﻿New species and records of the genus Hybos Meigen (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotinae) from Wuyishan National Park, China

﻿Abstract Wuyishan National Park is well known for its rich biodiversity. Previously, only five species of Hybos Meigen, 1803 were known to occur in this region. In this study, 27 species of the genus Hybos from Wuyishan National Park are reviewed based on comparative morphological characteristics. Among these, nine species are described as new to science: Hybosbrevidigitatussp. nov., Hybosconstractussp. nov., Hyboscurvitibiasp. nov., Hybosdazhulanussp. nov., Hybosfujianensissp. nov., Hybosleucopogussp. nov., Hyboslongidigitatussp. nov., Hybosmodificatussp. nov., and Hyboswuyishanussp. nov. Diagnoses, detailed descriptions, remarks, colored illustrations, distributions, and some of the female terminalia characteristics are provided for nine new species. In addition, 13 species of this genus are reported for the first time in Wuyishan National Park. A key to Hybos species from Wuyishan National Park is also given.


Introduction
The genus Hybos Meigen, 1803 belongs to the subfamily Hybotinae (Diptera: Empididae) and is distributed worldwide with 233 known species, of which 28 species are distributed in the Palaearctic Realm and 182 species in the Oriental Realm (Yang et al. 2007;Shamshev et al. 2013Shamshev et al. , 2015Wang et al. 2015;Wei et al. 2016;Li et al. 2017;Cao et al. 2018;Kanavalova et al. 2021;Liu et al. 2021;Li et al. 2022). Hybos has the following distinctive morphological characters: Rs short; cell cup usually distinctly longer than bm; eyes narrowly but distinctly separated on face; proboscis long spine-like, as long as head or longer, lacking pseudotracheae; hind femur usually strongly thickened with strong ventral bristles (Yang and Yang 2004;Plant 2013). In the past two decades, many taxonomic studies have been carried out on Hybos, mainly focusing on the species in China (Yang and Yang 2004;Li et al. 2017;Cao et al. 2018;Li et al. 2022), Thailand (Plant 2013), and Europe (Shamshev et al. 2015;Kanavalova et al. 2021).
Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangxi). Diagnosis. Arista bare. Legs blackish brown, except mid and hind tarsi, tip of hind femur and base of tibiae yellow, sometimes tip of hind tibia yellow. Hypandrium large and wide, left corner with one finger-like process apically.
Distribution. China (Guizhou, Fujian, Guangxi); Thailand.  Yang & Yang, 1986 Fig. 3 Hybos basiflavus Yang & Yang, 1986: 77, fig. 5;Yang and Yang 2004: 134 Diagnosis. Ocellar tubercle with two very short oc and without posterior hairs. Legs mostly brown except base of all tibiae and all tarsomeres 1 and 2 yellow. Hind tibia with one ad at middle, one preapical ad and pd, one av at extreme tip. Left surstylus with one curved process and one hook-like process. Hypandrium large and wide, apical margin obtuse.
Description. Male. Body length 3.6 mm, wing length 3.7 mm. Head blackish brown with gray pilosity. Eyes contiguous on frons, dark brown with indistinctly enlarged dorsal facets dark yellow. Hairs and bristles on head blackish brown except postero-ventral surface with partly dark yellow hairs; ocellar tubercle indistinct, with two long oc and two short posterior hairs. Antenna blackish brown; scape without hairs, pedicel with circlet of dark brown subapical hairs; first flagellomere dark brown, much elongated, longer than scape and pedicel combined, without dorsal hairs; arista brown, pubescent, except apical 1/3 thin and bare. Proboscis slightly shorter than head, dark brown. Palpus brownish, with one ventral hair and one apical hair.
Thorax dark brown with gray pilosity. Hairs on thorax brown, bristles dark brown; hairs on mesonotum sparse, slightly long, ppn absent, two npl (posterior npl long strong), uniserial hair-like dc nearly as long as irregularly biserial acr, one long prsc, one psa; scutellum with eight marginal hairs (~ 1/3 as long as sc) and two very long sc. Legs dark yellow, except hind coxae brownish yellow; hind femur blackish brown with blackish tip; hind tibiae dark brown and all tarsomeres 3 and 5 brown. Hairs on legs dark yellow to brown, bristles brownish yellow to blackish brown, but those on coxae dark yellow. Fore femur 1.3× and hind femur 2.6× as wide as mid femur. Fore femur with one row of weak pv ~ 2/5 as long as femur thickness. Mid femur with four or five weak ad on basal 1/2 and one row of pv. Hind femur with three irregular rows of ventral bristles on tubercles (av rather long, short spine-like ventral bristles on distinct tubercles on apical 1/3, pv row interrupted medially with five short pv at base and five very long pv at apex respectively) and one long strong preapical ad. Fore tibia apically with one rather long ad and pd. Mid tibia with two very long ad on basal 2/3; apically with six bristles including one very long pv. Hind tibia with one ad near base. Fore tarsomere 1 with one row of long hair-like ad and pd. Mid tarsomere 1 with one pair of ventral bristles at extreme base. Hind tarsomeres 1 and 2 with several short spine-like ventral bristles. Wing hyaline, slightly tinged brownish, stigma brownish; veins brown, R 4+5 and M 1 divergent apically. Squama dark yellow with yellow hairs. Halter yellowish brown with brownish knob.
Abdomen weakly curved downward, brown with pale gray polinosity; hairs and bristles brownish to dark brown except those on hypopygium partly blackish brown. Hypopygium nearly as thick as pregenital segments.
Female. Unknown. Etymology. This specific name refers to the hypandrium trifurcated with one small figure-like left process.

