete or nearly complete stripes. Structures of the male terminalia also distinguish this species.

Lamproclasiopa painteri (Cresson)
The illustration of L. balsamae that Mathis and Zatwarnicki (2001) published is actually that of L. painteri.
The locality of the specimen from Venezuela is a mystery to us. We have checked and rechecked the spelling on the label, "Caife," but have been unable to locate this name on maps or gazetteers. Perhaps it is a misspelling.
Remarks. This species group, comprising a single species, is very distinctive among all congeners and is easily recognized. Although distinctive, it is apparently related to the furvitibia group. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore-flies, body length 1.60-2.40 mm. Head: Frons distinctly two toned, fronto-orbits and narrow, medial triangular area densely microtomentose, velvety black; mesofrons other than narrow, medial triangle, seriaceus, bronzish to copperish gray to blue. Antenna yellow, some specimens slightly black anterodorsally. Facial series with 2 setae on each side; face also distinctly two toned, a narrow, bare, shiny, vertical stripe that is bordered laterally by dense, palely goldenwhite microtomentum; parafacial very narrow, densely silvery white microtomentose. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0. 06-0.10 (Fig. 77) disconnected dorsally, each lateral portion vertically elongate and robustly developed, height nearly 3× width, ventral portion on each side tapered laterally to medial, pointed apex, sloping ventral margin more conspicuously setulose, setulae mostly straight, also setulose dorsally, these setulae shallowly curved; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 77) very narrowly developed, elongate, bearing more setulae dorsally, linear; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 80) shallowly and broadly zigzagged, each apex narrowed, in ventral (Fig. 79) view linear, rod-like; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 80) generally rectangular, more broadly developed apically, apical margin slightly emar- ginate, with an elongate, narrow membranous extension, in ventral view an elongate, narrow, rod-like structure, narrowly truncate basally, apex roundly tapered to narrow point; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 80) with distinctive, relatively broad keel, each extended process abruptly narrowed, in ventral view elongate with each end wider and with short, midheight papilla-like extensions laterally; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 80) mostly rectangular with posterior, narrow process angled toward aedeagus, in ventral view (Fig. 79) rectangular, wider than long, anterior margin produced to form a short, medial point, posterior margin very shallowly concave.  LECTOTYPE" and "By", black sub-border]." the lectotype is double mounted (pin in a rectangular piece of cardboard), is in good condition, and is deposited in the BMNH. There are also eight paralectotypes as follows: BMNH (5♂, 1♀), AMNH (1♂, 1♀). Williston, in the original description, noted that the type series included "Numerous specimens. Remarks. This species is beautifully and strikingly colored, especially the head, and this color pattern distinguishes it from congeners. These characters, as noted in this species' diagnosis, are as follows: Frons distinctly two toned; fronto-orbits narrow; medial triangular area densely microtomentose, velvety black; mesofrons, other than narrow, medial triangle, seriaceus, bronzish to copperish gray to blue; antenna yellow, some specimens slightly black anterodorsally. Facial series with two setae on each side; face also distinctly two toned, a narrow, bare, shiny, vertical stripe that is bordered laterally by dense, palely golden-white microtomentum; parafacial very narrow, densely silvery white microtomentose; wing hyaline.

Lamproclasiopa nana (Williston)
Just as the color pattern of the head is unique among congeners, the structures of the male terminalia likewise represent a departure from the more typical pattern. This is especially evident in the shape of the epandrium, which exhibits a dorsal gap and the lateral arms are greatly thickened. Like many other species of Lamproclasiopa, there are loosely clustered setulae along the ventromedial margin. The cerci are slender and comparatively elongated. The internal structures are more typical, although the aedeagus in lateral view is more rectangular than being narrowly triangular and a slender, membranous distiphallus is often exposed.
Remarks. This species group is partially based on homoplasious characters, and we cannot confirm its monophyly. The two included species are similar to each other and the species group can be diagnosed. Moreover, the ventral epandrial margins bear a cluster of closely set setulae (also expressed in a few other congeners) and the aedeagus in lateral view is irregular, sinuous. These are the bases for recognition of this species group.
