Review of Afrotropical Cryptopimpla Taschenberg (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae), with description of nine new species

Abstract The Afrotropical banchine fauna (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) comprises 12 genera. One of these, Cryptopimpla Taschenberg, 1863, is a predominately northern hemisphere genus represented by 47 described species of which only one is known from the Afrotropical region. We describe nine new species of this rare Afrotropical genus: Cryptopimpla elongatus sp. n., Cryptopimpla fernkloofensis sp. n., Cryptopimpla goci sp. n., Cryptopimpla hantami sp. n., Cryptopimpla kogelbergensis sp. n., Cryptopimpla neili sp. n., Cryptopimpla onyxi sp. n., Cryptopimpla parslactis sp. n., and Cryptopimpla zwarti sp. n. All the Afrotropical species are only known from South Africa. Online interactive Lucid keys to the nine Cryptopimpla species are available at: http://www.waspweb.org.

Over the last 25 years, the temperate winter rainfall region of South Africa encompassing the Cape Floral Kingdom has been fairly extensively sampled by the second author, and large numbers of ichneumonids, including new species of Cryptopimpla, have been collected from previously poorly sampled habitats. Sampling inventories have also been conducted in the summer rainfall region of South Africa as well as in other African countries including Central African Republic, Gabon, Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania and Uganda. However, no Cryptopimpla species were recorded from these surveys. To our knowledge there are no additional specimens present in historical world collections. In this paper, we describe nine new species from South Africa and provide interactive Lucid identification keys that are available online at http://www.waspweb.org.

Material and methods
The new species were compared and analyzed in the context of the Afrotropical fauna. Where possible species delimitation was assessed in a world context, but many of the descriptions of species from other regions are not comprehensive in their character assessment. These types were not examined and hence strict comparison to species from other regions was not performed, but this should not compromise the taxonomic results since almost all species of Cryptopimpla are exclusive of a single biogeographic region (Yu et al. 2012).

Photographs
Specimens were point mounted on black, acid-free cards for examination (using a Leica M205C stereomicroscope with LED light source), photography and long-term preservation. Images were acquired using either the EntoVision® multiple-focus imaging system or the Leica LAS 4.4 imaging system. The EntoVision® system comprised a Leica® M16 microscope with a JVC® KY-75U 3-CCD digital video camera attached that fed image data to a notebook computer. The program Cartograph® 5.6.0 was used to manage image acquisition using an automated Z-stepper and merging of the image series into a single in-focus image. The Leica LAS 4.4 system comprised a Leica® Z16 microscope with a Leica DFC450 Camera with a 0.63× video objective attached. Leica Application Suite V 4.4 software was installed on a desk top computer. Lighting was achieved using techniques summarized in Buffington et al. (2005), Kerr et al. (2008) and Buffington and Gates (2009). All images presented in this paper are available at http://www.waspweb.org.

BMNH
The Natural History Museum, London, England (Gavin Broad); SAMC Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa (Simon van Noort).

Nomenclature and abbreviations
The morphological terminology mainly follows Wahl and Sharkey (1993), and the wing venation nomenclature follows Gauld (1991). Most morphological terms are also defined on the HymAToL website (http://www.hymatol.org) and HAO website (http://portal.hymao.org/projects/32/public/ontology/). The following morphometric abbreviations are used (in order of appearance in the descriptions): Body length: from toruli to metasomal apex (mm). Antenna length: from base of scape to flagellar apex (mm). Fore wing length: from anterior end of tegula to wing apex (mm). CT (clypeal transversality index): maximum width of clypeus : length between base of tentorial pit to apex of clypeal edge. ML (malar line index): shortest distance between eye and mandible : basal width of mandible. IO (inter-ocellar index): shortest distance between posterior ocelli : ocellus diameter. OO (oculo-ocellar index): shortest distance between eye and posterior ocellus : ocellus diameter. Fl 1 (length index of flagellomere 1): length : width of flagellomere 1. OT (ovipositor sheath-hind tibia index): length of ovipositor sheath : length of hind tibia.
The first three measurements (an absolute measure) were measured on all specimens in the type series, with measurements from the primary type reported separately in brackets if necessary.