Remarks.
The new species is similar to H. wangae Yang, Merz & Grootaert from Guangdong, but may be separated from the latter by the hind tibia with only one ad near base and right surstylus short in lateral view. In H. wangae, the hind tibia does not have bristles at base, and the right surstylus is long in lateral view (Yang et al. 2006). Diagnosis. Legs blackish brown except fore and mid trochanters, femora and tarsomeres 1 and 2 and all tibiae yellow; fore and mid tarsomeres 3 and 5 dark brownish yellow; hind tarsus brownish yellow or dark brownish yellow. Hind tibia with single dorsal bristle at middle. Hypandrium large and wide with obtuse apex, left lateral corner with one small process.
Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Guizhou, Fujian, Guangxi). Diagnosis. Legs mostly blackish brown to black. Hind tibia apically with single long thin pd and some ad and pd hairs. R 4+5 and M 1 nearly parallel apically. Hypandrium long, left lateral margin with nearly arc-shaped concavity apically and one acute process at extreme tip.
Head black with gray polinosity. Eyes contiguous on frons, blackish brown with distinctly enlarged dorsal facets brownish. Hairs and bristles on head blackish except postero-ventral surface with partly brownish yellow hairs; ocellar tubercle indistinct with two short weak oc and without posterior hairs. Antenna blackish; scape without hairs, pedicel with circlet of blackish subapical hairs; first flagellomere blackish brown except with yellow extreme base, slightly elongated, longer than scape and pedicel combined, without dorsal hairs; arista blackish brown, short pubescent except apical ~1/4 thin and bare. Proboscis nearly as long as head, blackish. Palpus dark brown, with single ventral hair and one apical hair. Thorax black with gray polinosity. Hairs on thorax blackish except partly brown, bristles black; hairs on mesonotum short, ppn absent, two npl (anterior npl short), uniserial hair-like dc nearly as long as irregularly hexaserial acr, one long prsc, one psa; scutellum with six marginal hairs (2 hairs between sc) and two very long sc. Legs mostly dark yellow to brownish yellow, except base of fore and mid coxae black; hind coxa except extreme tip, knee and femur black; extreme tip of hind femur dark brown and all tarsomeres 3 and 5 blackish brown. Hairs on legs mostly brownish yellow to brown partly dark brown, bristles blackish brown to black, but those on coxae dark yellow; fore and mid femur with partly brownish yellow hairs; hind femur with partly dark yellow hairs. Fore femur 1.3× and hind femur 1.8× as wide as mid femur. Fore femur with one row of weak pv shorter than femur thickness, circlet of preapical bristles including one strong ad. Mid femur with six or seven ad on basal 1/2, one row of weak pv shorter than femur thickness. Hind femur distinctly thickened, 1.7× as wide as hind tibia, with four or five strong ad on apical 1/2, ~ 3 irregular rows of ventral bristles on distinct tubercles mostly long strong. Fore tibia with one weak ad near base, one ad at middle and one strong preapical ad, one preapical av and pv. Mid tibia with one very long strong av near middle, four or five strong ad (1 basal ad very long) on apical 2/3, one long pd near apex; apically with five bristles including one long av. Hind tibia with one long ad and pd at middle, one weak pd near base and one preapical pd. Fore tarsomere 1 with one preapical ad and one pv at extreme base. Mid tarsomere 1 with two av at extreme base (of which one long), three rather strong pd and circlet of preapical bristles. Hind tarsomere 1 with two short spine-like ventral bristles and 3-4 short spine-like av. Wing hyaline, stigma dark brown; veins dark brown, R 4+5 and M 1 divergent apically. Squama dark yellow with dark yellow hairs. Halter dark yellow with brownish yellow stem and pale yellow knob. Abdomen nearly straight, black with pale gray polinosity. Hairs and bristles on abdomen dark yellow to brownish except those on hypopygium mostly brown and partly black. Hypopygium slightly thicker than pregenital segments.
Male genitalia. Left epandrial lamella slightly narrower than right epandrial lamella, with convex inner margin near middle (Fig. 8b); left surstylus trifurcated, with one small subtriangular inner process, one long median process (thick and curved apically), one short wide outer process (nearly trapezoid) (Fig. 8d). Right epandrial lamella with inner margin obliquely subtruncate; right surstylus with one wide finger-like process and weak apical incision (Fig. 8c). Hypandrium ~ 2.1× longer than wide, basally narrow, furcated apically with one wide right process and one narrow curved left process (Fig. 8e).
Female. Unknown. Etymology. This specific name refers to the hypandrium basally narrow. Distribution. China (Fujian).