Remarks. This species is closely related to L. xanthocera but can be distinguished from it by having two small shiny black areas on the anterolateral portion of the frons and by having mostly blackish brown tibiae with the distal third being yellow. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguishes this species from congeners. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.73-2.18 mm. Head: Frons with yellowish tan to golden tan microtomentum, some areas slightly darker; parafrons with slightly thinner investment of microtomentum; mesofrons evident by slight lateral lines. Antenna yellow; basal flagellomere with slightly darker dorsal margin. Face completely and more or less uniformly silvery white microtomentose, more thinly microtomentose ventrally except for extreme ventral margin, lacking vertical stripes; 2 prominent facial setae, dorsal seta at midheight, other seta near epistomal margin; parafacial thin, more densely silvery white microtomentose than face. Gena relatively short, gena-to-eye ratio 0.06-0.08. Thorax: Generally black. Mesonotum black with thin, golden brown microtomentum, subshiny, although less dense than microtomentum of frons; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae pleural areas more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, blackish brown to black, becoming less microtomentose ventrally and posteriorly, subshiny to shiny. Wing completely hyaline, lacking darkened areas; costal vein ratio 0.59-0.60; M vein ratio 0.57-0.65. Femora grayish to blackish brown, subshiny; forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; tibiae and tarsi yellow. Abdomen: Tergites shiny black, with little or very sparse microtomentum. Male terminalia (Figs 88-91): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 88) nearly as wide as long, as in inverted U, dorsal arch narrow, becoming wider ventrally, in lateral view (Fig.  89) narrowly triangular, widest ventrally, ventral margin broadly rounded; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 88) hemispherical, not fused with ventral margin of cercal cavity, uniformly setulose, in lateral view (Fig. 89) narrowly semicircular, slightly wider subdorsally than ventrally; gonite in ventral view (Fig. 90) more or less triangular, narrowed toward aedeagal base, wider toward hypandrium, in lateral view (Fig. 91) elongate, rod-like, end toward hypandrium narrower than opposite end; aedeagus in ventral view (Fig. 90) narrowly elongate, 6× longer than wide, nearly parallel sided, apex pointed, in lateral view (Fig. 91) elongate, L-shaped, short arm basally, wider, thereafter parallel sided, membranous on apical ¼; phallapodeme in lateral view ( Fig.  91) triangular, angle toward aedeagal base digitiform, longer than extension toward hypandrium, keel tapered, apex rounded, in ventral view (Fig. 90) rectangular, apical 1/3 to hypandrium slightly tapered, both apices truncate; hypandrium in ventral view (Fig. 90)   Distribution (Fig. 104). Neotropical: Argentina, Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo).

Lamproclasiopa xanthocera
Etymology. The species epithet, xanthocera, is of Latin derivation, meaning yellow horn and refers to the yellow antenna, one of the distinguishing features of this species.
Remarks. Although similar to L. bisetulosa, this species is distinguished from it and other congeners by having a generally microtomentose body, yellow antenna with little or no darkening along dorsal surfaces, a hyaline wing, and a blackish yellow foretarsus. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguishes this species, especially the elongate, thick, and conspicuously sinuous aedeagus with an apical papilla-like apex.
Remarks. Two of the species in this species group, L. aliceae and L. nadineae, form a monophyletic lineage that is characterized by synapomorphies (presutural supra-alar seta lacking; katepisternum, especially anterior half, and anteroventral portion of anepisternum shiny black; forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin). These two species are likewise unique in occurring only in the Nearctic Region. The inclusion of L. argentipicta in this group may be artificial, having a homoplasious basis. We have not discovered a synapomorphy that is unique to these three species.
Type locality. United States. New Mexico. Grant: Silver City (Big Ditch;32°46.4'N, 108°16.5'W;1790 m). The "Big Ditch" is a large, canal-sized ditch that traverses Silver City, and during dry-weather seasons, the ditch has a small stream running through it. The ditch is frequently scoured out when heavy rains occur, sometimes resulting in flash floods in the "Big Ditch." The type series was collected when dry weather prevailed.
Remarks. Although similar and apparently closely related to L. nadineae, this species is distinguished from that species by the shape of the ventral portion of the epandrium, which has a bottle-shaped gap ventrally between the lateral arms. From other congeners, this species is distinguished by the shiny black katepisternum, especially its anterior half, and the anteroventral portion of the anepisternum. The forefemur also bears 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on the apical half of the posteroventral margin.