Cryptopimpla Taschenberg, 1863
Cryptopimpla Taschenberg, 1893 propodeal spiracle round or almost so. Fore wing with areolet present, anteriorly truncate or with short petiole; vein 2m-cu with two closely spaced bullae, or with a single bulla 0.5 to 1.0 times as long as the section of 2m-cu below the bulla. Hind wing with first abscissa of Cu1 weakly reclivous; distal abscissa of Cu1 meeting cu-a distinctly closer to M than to 1A. First tergum evenly and strongly tapered toward base, with a glymma, spiracle anterior to middle of tergum, surface matt to subpolished, with sparse or irregular medium-sized punctures and often some wrinkling; dorsal profile of tergum 1 moderately to strongly convex near base and weakly convex near apex; median dorsal carina absent. Apical portion of metasoma weakly to strongly compressed. Ovipositor sheath approximately 0.6 times as long as hind tibia. Ovipositor straight, sometimes upcurved, its subapical portion with a dorsal notch.

Species-groups
The Afrotropical species cluster in two morphological species-groups: Description. Body subpolished. Colour. Head black, clypeus and mouthparts dark brown. Body mostly rufescent apart from the mesonotum, black at the wing bases, mesopleuron ventrally black, submetapleural lobe black, fore and mid coxae black (remaining parts of front leg missing), trochanters and trochantellus of mid and hind legs black and terga 5-8 black.
Head. Densely punctate. Frons unarmed. Clypeus profile weakly convex with a curved lip on the ventral margin. Clypeus edge convex. Upper tooth of mandible longer than the lower tooth. Setae on head and clypeus short and sparse. Eye large and bulbous, maximum width in anterior view 0.73 times shortest inter-ocular distance, maximum width in lateral view 0.79 times maximum length. Tentorial pits small and indistinct. Flagellum tapered to a slender apex.
Mesosoma. Mesoscutum moderately punctate. Scuto-scutellar groove broad, with deep lateral indentations. Epicnemial carinae present ventrally and dorsally, dorsally converging toward anterior edge of mesopleuron. Propodeum without carinae, its anterior margin with a blunt median projection. Mid coxa posteriorly glossy and smooth. Wings hyaline, base of stigma brown. Fore wing with two bullae close together appearing as one; vein 2m-cu sinuate; areolet anteriorly truncate-shaped. Hind wing with one basal hamulus and six distal hamuli.
Metasoma. Tergum 1 longer than the hind coxae, terga 2 and 3 longer than wide; tergum 1 with dorsolateral carinae substituted by longitudinal wrinkles, densely punctate and with posterior margin weakly convex; second tergum 1.26 times longer than wide posteriorly, spiracle situated at basal 0.36 of tergum (measured in lateral view), gastrocoeli moderately large and circular; terga 4-8 slightly compressed; tergum 6 half as wide as tergum 5. Hypopygium strongly sclerotized. Ovipositor upcurved; sheath striations present. CT 2.1; ML 0.9; IO 1.9; OO 1.7; Fl 1 5; OT 0.5; body length 6.7 mm; antenna length 8.4 mm; fore wing length 7.0 mm. Differential diagnosis. Cryptopimpla elongatus can be distinguished from all other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla by having a more elongated metasoma, where terga 1-3 are longer than wide with the spiracle on tergum 2 situated at basal 0.36 of tergum (measured in lateral view). There are a few species with a rufescent/black colour combination, but C. elongatus is the only species to have rufescent legs (trochanter and trochantellus black) and a mostly rufescent metasoma (terga 5-8 black). The eye in anterior view is large, its maximum length 0.73 times the shortest inter-ocular distance, separating the species from all other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla whose eye length in anterior view is 0.38-0.66 times the shortest inter-ocular distance. A broad scuto-scutellar groove with deep lateral indentations distinguishes C. elongatus from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis, C. hantami, C. neili, and C. parslactis. The metasomal tergum 1 with dorsolateral carinae substituted with longitudinal wrinkles distinguishes C. elongatus from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis and C. neili. Gastrocoeli on tergum 2 are moderately large and circular, separating C. elongatus (and C. fernkloofensis) from the remaining closely-related species in the rubrithorax species-group.
Etymology. The name refers to the rather elongated metasoma of this species. Noun in apposition.

Distribution. South Africa (Northern Cape).
Comments. This is a rare species known only from one female specimen collected in Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld. Intensive sampling in other areas of the Cape Floral Kingdom has produced no further specimens. The female metasoma is depressed (not slightly compressed) distinguishing C. elongatus from the closelyrelated species C. onyxi, C. zwarti, C. hantami, and C. rubrithorax. However, no female specimens are available for closely-related species C. fernkloofensis, C. parslactis, and C. neili, so no comparisons could be made with these species. Description. Body subpolished. Colour. Body mostly fulvous, mesosoma ventrally black. Head black. Clypeus fulvous. Mandibles fulvous to black at apex. Mesoscutum and mesonotum dorsolaterally black. Submetapleural lobe black with various dark markings on legs. Metasomal terga 6-8 and male genitalia brown.

