Recent phylogenetic hypotheses of Chrysomelidae subfamily relationships, redrawn by L. Schletzbaum from original sources 16 Reid (2000) (morphology-based) 17 Gómez-Zurita et al. (2007, 2008) (sequence-based) 18 Nie et al. (2020) (sequence-based). Other chrysomelid hypotheses to compare are Farrell (1998), Hunt et al. (2007), and Zhang et al. (2018, 2022). These available hypotheses are based on less than 1% taxon sampling of clade diversity. Subfamilies in bold font exhibit major patterns of faecal-based constructions. Alticinae (flea-beetles) is now regarded as the tribe Alticini within Galerucinae, so the faecal-retaining Blepharida-group is recognized now within Galerucinae. Only a single species in Phola Weise, 1890 (Chrysomelinae) has been reported to retain faeces (Chen 1964, 1985) so it is not a major pattern.