Lamproclasiopa argentipicta sp. n. http://www.zoobank.org/D26C06A0-302A-4EDE-B2E5-70D6C9DB50E7 Figs 98-104 Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 2.90-3.20 mm. Head: Frons with two longitudinal, grayish microtomentose stripes; fronto-orbits and narrow, medial triangular area shiny black. Antenna blackish brown. Face with light silver microtomentum, except for shiny black lateral margins; parafacials white, microtomentose. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.16-0.22. Thorax: Mesonotum shiny black, covered with brownish microtomentum; presutural supra-alar seta lacking or indistinguishable from surrounding setae; pleural region less microtomentose, anepisternum and katepisternum almost bare, concolorous with mesofrons. Wing hyaline, lacking any pattern or markings. Costal vein ratio 0.45-0.50; M vein ratio 0.57. Forecoxae light gray, mid and hind coxae blackish brown; forefemur with 4-5 stout, peg-like setae on apical third along posteroventral margin; femora and tibiae blackish brown, except for distalmost part of tibiae, yellowish; tarsi yellow. Abdomen: Generally shiny blackish brown, sparsely microtomentose; tergites 5 larger than previous tergites. Male terminalia (Figs 100-103): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 100) with dorsal 2/3 quadrate, as wide as high, corners rounded, ventral third as 2 thumblike projections, dorsal portion thickly developed, as wide or wider than width of lateral structure, setulae evenly distributed dorsally and laterally, becoming very sparse ventrally, ventral extensions bearing tiny setulae in verticomedial alignment, apically with cluster of small setulae, in lateral view (Fig. 101) as 2 right angles, dorsal portion more robust, thick, then a right anterior angle, then a ventral right angle to form digitiform extension that bears closely set setulae along anterior margin; cerci in posterior view ( Fig. 102) elongate, moderately thin, generally shallowly arched, slightly ventrally than dorsally, dorsal angle with vertex narrowly rounded, ventral apex acutely pointed, in lateral view elongate, narrow, ventral portion tapered; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 103) as an irregular funnel, tapered from thick base to pointed apex, narrowed more abruptly on apical 1/8 then narrowly pointed at right angle, in ventral view (Fig. 102) generally clavate, gradually becoming wider from truncate base toward apex, widest subapically, thereafter abruptly narrowed to slender, digitiform apex; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 103) narrowly triangular with vertex toward aedeagal base elongate and narrow, keel narrow, subequal to process extended toward hypandrium, in ventral view (Fig.  102) narrow, elongate with a sub-basal cross-piece and narrow, lateral extensions, thereafter almost parallel sided; gonite in lateral view irregularly rod-like, in ventral view (Fig.  102) wider than high and with a mediobasal, short, digitiform projection; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 103) thin, elongate, rod-like, shallowly curved, slightly wider anteriorly than posteriorly, in ventral view (Fig. 102) robustly U-shaped with thickened base, broadly rounded anterior margin and deeply U-shaped posterior emargination. The holotype is double mounted (glued to a paper triangle) and is in very good condition, and is deposited in MNCR-A. Three paratypes (1♂, 2♀; MNCR-A, USNM) bear the same label data as the holotype.
Remarks. This species is apparently closely related to L. hendeli, based on external features, such as the shiny black body and the face that is covered with silver gray microtomentum. The male terminalia, however, are unique within Lamproclasiopa, with two setulose projections ventrally and with the ventral projection of the phallapodeme being very thin, appearing to be almost fused with the hypandrium.
Remarks. Although similar and apparently closely related to L. aliceae, this species is distinguished from that species and other congeners by the absence of a presutural supra-alar seta; the shiny black katepisternum, especially the anterior half; the shiny black anteroventral portion of the anepisternum; and the presence of four to five stout, peg-like setae on the apical third of the forefemur along the posteroventral margin. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguish this species from L. aliceae. So far as we know, however, the distribution of this species and of L. aliceae do not overlap, with this species only known from the west coast of North America and Puebla in Mexico. The non-overlapping distributions of these two species may be a function of sample error, however.