Remarks.
The new species is similar to H. chinensis Frey, but may be separated from the latter by the right surstylus without denticles and hypandrium bifurcated apically. In H. chinensis, the right surstylus has the denticles at inner margin, and the hypandrium is not furcated (Yang and Yang 2004).
Description. Male. Body length 3.3-3.7 mm, wing length 3.3-3.5 mm. Head black, pale gray pilosity. Eyes contiguous on frons, dark yellow, with enlarged upper facets. Hairs and bristles on head black; ocellar tubercle indistinct, with one pair of long oc and two very short posterior hairs. Antenna blackish; scape without hairs; pedicel with circlet of subapical hairs; first flagellomere slightly elongated, without dorsal hairs; arista blackish, very short pubescent except apical ~ 1/4 bare thin. Proboscis blackish; palpus blackish with single hair at extreme tip.
Thorax black, pale grey pilosity; pleuron subshiny. Hairs and bristles black; h absent, two npl (anterior npl short, posterior npl long strong), acr nearly quadriserial, one long posteriormost dc and six hairs anteriad, one long prsc, one long psa; scutellum with six short marginal hairs and two long subapical bristles. Legs entirely black. hairs and bristles on legs black. Fore femur 1.1× and hind femur 1.9× as wide as mid femur. Fore femur with one row of pv hairs (of which some hairs very long). Mid femur with eight very long pv hairs. Hind femur with four long ad at apex, three rows of spine-like v, and with seven or eight very long av hairs on middle 1/3. Fore tibia (except basal portion) with very long hairs. Mid tibia with long hairs and three long ad; apically with one very long av. Hind tibia slightly curved basally, with one long thin ad hair at middle and one long thin ad hair at tip. Fore tarsomeres 1 and 2 with very long hairs; mid tarsomere 1 with one long d at basal 1/3 and one long d at tip, basally with very long hairs. Wing slightly grayish; stigma long, dark brown; veins dark brown, R 2+3 weakly curved, R 4+5 and M 1 weakly convergent apically. Squama dark yellow, bordered with pale hairs. Halter brown.
Abdomen somewhat short thick, weakly curved downward, dark brown with pale gray polinosity except hypopygium black; hairs and bristles dark brown. Hypopygium distinctly thicker than pregenital segments.
Female. Body length 3.6 mm, wing length 3.2 mm. Similar to male, but fore femur with one row of short to long pv hairs. Mid femur without very long pv hairs. Hind femur with four slightly long ad and without very long av hairs. Fore tibia with slightly long hairs. Mid tibia with one long av at middle. Hind tibia straight. Fore tarsomeres 1 and 2 with shorter hairs. Mid tarsomere 1 basally without very long hairs. Terminalia dark brown. Tergite 7 not encircling abdomen, tubular with one acute apico-lateral corner in lateral view (Fig. 9h); 0.6× longer than wide, nearly quadrate with weakly concave basal margin in dorsal view (Fig. 9f). Sternite 7 baso-lateral and apico-lateral corner slightly protuberant in lateral view (Fig. 9h); narrow basally, nearly trapezoid in ventral view (Fig. 9g). Tergite 8 partly membranous, nearly long trapezoid in lateral view (Fig. 9h). Sternite 8 partly membranous, slightly long, and wide in lateral view (Fig. 9h); somewhat quadrate, slightly incised basally nearly as long as wide in ventral view (Fig. 9g). Tergite 10 very weakly sclerotized, hardly differentiated. Sternite 10 membranous on dorsal portion, subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 9h); wide medially, narrow basally and apically in ventral view (Fig. 9g).
Etymology. This specific name refers to the male hind tibia slightly curved basally.

