Review of the East Palaearctic and North Oriental Psyttalia Walker, with the description of three new species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae)

Abstract The East Palaearctic and North Oriental species of the genus Psyttalia Walker (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae) are reviewed. Three new species are described and illustrated: Psyttalia latinervis Wu & van Achterberg, sp. n. and Psyttalia majocellata Wu & van Achterberg, sp. n. from China, and Psyttalia spectabilis van Achterberg, sp. n. from Japan. Coeloreuteus formosanus Watanabe, 1934, Opius (Lissosema) proclivis Papp, 1981, Opius (Psyttalia) subcyclogaster Tobias, 1998, Opius (Psyttalia) darasunicus Tobias, 1998, Opius (Psyttalia) cyclogastroides Tobias, 1998, Psyttalia extensa Weng & Chen, 2001, and Rhogadopsis longicaudifera Li & van Achterberg, 2013, are new synonyms of Psyttalia cyclogaster (Thomson, 1895); Opius (Psyttalia) ophthalmicus Tobias, 1977, and Opius (Psyttalia) brevitemporalis Tobias, 1998, of Psyttalia carinata (Thomson, 1895) and both Opius (Psyttalia) vacuus Tobias, 1998, and Opius (Lissosema) longurius Chen & Weng, 1995, of Rhogadopsis mediocarinata (Fischer, 1963). Phaedrotoma daghestanicum (Telenga, 1950), Rhogadopsis mediocarinata (Fischer, 1963) and Rhogadopsis mystica (Fischer, 1963) are new combinations. New records are Psyttalia carinata (Thomson, 1895) from The Netherlands and Norway, and Psyttalia cyclogaster (Thomson, 1895) from Japan. A lectotype is designated for Psyttalia carinata (Thomson, 1895) and Psyttalia cyclogaster (Thomson, 1895). A key to the East Palaearctic and North Oriental species of the genus Psyttalia Walker is included.


Introduction
The large subfamily Opiinae (Braconidae), with 2,020+ valid species (Yu et al. 2012, Li et al. 2013, is a common group of generally small (2-5 mm) parasitoid wasps. It has a worldwide distribution and the world fauna has been reviewed by Fischer (1972Fischer ( , 1977Fischer ( , 1986Fischer ( , 1987. Wharton (1988Wharton ( , 1997, van Achterberg ( , 2004avan Achterberg ( , 2004b, van Achterberg and Salvo (1997), van Achterberg and Chen (2004) and Li et al. (2013) published updates or some additions for the existing keys to the genera of the Opiinae, but the number of genera and the limits of several genera are still matter of discussion. Currently about 39 genera are used, with about 60 additional names circulating in the existing literature; mostly as subgenera in the genus Opius Wesmael s.l. Recently, 28 subgenera were synonymized by Li et al. (2013).
Psyttalia is a fairly large genus, currently with 79 valid species (Wharton 2009). The number of valid species in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions is unknown because of undercollecting and different generic limits used by different authors. Several of the species listed by Wharton (2009) after examination of the types proved to be junior synonyms or belong to other genera (e.g. P. vacua; see below). Nevertheless, the total number will be much more than 80, because several undescribed species are recognised in existing collections (e.g. Wharton 2009 and personal experience of authors) and cryptic species are likely present (Wharton 2009). Fischer (1972Fischer ( , 1987 and Wharton (2009) divided the species into two main groups (A: vein m-cu of fore wing antefurcal or interstitial; B: vein m-cu postfurcal) but this is problematical and too simplistic. For instance, P. cyclogaster has either vein m-cu distinctly postfurcal (group B; or subinterstitial (group A).
Opiinae are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of larvae of cyclorraphous Diptera, but oviposition may take place in the egg of the host (ovo-larval parasitoids). The parasitoid larva has its final development when the host larva has made its puparium and the adult wasp emerges from this puparium. Opiinae may play an important role in the biocontrol of dipterous pests as fruit-infesting Tephritidae and mining Agromyzidae and the genus Psyttalia is no exception. Several species (e.g. P. fletcheri, P. incisi, P. makii) have been introduced to control fruit flies (Wharton 2009, Yu et al. 2012) with variable success.
Biology. Parasitoids of larvae of Tephritidae; mainly in fruits, but sometimes in buds, flowers or galls (Wharton 2009).