Cryptopimpla fernkloofensis
Head. Densely punctate. Frons unarmed. Setae on head and clypeus short and sparse. Clypeus profile weakly convex with a curved lip on the ventral margin. Clypeus edge convex. Flagellum tapered to a slender apex. Tentorial pits small and indistinct. Eye in lateral view 0.67 times as wide as long, moderately sized in anterior view with maximum width 0.54 times the shortest inter-ocular distance. Upper tooth of mandible longer than the lower tooth.
Mesosoma. Mesoscutum moderately punctate. Scutellar and metanotal margins tapered towards medial area. Epicnemial carinae present ventrally and dorsally, dorsally converging toward anterior edge of mesopleuron. Propodeum with carination reduced to medial area, its anterior margin with medial tooth. Wings hyaline. Fore wing with two bullae closely situated appearing as one; vein 2m-cu sinuate; areolet anteriorly truncate-shaped. Hind wing with one basal hamulus and six (left wing) to seven (right wing) distal hamuli.
Metasoma. Depressed; tergum 1 with a single carina ventrad of spiracle, densely punctate with posterior margin weakly convex; tergum 2 as long as it is broad posteriorly, spiracle situated at basal 0.24 of tergum (measured in lateral view), gastrocoeli moderately large and circular.
Differential diagnosis. Cryptopimpla fernkloofensis can be distinguished from all other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla species by having a mostly fulvous body with the mesosoma black ventrally, the head is black and the clypeus and mouthparts are fulvous in colour; the species is the largest of the Cryptopimpla species in the Afrotropical region with a body length of 9.4 mm, compared to other species that have body sizes less than 8.7 mm; the anterior propodeal margin of the species has a medial tooth; the scuto-scutellar groove is narrow, without deep lateral indentations; and the scutellar and metanotal margins distinctly taper towards the medial area. The gastrocoeli on the metasomal tergum 2 are moderately large and circular, which distinguishes C.
fernkloofensis (and C. elongatus) from all other closely-related species in the rubrithorax species-group. The presence of a single carina ventrad of the spiracle on the metasomal tergum 1, without wrinkles, separates C. fernkloofensis from closely-related species in the rubrithorax species-group.
Etymology. Named after the type locality. Noun in apposition.

Distribution. South Africa (Western Cape).
Comments. This is a rare species known only from one male specimen collected in Mesic Mountain Fynbos. Intensive sampling in other areas of the Cape Floral Kingdom, including Mesic Mountain Fynbos at various other localities, has produced no further specimens. Description. Body subpolished. Colour. Head white with a median black band on the face, frons, reaching around ocelli and occiput black, not reaching the eyes. Body mostly fulvous, mesoscutum black anteromedially, extending about 0.8 length of mesoscutum.

