Architecture, construction, retention, and repair of faecal shields in three tribes of tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae: Cassidini, Mesomphaliini, Spilophorini)

Insects with backpacks. 1 Trichoptera: Caddisfly larvae in case (photograph: S. Marshall) 2 Trichoptera: Caddisfly larvae in case (photograph: S. Marshall) 3 Trichoptera: larva with its case, 1980–1994, gold, opal, pearls (case length = 1 inch; photograph: H. Del Olmo (from Hubert Duprat exhibition, ADAGP)) 4 Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: larva with exuvial debris (photograph: Masayuki Hayashi) 5 Hemiptera: Reduviidae: assassin bug, Singapore (photograph: Nicky Bay) 6 Hemiptera: Reduviidae, assassin bug, Costa Rica (photograph: Dieter Mahsberg) 7 Lepidoptera: Psychidae: caterpillar with its bag 8 Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Wavy Emerald Moth caterpillar, Synchlora aerata (Fabricius, 1798), covering itself with petals of its host, Liatris Gaertn. ex Schreb. sp. (Asteraceae) (photograph: Hope Abrams) 9 Lepidoptera: Nolidae: caterpillar of Uraba lugens Walker, 1866 with stack of their exuvial head capsules, Australia (photograph: Alan Henderson) 10 Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Gymnopholus Heller, 1901 weevil carrying lichen garden, Papua New Guinea (photograph: Adrian Tejedor) 11 Phasmida: stick insect, Trychopeplus laciniatus (Westwood, 1874), with exoskeleton modified to appear like moss, Costa Rica (photograph: Kenji Nishida) 12 Hemiptera: Membracidae with exoskeleton modified to appear like moss, Costa Rica (photograph: Kenji Nishida) 13 Coleoptera: Curculionidae: weevil larva retains moist faecal coat (photograph: Filip Trnka) 14 Coleoptera: Erotylidae: larva of Toramus Grouvelle, 1916 with shield of exuviae held on setae (photograph: Takahiro Yoshida) 15 Coleoptera: Cassidinae: Cassidini: larva of Microctenochira Spaeth, 1926 undetermined species with shield of exuviae only (photograph: Kenji Nishida).