Distribution. Cosmopolitan, except Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Wharton (2009) excluded P. ovaliops (Fischer, 1980) and P. rufoflava Fischer, 2001 (the only species known from the New World) because they belong to different New World species groups.
All known Psyttalia species from China have the setose part of ovipositor sheath about as long as the metasoma or slightly longer (= 3-5 times as long as first metasomal tergite). If the sheath is about twice as long as the metasoma, see the similar Phaedrotoma daghestanicum (Telenga, 1950) comb. n. that may occur in NW China. It is not included in Psyttalia, because the medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum is present, vein CU1b of the fore wing is absent, the pterostigma is narrow, vein 1-CU1 of the fore wing is narrow, the precoxal sulcus is absent and the second metasomal tergite is as long as the third tergite (Fischer 1983). It is included in Phaedrotoma because it keys out there in the key by Li et al. (2013) and in the key below.
Head. Antenna with 40 segments, bristly and erect setose and 1.5 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth  (Thomson), ♀, holotype of Opius brevitemporalis Tobias, habitus lateral. and penultimate segments 2.6, 2.2 and 2.3 times their width, respectively (Figs 6, 10); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; length of eye in dorsal view 4.2 times temple (Fig. 8); temple in dorsal view shiny, smooth and with sparse setae; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 10:5:6; area behind stemmaticum reclivous and with minute pit (Fig. 8); face coarsely punctate with interspaces wider than diameter of punctures, shiny, with a smooth medio-longitudinal convexity widened ventrally (Fig. 7); frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets and with some oblique striae; in front of anterior ocellus with slightly convex ridge, shiny, smooth and glabrous but laterally setose and punctulate (Fig. 8); labrum slightly depressed; clypeus transverse, sparsely punctate, convex, and its ventral margin truncate and narrow (Fig. 7); width of clypeus 4.3 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Figs 7, 11); malar suture wide and shallow, punctate between malar suture and clypeus; mandible not twisted, apically moderately narrowed and with both teeth wide; mandible normal basally and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 11); occipital carina remains far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally largely absent; hypostomal carina narrow ventrally.
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.4, 8.0 and 4.4 times as long as width, respectively (Fig. 12); hind femur with rather long setae, tarsus and tibia densely setose.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.2 times to its apical width, convex medio-posteriorly, its surface strongly and irregularly rugose-punctate (Fig. 5), dorsal carinae strong in its basal half and area below depressed; second suture slightly indicated; basal depressions of second tergite large and tergite 0.9 times as long as third tergite; second and following tergites smooth, shiny and sparsely setose; combined length of second and third metasomal tergites 0.25 times total length of metasoma; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.52 times fore wing, 3.8 times first tergite, 2.4 times hind femur, 1.6 times hind tibia and 1.2 times metasoma; hypopygium about 0.5 times as long as metasoma, distinctly acute apically and about reaching apex of metasoma (Fig. 12).
Male. Except for the sexual differences males are (as in other spp.) very similar to females; in general the size is less and more often than in females the metasomal tergites are darkened.
Variation of type series. The holotype of Psyttalia ophthalmica differs from typical P. carinata by having body partly dark brown and remainder yellowish brown, and scutellum with some setae and punctures posteriorly. These punctures are sometimes also present in typical P. carinata and both have been reared from Rhagoletis alternata (Fallén) (rose hip fly; Tephritidae). P. brevitemporalis has a similar scutellum (Fig. 4), but has the body largely dark brown dorsally and the holotype has the eye in dorsal view 4.2 (paratype 5.2) times as long as temple (4.2 times in holotype of P. ophthalmica, up to 3.8 times in P. carinata). According to Tobias (1998) P. carinata has the upper half of the mesopleuron granulate and P. rhagoleticola has it completely smooth, but clean specimens have always the mesopleuron smooth and shiny dorsally. The length of the temple in dorsal view seems to be variable. The W. Palaearctic specimens have the eye in dorsal view 2.5 times as long as temple (see fig. 267 in Fischer 1972) up to 3.8 times. In the East Palaearctic P. brevitemporalis and P. ophthalmica it varies between 4.2-5.2 times and because we could not find additional differences (except some variation in colour), we assume the variation is clinal. Therefore, we treat P. carinata sensu lato in this paper and synonymize both species under P. carinata.
