Phylogeny of subtribe Hypotrigonina (Old World Meliponini), summarized from Rasmussen and Cameron (2010), with hypothesized placements of Pariotrigona Moure and Ebaiotrigona Engel & Nguyen. Blue branches indicate African lineages, while red branches indicate Southeast Asian-Malesian-Papuasian-Australian lineages. Representative bees at right (from top to bottom, not to same scale): Hypotrigona gribodoi (Magretti), Ebaiotrigona carpenteri (Engel), Austroplebeia (Austroplebeia) cincta (Mocsáry), Plebeina armata (Magretti), Geniotrigona lacteifasciata (Cameron), Tetragonula (Tetragonula) malaipanae Engel, Michener, & Boontop. Representative fossil bees (from top to bottom, not to same scale): Liotrigona (Tapheiotrigona) aethiopica Engel in Miocene Ethiopian amber, Liotrigonopsis rozeni Engel in Eocene Baltic amber, Tetragonula (Tetragonula) florilega Engel in Miocene Zhangpu amber. Images of bees from Engel et al. (2021a), Engel and Aber (2022), Engel (2001a), and Rasmussen et al. (2017). All images M.S. Engel (used with permission).