Remarks. This is the largest species group with six included species and its recognition is based on homoplasious characters. Thus, the group may be artificial. The included species are quite similar, however, and are the bases for our recognition and diagnosis of the group. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.80-2.35 mm. Head: Frons dull, anterior margin yellowish orange in some degree, posterior portion grayish black, concolorous with mesonotum, some specimens with frons entirely grayish black, without distinctly marked iridescent microtomentose stripes. Antenna mostly grayish black to black, only ventral margin of segments yellowish orange. Face nearly unicolorous, blackish gray, not distinctively marked; parafacial bare of ventroclinate setulae, generally dull, creamy white, contrasted with face. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.17. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly faintly grayish black, finely microtomentose, lacking stripes; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Scutellum dorsally covered with fine, sparse setulae, sometimes almost bare. Wing completely hyaline, lacking pattern of spots; vein R 2+3 with apical portion a continued extension of angle at merger with costa; costal vein ratio 0.50-0.53; M vein ratio 0.57-0.63. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; femora and tibiae grayish black to black, apices of tibiae yellowish; tarsi entirely yellowish or with apical 1-2 tarsomeres darkened. Abdomen: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black or brown, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia : Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 114) roundly U-shaped, except for ventral gap, oval, widest a midheight, dorsal arch very narrow, gap at ventral margin widely and shallowly U-shaped with lateral margins becoming wider ventrally, each lateral arm widest ventrally with short, medial extension, almost touching opposite medial extension, ventral extension bearing numerous setulae loosely organized as a group; cercus hemispherical, tapered ventrally to narrowly rounded apex, more setulose dorsally; gonite in lateral view (Fig.  117) robustly rod-like, almost straight, wider toward hypandrium, in ventral view (Fig.  116) shallowly curved with extension toward aedeagal base tapered to a narrow apex, apex toward hypandrium widest, with a medial, blunt, short extension; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 117) elongate, narrowly triangular, tapered evenly to narrowly rounded apex, in ventral view (Fig. 116) as an elongate, very narrow, rod-like structure, widest sub-basally, thereafter tapered to apex, apex with a short nipple; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 117) more or less triangular, with moderately long, narrow extensions toward aedeagal base and hypandrium, keel distinct, relatively narrow, somewhat blunt apically;  hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 117) generally narrow, rod-like, basal third obtusely angulate, narrowed, digitiform, apical 2/3 narrowly rectangular, in ventral view (Fig.  116) as a very broad, robust H with short arms, emarginate anteriorly and posteriorly, anterior emargination shallow, posterior emargination more deeply excavate, broadly and rounded U to V-shaped. Remarks. This species is very similar and apparently closely related to L. puella and is difficult to distinguish from that species using external characters. The diagnostic characters presented in original descriptions (anterior margin of frons yellowish orange, antenna mostly yellowish than grayish black, in opposition to L. puella) are inconsistent, and specimens of L. puella could be identified as L. aracataca and vice versa using them. We propose a more reliable character: Scutellar disc covered with fine, sparse setulae, sometimes appearing almost bare. The more definitive diagnostic characters are the shapes of structures of the male terminalia, especially the wide ventral apices of the epandrium, the phallapodeme that has an extended keel, and the gonite in ventral view that is nearly truncate basally. The shape of the hypandrium in ventral view is very similar to that of L. puella with posterior arms that are less flared. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.45-2.10 mm. Head: Frons with golden tan to slightly darker microtomentum, parafrons with slightly thinner investment of microtomentum; mesofrons evident by slight lateral lines. An-tenna yellow; basal flagellomere with darker dorsal margin. Face completely and more or less uniformly silvery white microtomentose, more thinly microtomentose ventrally except for extreme ventral margin, vertical lacking stripes; 2 prominent facial setae, dorsal seta at midheight, other seta near epistomal margin; parafacial thin, more densely silvery white microtomentose than face. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.12. Thorax: Mesonotum with golden brown microtomentum, subshiny, although less dense than microtomentum of frons; presutural supra-alar seta well developed; pleural areas more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, blackish brown to black, becoming less microtomentose ventrally and posteriorly, subshiny to shiny. Wing completely hyaline, lacking darkened areas; costal vein ratio 0.47-0.60; M vein ratio 0.55-0.75. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; femora and tibiae grayish black to black, apical 1/4 of tibiae yellowish; tarsi yellowish, apical 1-2 tarsomeres darkened. Abdomen: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia (Figs 120-123): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 120) roundly U-shaped, except for ventral gap, oval, widest a midheight, dorsal arch very narrow, gap at ventral margin widely and shallowly U-shaped with lateral margins becoming wider ventrally, each lateral arm widest ventrally with short, medial extension, almost touching opposite medial extension, ventral extension bearing numerous setulae loosely organized as a group; cercus hemispherical, tapered ventrally to narrowly rounded apex, more setulose dorsally; gonite in lateral view (Fig. 123) robustly rod-like, almost straight, wider toward hypandrium, in ventral view (Fig. 122) shallowly curved with extension toward aedeagal base tapered to a narrow apex, apex toward hypandrium widest, with a medial, blunt, short extension; aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 123) elongate, narrowly triangular, tapered evenly to narrowly rounded apex, in ventral view (Fig. 122) as an elongate, very narrow, rod-like structure, widest sub-basally, thereafter tapered to apex, apex with a short nipple; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 123) as an inverted Y, each arm digitiform, process toward aedeagal base longer than other 2, in ventral view (Fig. 122) narrowly rectangular, robustly rod-like  with shallow indentations toward hypandrium, keel digitiform; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 123) generally narrow, rod-like, essentially straight, basal third more thinly developed than anterior half, not obtusely angulate, in ventral view (Fig. 122) as a very broad, robust H with long posterior arms, lateral margins conspicuously sinuous, anterior emargination V-shaped, posterior emargination deep, broadly U-shaped.  Cresson, Jr. [red; "Ditrichophora BISETULOSA" handwritten]." The holotype is double mounted (minuten pin in a thin rectangular piece of fine foam), is in good condition (some setulae missing or displaced), and is deposited in the ANSP (6574) Remarks. This species is very similar to L. aracataca externally and in the shape of structures of the male terminalia. These similarities indicate that these two species are closely related. The differences, although seemingly slight, are consistent, and are the basis for our continued recognition of this species. This species is distinguished from L. aracataca by being slightly shinier externally and by the shape of structures of the male terminalia: the hypandrium has a less well-developed base, and the phallapodeme has a narrow keel. with strong setulae. Wing completely hyaline to faintly infuscate, lacking pattern of spots; vein R 2+3 with apical portion a continued extension of angle at merger with costa; costal vein ratio 0.45-0.55; M vein ratio 0.54-0.59. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; femora and tibiae grayish black to black, apices of tibiae yellowish; tarsi entirely yellowish or with apical 1-2 tarsomeres darkened. Abdomen: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black or

Lamproclasiopa bisetulosa (Cresson)
Remarks. Externally, this species is very similar to L. puella, leading to the confusion and misidentification of this species with L. puella (Zatwarnicki and Mathis 2001). The structures that Zatwarnicki and Mathis (2001) illustrated of the so-called L. puella are actually of this species. This species is distinguished from L. puella by the posterior hypandrial arms being more widely separated and more flared laterally, and the aedeagal base in lateral view is wider, almost bulbous, and has a more abrupt taper after the basal one-third, and the apex is curved anteriorly and acutely pointed.
Remarks. Externally, this species is very similar to L. aracataca and L. puella, and we primarily rely on structures of the male terminalia to distinguish between these three species. The most obvious distinguishing characters are the asymmetry of the aedeagus and hypandrium in ventral view. The curved aedeagus is the basis for this species name. Other distinguishing characters of this species are the extended, narrowly rectangular keel of the phallapodeme and the gonal width with serrations along some of its posterior margin. ( Diagnosis (based on Wirth's original description). This species is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of characters: Moderately small shore flies, body length about 3.00 mm; generally subshiny, blackish; sides of body with more or less dull brown microtomentum. Head: 1.2× broader than high. Frons 1.4× as broad as long; frons and occiput densely brown microtomentose; 1 pair of proclinate and 1 pair of reclinate fronto-orbitals, ocellar setae more widely separated than posteri- or ocelli, situated at a level about midway between bases of fronto-orbitals and anterior ocellus; pseudopostocellar setae 1/2 length of ocellar setae; medial and lateral vertical seta well developed. Basal flagellomere and palpus yellowish brown; arista with 5 dorsal rays. Face, parafacials, and gena gray, microtomentose; 2 pairs of strong facial setae; a row of very fine setulae at each parafacial