Cryptopimpla goci
Head. Finely punctate. Frons unarmed. Setae on head and clypeus short and sparse. Flagellum tapered to a slender apex. Clypeus profile convex, bulbous. Clypeus edge convex. Upper tooth of mandible longer than the lower tooth. Tentorial pits large and distinct. Eye in lateral view 0.69 times as long as wide, narrow in anterior view with maximum width 0.4 times shortest inter-ocular distance.
Metasoma. Depressed; tergum 1 impunctate with distinct dorsolateral carinae present as a carina ventrad of spiracle, with a secondary carina leading from the ventral carina to the spiracle, posterior margin weakly convex; second tergum 1.21 times longer than broad, spiracle situated at basal 0.35 of tergum (measured in lateral view), gastrocoeli elongate. CT 1.8; ML 0.75; IO 1.6; OO 1.1; Fl 1 3.9; body length 7.5 mm; antenna length 7.2 mm; fore wing length 5.3 mm. Differential diagnosis. Cryptopimpla goci is immediately distinguishable from all other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla species by having a colour combination of a largely fulvous body, with a white head. A short distinct carina leads to the spiracle from the base of a single carina ventrad of the spiracle which is unique in this species. Cryptopimpla goci is closely-related to C. kogelbergensis as both species (goci species-group) share a truly distinctive and well-defined posterior transverse carina, possess pleural carinae, a convex and bulbous clypeus without a curved lip on the ventral margin, and large tentorial pits distinguishing them from all other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla species in the rubrithorax species-group. The head is finely punctate, the maximum width of the eye in anterior view 0.38 times the shortest inter-ocular distance; the malar space 0.75 times the basal mandibular width; the length of the first flagellomere 3.9 times longer than wide; 2m-cu on the fore wing is sinuate; metasomal tergum 1 with a short distinct carina that leads to the spiracle from the base of a single carina ventrad of the spiracle; the second tergum 1.21 times longer than wide with elongate gastrocoeli separates C. goci from C. kogelbergensis where the head is smooth, the maximum width of the eye is much broader at 0.6-0.63 times the shortest inter-ocular distance; the malar space is 1.2 times the basal mandibular width; the length of the first flagellomere is 6.1-6.8 times longer than wide; vein 2m-cu on the fore wing is straight; dorsolateral carinae on the metasomal tergum 1 are substituted with longitudinal wrinkles and the second tergum is 1.0-1.04 times as long as wide with the gastrocoeli small and indistinct.
Etymology. Named after the late Nosiphiwo Goci who worked as a research assistant in the Natural History Department of the Iziko South African Museum for over 17 years and whose immense contribution to the curation and digitization of the SAMC Hymenoptera collection warrants recognition. Noun in the genitive case.
Distribution. South Africa (Western Cape). Comments. A rare species known only from one specimen collected in West Coast Strandveld in the Koeberg Nature Reserve as part of a continuous 13 month sampling inventory of the reserve using a variety of methods including Malaise traps, yellow pan traps and sweeping. Similar intensive sampling in other areas of the Cape Floral Kingdom, including sampling West Coast Strandveld at numerous other localities, produced no further specimens. Description. Body moderately covered in short setae. Colour. Head black, clypeus testaceous; mesosoma dark fulvous; pronotal collar and anterior corner of mesopleuron slightly lighter, propleuron ventrally black, metanotum black at the wing bases, sternum of mesothorax with small black spot; metasoma black, terga 6-8 white at the posterior margins; middle and hind legs black to dark brown with medial dark fulvous longitudinal bands on the coxae, front leg black to testaceous toward apex. Mesosoma. Matt. Mesosocutum moderately punctate. Scuto-scutellar excavation shallow. Epicnemial carinae present ventrally and dorsally, dorsally converging toward anterior edge of mesopleuron. Propodeum without carinae, its anterior margin with a blunt median projection. Wings hyaline. Fore wing with two bullae close together appearing as one; vein 2m-cu sinuate; areolet anteriorly truncate-shaped. Hind wing with one basal hamulus and six distal hamuli.
Male: Propleuron and pronotum completely black, clypeus testaceous rather than dark brown; colouration of the legs as in female except fulvous bands on mid and hind coxae are lacking and terga 6-8 not white at the posterior margins. Males are more setose; metasoma depressed, tergum 6 half as wide as 5.
Differential diagnosis. Cryptopimpla hantami is distinguishable from all species in the rubrithorax species-group by having a matt head and mesosoma, with the body moderately covered in short setae, rather than possessing a subpolished body sparsely covered in setae. The presence of a shallow scuto-scutellar excavation and small and indistinct gastrocoeli on the metasomal tergum 2 distinguishes C. hantami (and C. neili) from other species in the rubrithorax species-group where a broad groove with or without deep lateral indentations may be present and the gastrocoeli are moderately large and distinct. The metasomal tergum 1 with dorsolateral carinae substituted with longitudinal wrinkles distinguishes C. hantami from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis and C. neili.
Distribution. South Africa (Northern Cape). Etymology. Named after the type locality. Hantam National Botanical Garden. Noun in apposition.  Description. Body subpolished. Colour. Head white with a median brown band on the face and brown spots at tentorial pits. Mesoscutum brown dorsolaterally and anteromedially; medially fulvous basad of black colouration; grey or cream stripes medially, extending about 0.8 length of mesoscutum. Mesosoma colour combination brown, white and black; dorsally mostly brown, ventrally black, laterally white. Scutellum and mesonotum black dorsolaterally, testaceous medially. Propodeum mostly brown to yellowish testaceous, black anteriorly. Legs, antennae and metasoma yellowish testaceous with variable dark markings on terga.