Notes. In ZJUH there is a similar female from S. China (Yunnan, Simao, 1982, Shiqing Yang, No. 826893) which most likely represents another new species. It has similar small ocelli and smooth frons, but the entirely mesoscutum is yellow, the base of the hind tibia is dark brown, the head is less transverse and vein m-cu of the fore wing is slightly longer than 2-SR+M (as in P. majocellata sp. n.). Differs from P. majocellata sp. n. by the largely dark brown second-fifth tergites of ♀ (vs yellow in ♀ of P. majocellata), the smaller ocelli, the dark brown middle of the pterostigma of ♀ and the less sculptured frons.
Comparative diagnosis. As aptly indicated by its name the female lectotype of P. cyclogaster has the metasoma nearly circular because of the strongly transverse second and third tergites. Best to recognise by the scutellar subapical prominence, more or less developed smooth bump in front of anterior ocellus and pit behind stemmaticum, the laterally distinctly setose scutellum and the more or less distinctly micro-sculptured medio-posterior area of scutellum. According to the key by Fischer (1972) closely related to P. nilotica (Schmiedeknecht, 1900) from Egypt and Israel. However, the given differences (propodeum with bifurcate carina in P. cyclogaster and without in P. nilotica, and head mesosoma and base of metasoma mainly black in P. cyclogaster and reddish yellow in P. nilotica) are variable in the specimens examined and the possibility that P. nilotica is a pale southern form of P. cyclogaster should be considered.
According to Fischer (1972Fischer ( , 1987 P. nilotica should have the precoxal sulcus narrow and the sulcus remains removed from the anterior border of the mesopleuron; this may allow a separation. In the key by Fischer (1987) P. cyclogaster runs to two S. African species: P. vittator (Brues, 1926) if bifurcate carina of propodeum is well developed and P. prothoracalis (Fischer, 1972) if carina is weakly developed or absent. Both species have the eye 1.5-1.6 times as long as temple in dorsal view (vs 2.5-5 times in P. cyclogaster) and, additionally, P. prothoracalis differs from both other species by the narrow, finely crenulate and long sinuate precoxal sulcus (vs medially wide, shorter and coarsely crenulate sulcus).
Head. Antenna with 36 segments and 1.1 times as long as fore wing; third segment as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.3, 3.2 and 1.3 times their width, respectively (Figs 18, 23); length of maxillary palp 1.1 times height of head; length of eye in dorsal view 1.6 times temple (Fig. 20); temple in dorsal view shiny, smooth and with sparse setae; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 18:7:10; area behind stemmaticum with a round depression and in front of anterior ocellus with a bump (Fig. 8); face largely smooth, with satin sheen and sparsely punctulate with a medio-longitudinal convexity dorsally and widened ventrally (Fig. 19); frons depressed behind antennal sockets, slightly shiny, glabrous and crenulate (Fig. 20); labrum depressed; clypeus nearly trapezoid, flat, and its ventral margin nearly straight and thin (Fig. 19); width of clypeus 1.9 times its maximum height and 0.4 times width of face; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Figs 19, 24); malar suture present, punctate between malar suture and clypeus (Fig. 24); mandible somewhat twisted and narrowed apically and normal basally, with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 24); occipital carina widely removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina narrow.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite equal to its apical width, rather flat, its surface strongly and densely punctate-rugose (Fig. 17); second suture slightly indicated; second and following tergites smooth (except some superficial granulation), shiny and sparsely setose; combined length of second and third metasomal tergites 0.3 times total length of metasoma; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.47 times fore wing, 3.5 times first tergite and 1.5 times hind tibia; hypopygium about 0.5 times as long as metasoma and distinctly acute apically (Fig. 26).
Variation of types series. The synonymy of Coeloreuteus formosanus Watanabe is based on photos of its holotype kindly supplied by Andrew Liston (SDEI); it is a pale specimen (with the head and the mesosoma mainly yellowish brown and the hind femur about 3.5 times as long as wide) having all the characteristics of P. cyclogaster as listed in the key. The only differences concern the paler head and mesosoma, smooth scutellum posteriorly and the more retracted (but equally long) hypopygium; these are considered insufficient for retaining it as valid species (both colour and sculpture are too variable in this species). Rhogadopsis longicaudifera Li & van Achterberg belongs also to this extreme form and is, therefore, also synonymized. P. proclivis (Papp) has first tergite of holotype only 1.1 times longer than its apical width (not 1.4 or 1.5 times as indicated by Papp (1981), Fischer (1989) and Tobias (1998)) and fits the diagnosis despite having the first tergite rather smooth. It shares this with P. subcyclogaster (Tobias) and both are rather small (length of body 2.0-2.7 mm and antenna with 28-29 segments). The holotype of P. darasunica (Tobias) differs mainly by the mainly black head and mesosoma, its rather small size, and having 29 antennal segments. In P. cyclogastroides (Tobias) the head and the mesosoma are partly brownish, the type specimens are larger and have 39 antennal segments. Finally, P. extensa Weng & Chen shares the micro-sculptured and setose medio-posterior area of scutellum ( fig. 242 in Weng and Chen 2005), the frontal protuberance and the flattened medium-sized clypeus (Fig. 241, l.c.). The reported basally widened mandible is actually normal as shown on photographs of the holotype taken by Min-Lin Zheng (Fuzhou); it has only a ventro-basal carina.

Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri, 1916)
Opius fletcheri Silvestri, 1916: 163-164;Wharton and Gilstrap 1983: 738. Comparative diagnosis. Psyttalia fletcheri shares with the very similar P. makii and P. incisi the long vein r of fore wing (Fig. 28), the short temple (Fig. 32), vein 2-SR+M of fore wing distinctly widened (Fig. 28) and the antenna largely brownish yellow. Differs from P. incisi by the short vein 2-SR+M of fore wing (about twice as long as wide vs 3.5-4.0 times in P. incisi) and the strongly curved vein m-cu of fore wing (vs weakly curved or straight in P. incisi). Very similar to P. makii, but P. fletcheri has vein r of fore wing about as long as vein 2-SR (vs about 0.8 times vein 2-SR in P. makii) and vein 1-CU1 of fore wing at most 0.7 times as long as vein cu-a (vs about of equal length in P. makii). Distribution. Australia (Queensland), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Réunion, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Introduced in Brazil, China (Taiwan), Fiji, Guam, Japan (Ryukyu Isl.), Philippines, Puerto Rico and U.S.A. (Hawaii, Florida).
Biology. Parasitoid of Tephritidae: probably only of Dacus spp.; other reported hosts may be based on incorrect identification of the parasitoid (confusion with P. incisi) and/or host-relationship (Wharton and Gilstrap 1983). The male of P. fletcheri reported from mainland China (Guangdong) by Yao et al. (2008) reared from Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is obviously misidentified. It is a species near P. majocellata sp. n., but differs by the short and widened vein 1-SR of the fore wing, the wider first subdiscal cell of fore wing, the dark brown pterostigma and the less sculptured frons.
Distribution. China (Fujian), India, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines (Luzon). Introduced in U.S.A. (Hawaii, Florida), Mexico, Fiji, Guam and Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia) (Yu et al. 2012 Notes. The series reared in the lab has either the basal half of pterostigma entirely dark brown and similar to its apical half ( Fig. 28; males) or its basal half is yellow and contrasting with its dark brown apical half (females). The latter is considered to be typical (Wharton and Gilstrap 1983) but can be used only for females. Comparative diagnosis. Easily recognizable species, because of the unique long, widened and slightly curved vein 1-CU1 of the fore wing (Fig. 35) in combination with the largely unsclerotized vein 1-SR+M, the widened but short vein 2-SR+M, and parallel veins m-cu and 1-M of the fore wing (Fig. 35).
Head. Antenna with 43 segments, bristly and rather adpressed setose and 1.7 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.4 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, Figure 33. Psyttalia latinervis sp. n., ♂, holotype, habitus lateral. fourth and penultimate segments 3.0, 2.2 and 1.8 times their width, respectively (Fig.  43); length of maxillary palp 0.9 times height of head; length of eye in dorsal view 3.2 times temple (Fig. 40); temple shiny, smooth except for some punctures posteriorly and with sparse setae; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 45:22:30; area behind stemmaticum reclivous (Fig. 40); face coarsely punctate with interspaces about equal to diameter of punctures and with satin sheen (Fig. 39); frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets and in front of anterior ocellus, shiny, smooth and glabrous but laterally setose and punctulate (Fig. 40); labrum nearly flat; clypeus transverse, convex, and its ventral margin truncate and thin (Fig. 39); width of clypeus 3.5 times its maximum height and 0.8 times width of face; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Figs 39,41); malar suture largely absent; malar space 0.4 times longer than basal width of mandible and area micro-sculptured (Fig. 41); mandible not twisted, apically moderately narrowed and with both teeth wide, normal basally and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 41); occipital carina remains far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally largely absent; hypostomal carina medium-sized ventrally.