Remarks.
The new species is similar to H. leucopogus sp. nov., but may be separated from the latter by the male hind tibia slightly curved basally, and right surstylus with one small hook-like process at lateral margin. In H. leucopogus sp. nov., the hind tibia is straight with one row of ad hairs, and the right surstylus does not have the hook-like process. The female of this new species is similar to H. modificatus sp. nov., but may be separated from the latter by the sternite 7 baso-lateral and apico-lateral corner slightly protuberant in lateral view and narrow basally, nearly trapezoid in ventral view. In H. modificatus sp. nov., the apico-lateral corner of sternite 7 is slightly protuberant in lateral view, and is nearly quadrate in lateral view Hybos dazhulanus sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/7DAC6FC7-9290-40F3-B906-E3D32F79755D Diagnosis. First flagellomere much elongated, arista bare. Legs mostly blackish brown to blackish. Abdomen somewhat long narrow. Left surstylus slightly long, narrow apically, with one subtriangular process in lateral view; right surstylus rather wide, with shallow apical incision.
Head black with gray pilosity. Eyes contiguous on frons, dark brown with indistinctly enlarged dorsal facets brownish yellow. Hairs and bristles on head black-ish except postero-ventral surface with partly brownish hairs; ocellar tubercle indistinct with two long oc and two short posterior hairs. Antenna blackish; scape without hairs, pedicel with circlet of blackish subapical hairs; first flagellomere dark brown, much elongated, longer than scape and pedicel combined, without dorsal hairs; arista dark brown, bare except apical ~ 1/4 thin. Proboscis shorter than head, blackish. Palpus dark brown, with two ventral hairs and one apical hair.
Thorax black with gray pilosity. Hairs on thorax blackish, bristles black; hairs on mesonotum short to slightly long, ppn absent, two npl (posterior npl long strong), uniserial hair-like dc nearly as long as irregularly quadriserial acr, one very long prsc, one long psa; scutellum with eight marginal hairs (2 hairs located between sc) and two rather long sc. Legs mostly blackish brown to blackish, except fore and mid coxae, tibiae dark brown; hind knee and all tarsi blackish brown; extreme base of hind tibia brownish yellow. Hairs on legs mostly brown to blackish brown, bristles blackish brown to black, but coxae with partly dark yellow hairs; hind femur and tibia with partly brownish hairs. Fore femur 1.2× and hind femur 2.3× as wide as mid femur. Fore femur with one row of weak pv shorter than femur thickness and circlet of preapical bristles. Mid femur with one row of ad on basal 1/2 and one row of pv (middle pv rather long, longer than femur thickness). Hind femur with ~ 3 rows of ventral bristles (av long strong, short spine-like mv on distinct tubercles, long thin pv on basal 1/3), some dense ventral hairs and one preapical ad. Fore tibia with one ad near middle; apically with four bristles including one long ad. Mid tibia with two very long ad on basal 1/2 and one very long av at middle; apically with five bristles including one very long av. Hind tibia apically with one very long thin pd and some dense ventral hairs. Hind tarsomere 1 with one row of short dense spine-like ventral bristles and one short thick apical av. Wing hyaline, stigma brown; veins dark brown, R 4+5 and M 1 weakly divergent apically. Squama dark yellow with dark yellow hairs. Halter yellow with pale yellow knob.
Abdomen somewhat long narrow, apically weakly curved downward, blackish with pale gray pilosity; hypopygium nearly as thick as pregenital segments. Hairs and bristles on abdomen brownish yellow to brown except those on hypopygium dark brown.
Etymology. This specific name refers to the type locality Dazhulan.

Distribution. China (Fujian).
Remarks. The new species is similar to H. guanmenshanus Huo, Zhang & Yang from Hubei, but may be separated from the latter by the hind tibia brownish yellow at extreme base and right surstylus short and wide, nearly quadrate. In H. guanmenshanus, the hind tibia is entirely black, and the right surstylus is nearly finger-like apically (Huo et al. 2010). Fig. 11 Hybos flaviscutellum Yang & Yang, 1986: 81, fig. 10 Head black with gray pilosity. Eyes contiguous on frons, brownish yellow with slightly enlarged dorsal facets dark yellow. Hairs and bristles on head blackish except postero-ventral surface with partly dark brown hairs; ocellar tubercle distinct with two rather long oc and without posterior hairs. Antenna blackish; scape without hairs, pedicel with circlet of blackish subapical hairs; first flag- ellomere dark brown, not elongated, nearly as long as scape and pedicel combined, with two blackish dorsal hairs; arista brown, very long and bare except apical ~ 1/4 thin. Proboscis slightly shorter than head, dark brown. Palpus dark brown, with five or six dark brown ventral hairs.