Cryptopimpla kogelbergensis
Head. Smooth, impunctate. Frons unarmed. Setae on head and clypeus short and sparse. Flagellum tapered to a slender apex. Clypeus profile distinctly convex and bulbous. Clypeus edge convex. Upper tooth of mandible longer than the lower tooth. Tentorial pits large and distinct. Eye in lateral view 0.74-0.76 times as broad as long, maximum width in anterior view 0.6-0.63 times shortest inter-ocular distance.
Mesosoma. Mesosocutum moderately punctate. Scuto-scutellar groove broad. Epicnemial carinae present ventrally and dorsally, dorsally converging toward anterior edge of mesopleuron. Propodeum with anterior margin medially straight, but may have a blunt medial projection; carination include pleural carinae and a well-defined posterior transverse carina. Wings hyaline. Fore wing with two bullae closely situated appearing as one or separated; vein 2m-cu straight; areolet anteriorly truncate-shaped. Hind wing with one or two basal hamuli and six to seven distal hamuli.
Metasoma. Depressed; tergum 1 with dorsolateral carinae substituted with longitudinal wrinkles, impunctate, posterior margin weakly convex; second tergum 0.96-1 times as long as wide, spiracle situated at basal 0.21-0.23 of tergum (measured in lateral view), gastrocoeli small to indistinct; tergum 6 half as wide as tergum 5; hypopygium moderately sclerotized. Ovipositor upcurved; sheath striations present. CT 1.9-2.0; ML 1.2; IO 2.0; OO 1.3; Fl 1 5.1-6.1; OT 0.5-0.7; body length 4.2-5.6 mm; antenna length 6.3-6.5 mm; fore wing length 4.6-5.1 mm. Differential diagnosis. Cryptopimpla kogelbergensis is immediately distinguishable from all other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla species by the distinctive colour combination of the mesopleuron, which is three-banded in brown, white and black; possession of a smooth head; and vein 2m-cu is straight on the fore wing. The maximum width of the eye in anterior view 0.6-0.63 times the shortest inter-ocular distance; the length of the first flagellomere 6.1-6.8 times longer than wide; the metasomal tergum 1 with dorsolateral carinae substituted with longitudinal wrinkles; and the metasomal tergum 2 as long as wide with small and distinct gastrocoeli distinguishes C. kogelbergensis from C. goci where the maximum width of the eye in the anterior view is much narrower at 0.38 times the shortest inter-ocular distance; distinct dorsolateral carinae are presented as a short carina leading from a single carina ventrad of the spiracle; the length of the first flagellomere is 3.9 times longer than wide; vein 2m-cu on the fore wing is sinuate; and the second tergum is 1.21 times longer than wide with the gastrocoeli elongate.
Etymology. Named after the type locality. Noun in apposition. Head. Densely punctate. Frons unarmed. Setae on head and clypeus short and sparse. Eye in lateral view 0.74 times as wide as long. Shortest inter-ocular distance 1.94 times maximum eye width in anterior view. Flagellum tapered to a slender apex. Clypeus profile weakly convex with a curved lip on the ventral margin. Clypeus edge convex. Upper tooth of mandible longer than the lower tooth. Tentorial pits small or indistinct.
Metasoma. Tergum 1 densely punctate, lacking dorsolateral carinae, posterior margin medially tapered to a point; second tergum 1.07 times longer than broad, spiracle situated at basal 0.28 of tergum (measured in lateral view), gastrocoeli small and elliptic; terga 4-8 strongly compressed. CT 2.0; ML 1.0; IO 2.3; OO 1.6; Fl 1 5.0; body length 7.5 mm; antenna length 8.5 mm; fore wing 6.9 mm. Differential diagnosis. Cryptopimpla neili is closely-related to C. hantami because both species exclusively possess a shallow excavation separating the mesosocutum from the scutellum and the presence of small elliptic gastrocoeli on the second tergum, whereas a groove is present and the shape of the gastrocoeli is large or elongate in the other species in the rubrithorax species-group. Cryptopimpla neili is immediately distinguishable from all other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla species, including C. hantami, by having a unique colour combination of a fulvous body, white pronotal collar and a clypeus distinguished by two colours; and the metasomal tergum 1 lacking dorsolateral carinae with the posterior margin medially tapered to a point.
Etymology. Named after the first author's father. Noun in the genitive case. Distribution. South Africa (Western Cape). Comments. A rare species known only from one specimen. Intensive sampling in other areas of the Cape Floral Kingdom produced no further specimens. The metaso- mal terga 4-8 of the male are strongly compressed and this separates the species from the closely-related species C. fernkloofensis, C. hantami, C. parslactis, C. rubrithorax, and C. onyxi. However, no male specimens are available for the remaining species C. elongatus and C. zwarti within the rubrithorax species-group. Thus, no comparisons could be made with those species.
Differential diagnosis. Cryptopimpla onyxi is immediately distinguishable from all other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla species by having a unique colour combination of a black body and a white pronotal collar. The clypeus is 1.6-1.8 times broader than high, distinguishing C. onyxi from all other species in the rubrithorax species- group where the clypeus is more than 1.8 times broader than high. The scuto-scutellar groove in C. onyxi is broad with deep lateral indentations, distinguishing the species from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis, C. parslactis, C. hantami, and C. neili. The metasomal tergum 1 with dorsolateral carinae substituted with longitudinal wrinkles distinguishes the species from C. fernkloofensis and C. neili. Gastrocoeli on tergum 2 are elongate, separating C. onyxi from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis, C. elongatus, C. neili, and C. hantami.
Etymology. The species epithet refers to the black colouration of this species. Noun in apposition.

