Faecal re-construction in experiment 3 with instar II larva, Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1853 (Cassidini) 83 time 0 when faecal shield is removed, exposing instar I exuvia 84 larva at two hours, exuvia I still exposed 85 larva at four hours, faeces attached to lateral projections (scoli) of exuvia I 86 larva at six hours, exuvia I with a lot of faeces (photographs: S. Adam, September 2021).

 
 
  Part of: Chaboo CS, Adam S, Nishida K, Schletzbaum L (2023) Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of faecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini). In: Chaboo CS, Schmitt M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 9. ZooKeys 1177: 87-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.102600