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.2, 7.8 and 4.2 times as long as width, respectively (Fig. 42); hind femur with long setae.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, convex medio-posteriorly, its surface largely smooth except some sculpture subposteriorly (Fig. 38), dorsal carinae strong in basal half of tergite and with depressed area below; second suture not indicated; basal depressions of second tergite deep and elliptical; second tergite 0.7 times as long as third tergite; second and following tergites smooth, shiny and sparsely setose; combined length of second and third metasomal tergites 0.35 times total length of metasoma.
Distribution. China (Hainan). Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "latus" (Latin for "wide") and "nervus" (Latin for "nerve, vein") because of the widened vein 1-CU1 of the fore wing. Comparative diagnosis. The new species runs in the key to the subgenus Psyttalia by Fischer (1987) to the Oriental P. walkeri (Muesebeck, 1931). The new species differs by having a short median carina on the propodeum, bifurcated medially and posterior half of propodeum with crenulae ( Fig. 48; vs median carina long, bifurcated apically and posteriorly smooth in P. walkeri), POL equal to diameter of posterior ocellus (vs smaller), face and mesosoma similarly yellow ( Fig. 46; vs face pale yellow, different from reddish yellow mesosoma), second tergite smooth (vs superficially granulate) and first tergite slightly longer than wide apically ( Fig. 48; vs about 1.3 times). The new species can be easily confused with pale P. carinata (Thomson). The new species differs by having larger ocelli (OOL 1.2-1.7 times diameter of posterior ocellus and POL 0.8-1.0 times diameter of ocellus (Fig. 50) vs OOL 2.0-2.4 times diameter of posterior ocellus and POL slightly longer than diameter of ocellus in P. carinata (Fig.  8)), frons and vertex laterally punctate (vs largely smooth), vein 2-SR+M of fore wing 0.6-0.8 times as long as vein m-cu (vs about 0.4 times), second tergite half as long as third tergite (vs 0.8-0.9 times), first discal cell more transverse (vs transverse), base of hind tibia dark brown (vs brownish yellow) and distributed N. Oriental (vs Palaearctic). See note under P. carinata about a similar species from S. China.

Psyttalia majocellata
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 3.3 mm, of fore wing 3.2 mm. Head. Antenna with 40+ segments (apical segments missing), bristly and rather erect setose and at least 1.3 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth penultimate segments 3.2 and 2.6 times their width, respectively (Fig. 44); maxillary palp 1.1 times as long as height of head; length of eye in dorsal view 3.9 times temple (Fig. 50); temple shiny, smooth except for some punctulation posteriorly and with sparse setae; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 22:13:13; area behind stemmaticum reclivous (Fig. 50); face coarsely punctate with interspaces about equal to diameter of punctures and with satin sheen (Fig. 49); frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets and with triangular depression between antennal sockets, shiny, smooth and glabrous but laterally (as vertex) setose and punctate (Fig. 50); labrum nearly flat; clypeus transverse, convex, punctate and its ventral margin truncate and thin (Fig. 49); width of clypeus 2.7 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep ( Fig. 49); malar suture largely absent; malar space 0.4 times longer than basal width of mandible and punctate; mandible not twisted, apically moderately narrowed and with both teeth wide, normal basally and with narrow ventral carina; occipital carina remains far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally absent; hypostomal carina medium-sized ventrally.
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.5, 8.6 and 5.6 times as long as width, respectively (Fig. 42); hind femur with rather long setae.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times its apical width, convex medio-posteriorly, its surface largely finely rugose (Fig. 48), dorsal carinae strong in basal 0.7 of tergite and with depressed area below; second suture slightly indicated; basal depressions of second tergite deep and elliptical; second tergite 0.5 times as long as third tergite; second partly superficially coriaceous and following tergites smooth, shiny and sparsely setose; combined length of second and third metasomal tergites 0.25 times total length of metasoma; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.47 times fore wing, as long as metasoma, 3.2 times first tergite, twice hind femur and 1.5 times hind tibia; hypopygium about 0.5 times as long as metasoma, distinctly acute apically and reaching apex of metasoma (Fig. 51).