suture; parafacial narrow, bare. Thorax: Mesonotal and discal setulae numerous and unordered; notopleuron and anepisternum with sparse setulae. A pair of strong humeral setae; notopleural setae strong, both pairs located near notopleural suture, anterior pair slightly closer to posterior pair than to humeral setae; presutural setae, supra-alar setae and prescutellar setae well developed; a somewhat weaker pair of postalar setae; lateral and apical pairs of scutellar setae each about as long as prescutellar setae. Wing densely brown infuscate (Fig. 132), veins blackish; costal section II 2.2× as long as section III; apex of vein R 3+4 not noticeably curved into costa. Halter with yellow knob. Knees narrowly pale brownish; basal 2 tarsomeres yellowish, apical 3 brown; setae and setulae of legs and abdomen rather strong; no flexor armature on femora. Abdomen: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black or brown, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia: Epandrium in posterior view generally oval, higher than wide, dorsal portion thin, gradually becoming wider ventrally, widest subapically, apex tapered, rounded pointed, apex and dorsal half bearing more setulae, in lateral view with dorsal half almost parallel sided, ventral portion expanded, with rounded ventral margin and shallow, anterior point subapically; cerci in posterior view elongate, thin, ventral half tapered to acute point, slightly curved, setulose on dorsal half, in lateral view elongate, thin, dorsal half wider than ventral portion, tapered toward ventral apex; in about as wide as long, narrower dorsally and ventrally, widest at midheight, each lateral arm widest ventrally, ventral margin mostly evenly rounded, with a shallow medioventral allopatric populations. For the present, we are continuing to recognize the populations from the islands as a separate species, especially as we have not been able to study the type series.

Lamproclasiopa fumipennis
Our records indicate that this is the only congener known to occur on the Juan Fernández Islands. ( Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.80-2.80 mm. Head: Frons dull, uniformly grayish black concolorous with mesonotum, some specimens with anterior margin yellowish orange, except for ocellar triangle and frontoorbital stripe slightly grayer, without distinctly marked iridescent microtomentose stripes, some specimens with anterior margin faintly reddish orange. Antenna mostly grayish black to black, only ventral margin of segments yellowish orange. Face nearly unicolorous, grayish black, not distinctively marked; parafacial bare of ventroclinate setulae, generally dull, creamy white anteriorly, grayish black ventrally, similar to facial color. Gena moderately high, gena-to-eye ratio 0.16-0.19. Thorax: Mesonotum uniformly faintly grayish to brownish black, finely microtomentose, faintly subshiny, lacking stripes; presutural supra-alar seta well developed. Scutellum dorsally covered with strong setulae. Wing completely hyaline to faintly infuscate, lacking pattern of spots; vein R 2+3 with apical portion extended at same angle to costa; costal vein ratio 0.42-0.46; M vein ratio 0.55-0.60. Forefemur with posteroventral setae slender, not stout and peg-like; femora and tibiae grayish black to black, apices of tibiae yellowish; tarsi entirely yellowish or with apical 1-2 tarsomeres darkened. Abdomen: Tergites more sparsely microtomentose than mesonotum, shinier black or brown, especially laterally and mostly of tergites 4 and 5. Male terminalia : Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 135) generally oval, higher than wide, dorsal portion thin, gradually becoming wider ventrally, widest subapically, apex tapered, rounded pointed, apex and dorsal half bearing more setulae, in lateral view (Fig. 136) with dorsal half almost parallel sided, ventral portion expanded, with rounded ventral margin and shallow, anterior point subapically; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 135) elongate, thin, ventral half tapered to acute point, slightly curved, setulose on dorsal half, in lateral view (Fig.  136) elongate, thin, dorsal half wider than ventral portion, tapered toward ventral  Remarks. This species is challengingly similar to L. aracataca and distinguishing between them is difficult. The diagnostic characters presented in the original descriptions (frons entirely grayish black, antenna mostly grayish black than orange, in opposition to L. aracataca) are inconsistent, and specimens of L. puella could easily be identified as L. aracataca and vice versa. We dissected the male holotype to confirm the identity of L. puella, and based on these characters we propose the more reliable, external character: scutellum covered with strong setulae. The shape of structures of the male terminalia also distinguish this species, especially the narrow aedeagus that is straight in ventral view and the less flared posterior hypandrial arms. We have studied specimens from Juan Fernández Islands and these specimens have wings slightly darker than specimens from the continent (Fig. 132). This corresponds to Wirth's description of L. fumipennis, but terminalia structures clearly correspond to L. puella. As we have not been given access to the holotype of L. fumipennis, we decided not to propose this synonymy as yet.