Hybos flaviscutellum Yang & Yang, 1986
Thorax black with gray pilosity. Hairs on thorax blackish, bristles black; hairs on mesonotum short, ppn absent, two npl (anterior npl rather short, ~ 1/2 as long as posterior one), uniserial hair-like dc nearly as long as irregularly hexaserial acr, two long prsc, one short psa; scutellum with six marginal hairs (~ 1/3 as long as sc) and two long sc. Legs mostly dark brown to blackish brown except all coxae, hind femur blackish and hind knee dark yellow. Hairs on legs mostly dark brown to blackish and partly brown, bristles blackish to black, but those on coxae blackish; hind tibia with partly brown hairs and hind tarsus with brownish yellow ventral hairs. Fore femur 1.2× and hind femur 2.2× as wide as mid femur. Fore femur with one row of weak pv nearly as long as femur thickness. Mid femur with 6-7 strong ad on basal 2/3, one row of pv (middle pv rather long, longer than femur thickness). Hind femur with two ad on apical 2/5, four or five weak pd on basal 1/2 and ~ 3 rows of spine-like ventral bristles on tubercles mostly short except eight long av including four middle av rather long. Fore tibia with one row of short and long ad and some long thin pv hairs on apical 1/2; apically with four bristles including one very long ad and one very long thin pv. Mid tibia with three ad (2 basal ad very long) and two very long av at middle; apically with five bristles including one very long av. Hind tibia apically with long thin pd. Fore tarsomere 1 with two strong pv at extreme base and two very long thin pv hairs at middle. Mid tarsomere 1 with one very long strong av at extreme base. Hind tarsomere 1 with four short spine-like av. Wing hyaline, stigma brownish; veins brownish yellow to brown, R 4+5 and M 1 parallel apically. Squama dark yellow with dark yellow hairs. Halter dark yellow with pale yellow knob. Abdomen short thick with thickened apex including hypopygium slightly thickened, apically distinctly curved downward, dark brown with gray pilosity except basal four segments brown. Hairs and bristles on abdomen brownish yellow or brown except those on hypopygium dark brown.
Female. Unknown. Etymology. This specific name refers to the type locality Fujian.

Distribution. China (Fujian).
Remarks. The new species is similar to H. xishuangbannaensis Yang & Yang from Yunnan, but may be separated from the latter by the mid tibia with three ad and two very long av at middle and right surstylus with 2-3 short spine-like bristles on the small outer process. In H. xishuangbannaensis, the mid tibia has two very long dorsal bristles on basal 1/2, and the right surstylus does not have the short spine-like bristles (Yang and Yang 2004).   Diagnosis. Arista short pubescent. Legs mostly yellow except tarsomeres 3 and 5 brownish yellow to blackish. Hind tibia with one outer dorsal bristle and one dorsal bristle at middle, apically with three bristles. Hypandrium long and wide.

Hybos griseus Yang & Yang, 1991
Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Fujian).  Head black with gray pilosity. Eyes contiguous on frons, dark brown with slightly enlarged dorsal facets brownish. Hairs and bristles on head blackish except postero-ventral surface with partly brown hairs; ocellar tubercle indistinct with two oc and with two short posterior hairs. Antenna blackish; scape without hairs, pedicel with circlet of blackish subapical hairs. Proboscis slightly longer than head, dark brown. Palpus blackish brown, with three blackish brown ventral hairs.

Hybos jianyangensis
Thorax black with gray pilosity. Hairs on thorax blackish, bristles black; hairs on mesonotum rather short, ppn absent, two npl (anterior npl short), uniserial hair-like dc nearly as long as irregularly quadriserial acr, one long prsc, one slightly long psa; scutellum with eight marginal hairs (4 hairs located between sc) and two long sc. Legs entirely black. Hairs on legs dark brown to blackish, bristles blackish to black, but those on coxae brown to dark brown; hind tibia with partly brown apical hairs. Fore femur 1.4× and hind femur 2.3× as wide as mid femur. Fore femur with one row of pv, as long as femur thickness. Mid femur with one row of long av and pv hairs (much longer than femur thick- ness). Hind femur distinctly thickened, 2.6× as wide as hind tibia, with three long strong ad on apical ½, ~ 3 rows of ventral bristles (av long strong, short spine-like mv on distinct tubercles, pv on basal ½ and very long bristle-like outer pv hairs on apical 1/3. Fore tibia with some long pv hairs at middle; apically with four bristles including one very long strong ad. Mid tibia with one very long ad and three av hairs at middle (of which one long strong); apically with five bristles including one very long av and one long pv. Hind tibia with one row of ad hairs and four pd hairs on basal ½. Fore tarsomere 1 with some long to very long hairs. Mid tarsomere 1 with one av at extreme base and two long ad hairs. Hind tarsomere 1 with two short spine-like av, tarsomeres 1 and 2 with one row of short spine-like ventral bristles. Wing hyaline, stigma brown; veins brown to dark brown, R 2+3 weakly curved, R 4+5 and M 1 weakly convergent apically. Squama dark yellow with dark yellow hairs. Halter dark yellow with pale yellow knob.
Abdomen apically weakly curved downward, black with gray pilosity; hairs and bristles brownish yellow and dark brown except those on hypopygium black. Hypopygium distinctly thicker than pregenital segments.
Male genitalia. Left epandrial lamella wider than right epandrial lamella (Fig. 16b); left surstylus very wide, narrow apically, inner margin with one small, curved process bearing long hairs in lateral view (Fig. 16d). Right epandrial lamella with concave inner margin near apex; right surstylus slightly narrow, apical margin with incision at middle, with one small trapezoid outer process and one small subtriangular inner process (Fig. 16c). Hypandrium ~ 1.7× longer than wide, rather narrow basally, bifurcated apically, with one straight and thick process (which has the truncate apical margin weakly serrate) and one long curved process (which is somewhat narrow medially and much widened apically) (Fig. 16e).