Colour. Brownish yellow; stemmaticum black; antenna (except scapus and pedicellus but with dark patch on outer side, third segment darker than fourth one and apical segments becoming paler), ovipositor sheath, base of hind tibia and hind tarsus largely dark brown; tegulae pale yellow; palpi and base of legs ivory; pterostigma pale brown with margins darkened (Fig. 45) and veins brown; wing membrane subhyaline.
Distribution. China (Hainan, Guizhou). Biology. Unknown. Etymology. From "major" (Latin for "larger") and "ocellus" (Latin for "small eye") because of the larger ocelli. (Sonan, 1932) Opius makii Sonan, 1932: 68-69;Gilstrap 1983: 739. Psyttalia makii: Wharton, 1997: 23. Comparative diagnosis. Very similar to P. fletcheri because of the short vein 2-SR+M of fore wing (about twice as long as wide) and the strongly curved vein m-cu of fore wing. Psyttalia makii has vein r of fore wing about 0.8 times as long as vein 2-SR (about as long as vein 2-SR in P. fletcheri) and vein 1-CU1 of fore wing about as long as vein cu-a (at most 0.7 times as long as vein cu-a).
Description. Redescribed after ♀ from Novorossijka, length of body 4.4 mm, of fore wing 4.4 mm.
Head. Antenna with 47 segments, bristly and erect setose and 1.4 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.6 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 3.4, 2.2 and 1.9 times their width, respectively (Figs 70,(75)(76); length of maxillary palp equal to height of head; length of eye in dorsal view 2.2 times temple (Fig. 72); temple in dorsal view shiny, smooth and with sparse setae; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 14:5:8; area behind stemmaticum flat (Fig. 72); face coarsely punctate with most interspaces wider than diameter of punctures, shiny and smooth medio-longitudinal convexity dorsally and widened ventrally (Fig. 71); frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets and in front of anterior ocellus slightly impressed, shiny, smooth and glabrous but laterally with few setae (Fig. 72); labrum slightly depressed; clypeus transverse, convex, with some coarse punctures and its ventral margin protruding, with fringe of long setae and rather thin (Fig. 71); width of clypeus 3.4 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Figs 67, 71); malar suture indistinct except for deep depression near eye, sparsely punctate-rugose between malar suture and clypeus (Fig. 74); mandible not twisted, apically moderately narrowed and with both teeth wide; mandible normal basally and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 74); occipital carina remains far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally largely absent; hypostomal carina rather wide ventrally.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite equal to its apical width, convex medio-posteriorly, its surface largely coarsely rugose (Fig. 69), dorsal carinae strong in its basal half and with depressed area below; second suture slightly indicated; pair of basal depressions of second tergite large and tergite 0.9 times as long as third tergite; second and following tergites smooth, shiny and sparsely setose; combined length of second and third metasomal tergites 0.25 times total length of metasoma; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.56 times fore wing, 4.9 times first tergite, 2.4 times hind femur and 1.7 times hind tibia; hypopygium 0.6 times as long as metasoma, distinctly acute apically and surpassing apex of metasoma (Fig. 73).
Variation. Length of fore wing 4.4-4.7 mm; antenna of ♀ with 47 segments; dorsal pronope absent or present as small round pit; vein 3-SR of fore wing 1.4-1.8 times as long as vein 2-SR; hind femur 2.9-3.2 times as long as wide; setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.46-0.56 times as long as fore wing and 1.5-1.7 times hind tibia.
Head. Antenna with 45 segments, bristly and erect setose and 1.3 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.4 times as long as fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 2.8, 2.0 and 2.3 times their width, respectively (Figs 82, 87-88); length of maxillary palp 1.3 times height of head; length of eye in dorsal view 2.5 times temple (Fig. 84); temple in dorsal view shiny, smooth and with sparse setae; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 9:5:6; area behind stemmaticum flat (Fig. 84); face coarsely punctate with interspaces about equal to diameter of punctures, with satin sheen and sparsely punctulate with a medio-longitudinal convexity dorsally and widened ventrally (Fig. 83); frons slightly depressed behind antennal sockets and in front of anterior ocellus, shiny, smooth and glabrous but laterally setose and punctulate (Fig. 84); labrum slightly depressed; clypeus transverse, convex, and its ventral margin concave, obtuse and thick (Fig. 83); width of clypeus 5.0 times its maximum height and 0.7 times width of face; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Figs 79,83); malar suture indistinct except for deep depression near eye, punctate-rugose between malar suture and clypeus (Fig. 86); mandible not twisted, apically moderately narrowed and with both teeth wide; mandible normal basally and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 86); occipital carina remains far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally largely absent; hypostomal carina rather wide ventrally.