Distribution. Occurs in Strandveld and Mountain Fynbos vegetation types in South Africa (Western Cape).
Comments. The female metasomal tergum 5 as wide as tergum 6 separates the species from closely-related species C. hantami, C. zwarti, C. elongatus, and C. rubrithorax where tergum 5 is half as wide as high. However, no female specimens are available for C. fernkloofensis, C. parslactis, and C. neili. Thus, no comparisons could be made with those closely-related species. Description. Body subpolished. Colour. Head and mesosoma mostly black, with the exception of the medial region of the mesopleuron and the propodeum that is orange. Legs with fore and mid coxae, trochanters and trochantellus black. Terga 2-8 mostly black, tergum 2 medially orange and terga 7-8 white posteriorly. Femora 1-2 black to light orange. Tibia and tarsus of front leg light orange. Tibia 2 light orange, tarsus 2 brown. Femora 3 orange, tibia and tarsus of hind leg brown.

Cryptopimpla parslactis
Head. Densely punctate. Frons unarmed. Clypeus profile weakly convex with a curved lip on the ventral margin. Clypeus edge convex. Upper tooth of mandible longer than the lower tooth. Setae on head and clypeus short and sparse. Tentorial pits small and indistinct. Flagellum tapered to a slender apex. Eye in lateral view 0.7 times as long as wide, maximum width in anterior view 0.46 times shortest inter-ocular distance.
Mesosoma. Scuto-scutellar groove broad. Mesoscutum with fewer punctures inward of wing base. Epicnemial carinae present ventrally and dorsally, dorsally converging toward anterior edge of mesopleuron. Propodeum without carinae, its anterior margin with a weak and blunt medial projection. Wings slightly infuscate, venation dark. Fore wing with two bullae close together appearing as one; vein 2m-cu sinuate; areolet truncate-shaped. Hind wing with one basal hamulus and six distal hamuli.
Metasoma. Depressed. Tergum 1 with dorsolateral carinae substituted with longitudinal wrinkles, densely punctate, with posterior margin weakly convex; tergum 2 of metasoma 1.09 times as long as wide posteriorly, spiracle situated at basal 0.28 of tergum (measured in lateral view), gastrocoeli elongate; tergum 6 as wide as tergum 5. CT 2.3; ML 0.92; IO 2.6; OO 2.0; body length 7.4 mm; fore wing length 7.0 mm. Differential diagnosis. Cryptopimpla parslactis is immediately diagnosable from other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla by being the only species to have slightly infuscate wings with darker venation. Cryptopimpla parslactis is distinguishable from closelyrelated species in the rubrithorax species-group that have a rufous and black colour combination, by having a completely black mesoscutum and a combination of a mostly black metasoma with tergum 1 completely rufescent. In addition, while punctuation on the mesoscutum in the dorsal view is common amongst all the species, fewer punctures on the mesoscutum exist inward of the wing bases of C. parslactis. The metasomal tergum 1 with dorsolateral carinae substituted with longitudinal wrinkles distinguishes C. parslactis from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis and C. neili. Gastrocoeli on tergum 2 are elongate separating C. parslactis from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis, C. elongatus, and C. hantami.
Etymology. So named because the wings are not quite hyaline, but rather slightly infuscate with a creamy-brown colour, "pars" meaning wing and "lactis" meaning cream. Noun in apposition.
Distribution. South Africa (Northern Cape). Comments. A rare species known only from one specimen. Intensive sampling in other areas of the Cape region produced no further specimens. Description (updated from Morley, 1916). Body subpolished. Colour. Head and metasoma black, posterior margins of terga 6-8 white. Clypeus rarely distinguished by colour to the rest of the face. Mesosoma rufescent, black ventrally; mesonotum black at the wing bases.