Female. Unknown.
Etymology. This specific name refers to all tibiae, and fore and mid tarsi with some hairs.

Remarks.
The new species is similar to H. modificatus sp. nov., but may be separated from the latter by the hind tibia straight and hypandrium bifurcated apically. In H. modificatus sp. nov., the hind tibia is slightly curved basally, and the hypandrium is not furcated. Diagnosis. Arista bare. Legs mostly yellow to dark yellow except hind femur with brownish black tip and all tarsomeres 3 and 5 dark brown. Hind tibia with one row of short thin pd on apical 1/2. Hypandrium with apico-lateral incision bearing one long thin finger-like process.

Hybos longidigitatus
Description. Male. Body length 3.7 mm, wing length 3.1 mm. Head black with gray pilosity. Eyes contiguous on frons, brown with slightly enlarged dorsal facets brownish yellow. Hairs and bristles on head blackish except postero-ventral surface with partly dark yellow hairs; ocellar tubercle distinct with two very long oc and two very short hairs. Antenna blackish brown; scape without hairs, pedicel with circlet of blackish brown subapical hairs; first flagellomere dark brown, slightly elongated, longer than scape and pedicel combined, without dorsal hairs; arista dark brown, bare, except apical ~ 1/3 thin. Proboscis slightly shorter than head, blackish brown. Palpus brown, with one apical hair and one ventral hair.
Thorax black with gray pilosity except pleuron dark brown or blackish brown. Hairs on thorax brown, bristles blackish brown; hairs on mesonotum short to slightly long, ppn absent, two npl (posterior npl very long), uniserial hair-like dc nearly as long as irregularly quadriserial acr, one very long prsc, one long psa; scutellum with six marginal hairs (~ 1/3 as long as sc) and two very long sc. Legs mostly yellow to dark yellow, except hind femur with brownish black tip and all tarsomeres 3 and 5 dark brown. Hairs on legs brownish to dark brown, bristles dark brown to blackish, but those on coxae dark yellow (coxae rarely with partly brownish bristles); hind tarsi with partly brownish yellow hairs. Fore femur 1.5× and hind femur 2.0× as wide as mid femur. Fore femur with one row of weak pv ~ 1/2 as long as femur thickness. Mid femur with one row of long thin pv (middle pv rather long, much longer than femur thickness) and one preapical ad. Hind femur with three irregular rows of ventral bristles (5-6 mostly rather long av along entire length, short spine-like mv on tubercles, dense mv on apical 1/3, long thin pv on apical 1/2, long hair-like pv on apical 1/3). Fore tibia apically with three or four bristles including one very long posterior bristle. Mid tibia with two strong ad on basal 1/2, one very long av at extreme tip. Hind tibia with one row of short thin pd on apical 1/2. Fore tarsomere 1 with three very long thin posterior bristles. Hind tarsomere 1 with one row of short spine-like ventral bristles and one short thick av at extreme tip. Wing hyaline, slightly tinged brownish, stigma brown; veins dark brown, R 4+5 and M 1 divergent apically. Squama dark yellow with dark yellow hairs. Halter brownish yellow with pale yellow knob.
Abdomen apically weakly curved downward, blackish brown with pale gray pilosity. Hairs and bristles on abdomen brownish to blackish brown. Hypopygium nearly as thick as pregenital segments.
Etymology. This specific name refers to the hypandrium bifurcated apically with one long figure-like process.

Remarks.
The new species is similar to H. bigeniculatus Yang & Yang from Hubei, but may be separated from the latter by the hind femur dark yellow with only brownish black tip and all tarsomeres 3 and 5 dark brown. In H. bigeniculatus, the hind femur is blackish brown, and all tarsomeres 3 and 5 are yellow (Yang and Yang 2004). Fig. 18 Hybos longshengensis Yang & Yang, 1986: 78, fig. 6;Yang and Yang 2004: 187, figs 312-315.

