Re-construction of faeces on exuvio-faecal shield in Experiment 1, starting with instar I larva (so no prior exuvia), Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1853 (Cassidini; photos: S. Adam, September 2021) 71 instar 1 (~ 2 mm long) at time 0 when faecal shield is removed, exposing urogomphi 72 larva at two hours, small faecal blob at anus 73 larva at four hours, urogomphi encased in faeces 74 larva at six hours, urogomphi encased in faeces 75 larva at 23 hours, lateral view. 76 larva at 48 hours, dorso-ventral view (photographs: S. Adam, September 2021).

 
 
  Part of: Chaboo CS, Adam S, Nishida K, Schletzbaum L (2023) Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of faecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini). In: Chaboo CS, Schmitt M (Eds) Research on Chrysomelidae 9. ZooKeys 1177: 87-146. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1177.102600