Cryptopimpla rubrithorax Morley, 1916
Head. Densely punctate. Frons unarmed. Setae on head and clypeus short and sparse. Clypeus profile weakly convex with a curved lip on the ventral margin. Clypeus edge convex. Upper tooth of mandible longer than the lower tooth. Flagellum tapered to a slender apex. Tentorial pits small or indistinct. Maximum eye width in anterior view 0.6-0.66 shortest inter-ocular distance, eye large in lateral view with maximum width 0.7-0.75 times maximum length.
Mesosoma. Mesosocutum moderately punctate. Scuto-scutellar groove broad with deep lateral indentations. Epicnemial carinae present ventrally and dorsally, dorsally converging toward anterior edge of mesopleuron. Propodeum lacking carinae, its anterior margin medially straight but may have a blunt medial projection. Wings hyaline. Fore wing with two bullae closely situated appearing as one; vein 2m-cu sinuate; areolet truncate-shaped. Hind wing with one basal hamulus and six distal hamuli. Metasoma. Tergum 1 densely punctate with dorsolateral carinae substituted with longitudinal wrinkles, posterior margin weakly convex; second tergum 0.8-1.09 times as broad as long, spiracle situated at basal 0.25-0.32 of tergum (measured in lateral view), gastrocoeli elongate; terga 4-8 slightly compressed; female metasomal tergum 6 half as wide as tergum 5; hypopygium strongly sclerotized. Ovipositor straight or slightly upcurved; sheath striations present. CT 1.9-2.2; ML 0.9-1.3; IO 1.9-2.4; OO 1.4-2.1; Fl 1 4.3-5.4; OT 0.6; body length 7-8.6 mm; antenna length 7.9-9.7 mm; fore wing length 6.3-6.9 mm. Differential diagnosis. Reduction of the dorsolateral carinae to longitudinal wrinkles on the first metasomal tergum distinguishes this species from the closelyrelated species C. fernkloofensis and C. neili. Elongate gastrocoeli on tergum 2 separate the species from the closely-related species C. fernkloofensis, C. elongatus, C. hantami, and C. neili. The malar space and basal mandibular width are more or less equal in length with the malar space 0.91-1.3 times as long as the basal mandibular width, as opposed to the malar length index being much shorter in the closest related species C. zwarti, where the malar space is 0.6 times as long as the basal mandibular width. The shortened malar space in C. zwarti produces a more globular head shape, compared to a more lenticular head shape in C. rubrithorax due to the longer malar space. Cryptopimpla rubrithorax can be further separated from C. zwarti by the length of tergum 2 relative to its width. In C. rubrithorax tergum 2 is 0.8-1.09 times broader than long compared to 1.25 times as broad as long in C. zwarti.
Etymology. The species epithet is likely to refer to the rufescent colour of the metasoma of this species (Morley 1916).
Distribution. South Africa (Northern and Western Cape).
Comments. This species occurs in three vegetation types, Strandveld, Mesic Mountain Fynbos and Renosterveld, and exhibits corresponding intra-specific variation in terms of colouration. The specimen sampled from mesic mountain fynbos, which has a white pronotal collar and tegula as per Morley's original description, whereas the specimens from the Renosterveld have a black pronotal collar and tegula. Molecular sequencing demonstrated that there is no genetic divergence between specimens associated with the two different habitats (0% sequence divergence for COI, 28S, and 18S), with two site changes on the COI gene sequence (Reynolds Berry, Matthee and van Noort unpubl. data). Strandveld specimens also have black pronotal collars and tegulae, but are slightly darker in colour and are blacker ventrally on the mesosoma. Head. Densely punctate. Frons unarmed. Clypeus profile weakly convex with a curved lip on the ventral margin. Clypeus edge convex. Upper tooth of mandible longer than the lower tooth. Setae on head and clypeus short and sparse. Tentorial pits small and indistinct. Eye in lateral view 0.71 times as wide as long, maximum width in anterior view 0.66 times shortest inter-ocular distance. Flagellum tapered to a slender apex.
Differential diagnosis. Cryptopimpla zwarti is distinguishable from all other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla species by having a malar space 0.6 times as long as the basal mandibular width, whereas all the other Afrotropical Cryptopimpla species have a ML index of 0.8 or more. A broad scuto-scutellar groove with deep lateral indentations distinguishes C. zwarti from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis, C. neili, C. hantami, and C. parslactis. The metasomal tergum 1 with dorsolateral carinae substituted with longitudinal wrinkles distinguishes C. zwarti from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis and C. neili. Gastrocoeli on tergum 2 are elongate separating the species from closely-related species C. fernkloofensis, C. elongatus, and C. hantami.
Etymology. Named after the retired agricultural entomologist, K. W. Robert Zwart (Wageningen Agricultural University) who first recognized it as a potentially new species in 1994. Noun in the genitive case.
Comments. By having a malar space much shorter than the basal mandibular width (malar index of 0.6), the shape of the head is more globular, which in combination with a second tergum that is broader than long, separates C. zwarti from its closely-related species C. rubrithorax, which have a malar space 0.91-1.3 times as long as the basal mandibular width, creating a more lenticular-shaped head, and a second tergum that is 0.92-1.2 times as long as broad (i.e. no more than 1.09 times broader than long).