Hybos longshengensis Yang & Yang, 1986
Type locality. China: Guangxi, Longsheng. Diagnosis. Arista bare, very long. Legs blackish brown, except mid tibia, tip of hind femur, tip and base of tibiae and all tarsi yellow. Hypandrium large and wide, right apico-lateral corner extending into one process.
Description. Male. Body length 3.6 mm. Head black with gray pilosity. Eyes contiguous on frons, dark brown with distinctly enlarged dorsal facets brownish yellow. Hairs and bristles on head blackish except postero-ventral surface with partly dark brown hairs; ocellar tubercle indistinct with two long oc and two short posterior hairs. Antenna blackish; scape without hairs, pedicel with circlet of blackish subapical hairs; first flagellomere blackish brown, not elongated or slightly elongated, nearly as long as or longer than scape and pedicel combined, without dorsal hairs; arista blackish brown, rather long and short pubescent except apical ~ 1/4 thin and bare. Proboscis slightly shorter than head, blackish. Palpus dark brown, with one ventral hair and one apical hair.
Thorax black with gray pilosity. Hairs on thorax blackish, bristles black; hairs on mesonotum short, ppn absent, two npl (anterior npl rather short), uniserial hair-like dc nearly as long as irregularly hexaserial acr, two long prsc, one psa; scutellum with six short marginal hairs (~ 1/4 as long as sc) and two very long sc. Legs entirely black. Hairs on legs mostly blackish brown to blackish, bristles blackish to black, but those on coxae blackish brown and hind coxae with partly brown, long bristles. Fore femur 1.3× and hind femur 2.2× as wide as mid femur. Fore femur with one row of pv longer than femur thickness. Mid femur with four or five long ad on basal 1/2 and one row of pv (middle pv very long, much longer than femur thickness). Hind femur with three ad and ~ 3 rows of spine-like ventral bristles (av rather strong, very short dense mv on distinct tubercles, pv long thin). Fore tibia with one row of ad and pv (long ad and pv on apical 1/3); apically with three or four bristles including one very long ad and pv. Mid tibia with three long strong ad on basal 2/3 and two long av on apical 1/2. Hind tibia with some ad and pd hairs (long pd near apex). Fore tarsomere 1 with two long ad, three or four long pv hairs and three apical bristles including one long subapical ad. Fore tarsomere 2 with one long subapical ad. Mid tarsomere 1 with two ad on apical 1/2. Hind tarsomeres 1 and 2 with one row of short dense spine-like ventral bristles. Wing hyaline, stigma dark brown; veins dark brown, R 2+3 curved, R 4+5 and M 1 convergent apically. Squama dark yellow with dark yellow hairs. Halter dark yellow with brownish yellow stem and pale yellow knob.
Abdomen straight, black with gray pilosity; hypopygium distinctly thicker than pregenital segments. Hairs and bristles on abdomen blackish brown to black, but basally with some brownish hairs and bristles.
Etymology. This specific name refers to the fore tarsomere 2 with one long subapical ad.

Remarks.
The new species is similar to H. obtusatus Yang & Grootaert from Guizhou and Guangdong, but may be separated from the latter by the hind tibia with some ad and pd hairs, and R 4+5 and M 1 convergent apically. In H. obtusatus, the hind tibia does not have ad and pd hairs, and R 4+5 and M 1 are parallel apically . Yang & Yang, 1986 Fig. 20 Hybos orientalis Yang & Yang, 1986: 82, fig. 11;Yang and Yang 2004: 201, figs 346-351.    Hybos uniseta Yang & Yang, 2004: 221, figs  Diagnosis. Femora yellow except with brown or dark brown apex. Mid tibia with two bristles in dorsal to antero-dorsal position; hind tibia with one ad and one pd at middle. Hypandrium distinctly longer than wide, basally slightly wide, with apico-lateral incision bearing one ridge-like process.