Discussion
The review of Cryptopimpla in the Afrotropical region allowed for a comparative morphological assessment of these species with Cryptopimpla species from other biogeographical regions, highlighting differences in regional suites of character states. The presence of a posterior transverse carina on the propodeum is common in world Cryptopimpla species (Townes 1969, Sheng 2011), but usually absent in Afrotropical species, only being present in two of the ten known species. Among the few Cryptopimpla species outside of the Afrotropical region that do not possess pleural carinae or a posterior transverse carina are C. labralis and C. escarinata from North America (Townes 1978). Cryptopimpla labralis, like species within the rubrithorax species-group, possesses a weakly convex clypeus. Cryptopimpla labralis is distinctly different from species within the rubrithorax species-group by having an areolet that is petiolate, the fore wing lengths are 4.3-4.7 mm long and the OO index is 0.42, compared to the rubrithorax species-group where the areolet is truncate-shaped, forewing lengths are 5.8-7.2 mm long and the OO index is 0.5-0.6. Unfortunately, the character state for absence/presence of the posterior transverse carinae on the propodeum is not detailed in all of the historical species descriptions and we have not been able to obtain the types to confirm the state of this condition for most of the global species. It is clear, however, that the lack of carinae on the propodeum and a weakly convex clypeus, are character states that are not restricted to African Cryptopimpla species assemblages. This should not compromise the taxonomic results since almost all species of Cryptopimpla are exclusive of a single biogeographical region (Yu et al. 2012).
Our morphological species-group delimitation is supported by molecular results based on the mitochondrial COI gene (~23% sequences divergence) and the nuclear 28S gene (~4% sequence divergence). Strong support for monophyly of the genus was obtained from a supermatrix analysis using both molecular (18S, 28S, COI) and morphological data (Reynolds Berry, Matthee & van Noort, unpubl. data).
The species C. fernkloofensis, C. goci, C. neili, and C. parslactis are described based on a single male specimen. Without the presence of the diagnostic female character of a shortened ovipositor sheath, male Cryptopimpla are sometimes confused and incorrectly described as the cosmopolitan banchine genus Lissonota (e.g. Gravenhorst 1829, Holmgren 1860). There are, however, a number of morphological characters that can differentiate Cryptopimpla from Lissonota when only males are available. The apical 0.3-0.4 portion of the flagellum is tapered to a slender apex in Cryptopimpla (Townes 1969, Takasuka et al. 2011) whereas the flagellum is not tapered or may be only weakly tapered at the apex in Lissonota (Townes 1969). The first metasomal tergum is only moderately narrowed toward the base in Lissonota species as opposed to being evenly and rather strongly narrowed toward the base in Cryptopimpla species. Lastly, in all Cryptopimpla species the upper tooth is distinctly longer than the lower (Townes 1969;Sheng 2011;Takasuka et al. 2011), whereas it is not a consistent character state for Lissonota. While these three character states are useful in distinguishing Cryptopimpla from Lissonota, our placement of C. fernkloofensis, C. goci, C. neili, and C. parslactis in the genus Cryptopimpla is further supported by their overall morphological resemblance to females of their respective species-groups.
Cryptopimpla is only known from South Africa in the Afrotropical region. The genus was previously represented by a single species in the region and the present study has yielded an additional nine species endemic to temperate areas of South Africa. This is unlikely to be a sampling artifact, given the numerous sampling inventories carried out in other African countries, and the absence of additional specimens in international museum collections. Cryptopimpla is a predominately northern hemisphere genus, with highest species richness in the temperate regions (Yu et al. 2012;Sheng and Zheng 2005;Kuslitzky 2007;Sheng 2011;Takasuka et al. 2011). This may explain its apparent exclusion from the tropical regions of Africa. Although the winter rainfall Cape region of South Africa has been fairly extensively sampled over the past 25 years, with deployment of numerous long-term (spanning 1 to 5 years) inventory surveys, ensuring that seasonal variation in species assemblages is encompassed, in effect this effort has only just started scratching the surface with regard to documenting the ichneumonid diversity present in the area. In reality these inventory sites are relatively few and widely spaced, with the implication that the vast majority of the 440 vegetation types (Mucina and Rutherford 2011) in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland are still not comprehensively sampled. This fact in combination with the rarity of the genus (only 33 specimens known for the 9 species), with species often represented by a single specimen, suggests that there are still numerous Cryptopimpla species to be discovered in South Africa. The current revision has increased the knowledge of African species ninefold and that of the global fauna by ~16%. Further comprehensive sampling will undoubtedly elevate Cryptopimpla species richness for the Afrotropical region.