Hybos wui Yang & Yang, 1995 Fig. 24
Hybos wui Yang & Yang, 1995: 501, figs 13-15;Yang and Yang 2004: 224, figs 406-408. Type locality. China: Zhejiang, Baishanzu.   Diagnosis. First flagellomere much elongated, arista long and bare. Legs mostly blackish. Hind tibia with one row of short thin ad and pd. Hypandrium wide at middle, apical margin nearly truncate, with one small process at apical 1/3. Description. Male. Body length 3.8 mm, wing length 3.7 mm. Head black with gray pilosity. Eyes contiguous on frons, blackish brown with indistinctly enlarged dorsal facets brownish. Hairs and bristles on head blackish except postero-ventral surface with partly brown hairs; ocellar tubercle indistinct with two oc and two short posterior hairs. Antenna blackish; scape without hairs, pedicel with circlet of blackish brown subapical hairs; first flagellomere blackish brown, much elongated, longer than scape and pedicel combined, without dorsal hairs; arista blackish brown, long and bare except apical ~ 1/5 thin. Proboscis shorter than head, blackish brown. Palpus dark brown, with four or five dark brown ventral hairs.
Thorax black with gray pilosity. Hairs on thorax blackish, bristles black; hairs on mesonotum short, ppn absent, two npl (anterior npl weak), uniserial hairlike dc nearly as long as irregularly biserial acr, one prsc, one psa; scutellum with two long sc. Legs mostly blackish, except mid coxa dark brown; hind coxa, femur, and tibia black; all knee brownish yellow; all extreme tip of femur and extreme base of tibiae brownish yellow. Hairs on legs mostly brown to blackish brown, bristles blackish to black, but those on coxae partly brownish yellow; fore femur with dark brown bristles; hind femur and tibia with partly brownish hairs. Fore femur 1.1× and hind femur 2.5× as wide as mid femur. Fore femur with one row of weak pv shorter than femur thickness. Mid femur with three or four ad on apical 1/3, one row of pv (middle pv long, longer than femur thickness). Hind femur with two rows of v, five long av on tubercles and one row of very short spine-like pv on distinct tubercles, apical pv dense and with some very long outer pv hairs. Fore tibia with one long strong preapical ad. Mid tibia with two long strong ad on apical 1/2, one long pv at middle; apically with five bristles including one long preapical pv. Hind tibia with one row of short thin ad and pd. Mid tarsomere 1 with one preapical av. Hind tarsomere 1 with one row of short dense spine-like ventral bristles. Wing hyaline, stigma brown; veins dark brown, R 4+5 and M 1 divergent apically. Squama dark yellow with dark yellow hairs. Halter dark yellow with yellow knob.
Abdomen long narrow, nearly straight, blackish with pale gray pilosity. Hairs and bristles on abdomen brownish yellow to dark brown. Hypopygium nearly as thick as pregenital segments.
Female. Unknown. Etymology. This specific name refers to the type locality Wuyishan.

Distribution. China (Fujian).
Remarks. The new species is similar to H. dazhulanus sp. nov., but may be separated from the latter by the hind tibia with one row of short thin ad and pd and hypandrium with apical margin nearly truncate. In H. dazhulanus sp. nov., the hind tibia has one very long thin pd apically, and the hypandrium has an incision at apical margin. Fig. 26 Hybos xiaohuangshanensis Yang, Gaimari & Grootaert, 2005: 5, figs 9-12.

Habitat preferences
Wuyishan National Park belongs to the typical mid-subtropical monsoon climate and is the largest and best-preserved forest ecosystem in the mid-subtropical zone at the same latitude in the world. Huanggang Mountain and Zhumugang Mountain have developed typical altitudinal vegetation belt. The basal belt is the evergreen broad-leaved forest. With the elevation rising, bamboo forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, temperate coniferous forest, elfin wood, and montane meadow can be seen in turn. The area of evergreen broad-leaved forest accounts for more than 20% of the total forest area, mainly distributed at an altitude of 200 meters to 1,500 meters. The tall mountains in the northwest form a natural barrier, which weakens the invasion of cold air from the north in winter, intercepts the southeast ocean monsoon in summer, and forms a warm and humid monsoon climate in the mid-subtropical region, characterized by significant vertical changes in climate, warm and humid, four distinct seasons, and abundant precipitation (Li 2023). It has dense vegetation and abundant rainfall, with an average annual precipitation of 1,684-1,780 millimeters and an average relative humidity of 78%. The main peak, Huanggang Mount, is 2,158 meters above sea level. We have set up sampling points within the range of 200-1,900 m above sea level, but the Hybos specimens obtained are mainly concentrated in 500-1,000 m. All specimens were collected using sweeping and Malaise trap. Most adults were found resting on low vegetation in damp shady places. The research here only focuses on the limited area of Wuyishan National Park, and the new species reported in this work show how little is known about Hybos. The collection and investigation in more areas of China are expected to further enrich the species of this genus.

Endemicity
The

Species identification
Color is often used as one of the main distinguishing features for identifying Hybos, but this is only applicable to a few species, and color variation is common in many insect groups. In addition, the presence or absence of bristles on legs is used for identification, but bristles are an unstable features that can be easily removed and their potential impact on species identification should be fully considered. Shapes of the hind leg and veins are sometimes used for species identification; however, with the increasing number of species and specimens, differences between species decrease and individual differences increase, making it very difficult to use these features for species identification. Some scholars use components of the female genitalia to provide information for Hybos classification (Plant 2013). Female genitalia of this genus are thought to be more useful for distinguishing between different species than for identifying new ones. If female genitalia are to be used for species identification, a comparative study of female genitalia from all species is necessary. But so far, the females of many species have not been studied and species are only described based on males. Undoubtedly, the components of the female terminalia will provide phylogenetic information for solving the systematic problems of Hybos. Hybos identification using DNA barcoding and geometric morphology should also be attempted, which is also one of the future research directions.