Legs. Length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.9, 8.3 and 5.4 times as long as width, respectively (Fig. 85); hind femur and tibia with long setae.
Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.1 times to its apical width, convex medio-posteriorly, its surface strongly and densely rugose (Fig. 81), dorsal carinae strong in its basal half and with depressed area below; second suture slightly indicated; basal depressions of second tergite large and tergite 0.9 times as long as third tergite; second and following tergites smooth, shiny and sparsely setose; combined length of second and third metasomal tergites 0.25 times total length of metasoma; length of setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.53 times fore wing, 3.8 times first tergite, 2.3 times hind femur and 1.7 times hind tibia; hypopygium about 0.5 times as long as metasoma, distinctly acute apically and reaching apex of metasoma (Fig. 85).
Description. Holotype, ♀, length of body 5.6 mm, of fore wing 5.2 mm. Head. Antenna with 52+ segments (its apex missing), bristly and erect setose and 1.4 times as long as fore wing; third segment 1.2 times as long as fourth segment, length of third and fourth segments 2.6 and 2.1 times their width, respectively (Figs Figure 89. Psyttalia spectabilis sp. n., ♀, holotype, habitus lateral. 97-98); length of maxillary palp 1.2 times height of head; length of eye in dorsal view 4.6 times temple (Fig. 96); temple in dorsal view shiny, largely smooth and with sparse punctures; OOL: diameter of ocellus: POL = 9:5:4; area behind stemmaticum with groove, widened laterally (Fig. 96); face moderately punctate with interspaces wider than diameter of punctures, except submedially, shiny and medio-longitudinal convexity mainly smooth and ventrally widened (Fig. 95); frons moderately depressed behind antennal sockets, shiny, rugose and glabrous but laterally setose and punctulate, in front of anterior ocellus with narrow groove and narrow smooth ridge (Fig.  96); labrum flat; clypeus transverse, convex, coarsely punctate and its ventral margin slightly convex and thin (Fig. 95); width of clypeus 4.0 times its maximum height and 0.8 times width of face; hypoclypeal depression wide and deep (Figs 91, 95); malar space narrow (Fig. 95); malar suture indistinct except for deep depression near eye, between malar suture and clypeus punctate; mandible not twisted, apically moderately narrowed, punctate and with both teeth wide; mandible normal basally and with narrow ventral carina (Fig. 91); occipital carina remains far removed from hypostomal carina and dorsally largely absent; hypostomal carina rather wide ventrally.
Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.3 times its height; dorsal pronope small, round; pronotal side largely smooth, but anterior and posterior grooves present and coarsely crenulate (Fig. 91); propleuron flattened; epicnemial area smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus medially medium-sized and only medially distinctly crenulate, absent anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig. 91); remainder of mesopleuron smooth and shiny; pleural sulcus very finely crenulate ventrally; mesosternal sulcus deep, narrow and finely crenulate; postpectal carina absent; mesoscutum shiny and glabrous (Fig. 92); notauli only anteriorly as pair of nearly smooth impressions and absent on disc, but notaulic courses indicated by setae Notes. Rhogadopsis mystica (Fischer, 1963) comb. n. was originally described in the genus Opius Wesmael and up to now only known of the male holotype. It was later included in Diachasma Foerster, 1863, by Fischer (1972). The latter is an obvious misfit because the clypeus is truncate ventrally (vs convex in Diachasma) and it has a distinct hypoclypeal depression below it (vs absent or as a narrow slit in Diachasma), vein 3-SR of fore wing longer than vein 2-SR and vein m-cu of hind wing absent (according to the original description veins 2-SR and 3-SR equal, but in the figured fore wing 3-SR 1.2 times longer than 2-SR; vs in Diachasma vein 3-SR usually shorter than vein 2-SR and if subequal then vein m-cu of hind wing at least present as a distinctly pigmented trace). Tobias (1998) included it in the subgenus Aulonotus Ashmead of Opius Wesmael. Aulonotus Ashmead is a synonym of Xynobius Foerster, 1863 (Li et al. 2013), but it is unlikely that it belongs there because the dorsal carinae are weakly developed, the marginal cell of the hind wing is wide and vein 3-SR of fore wing slightly longer than vein 2-SR (Fischer 1963). According to the original description vein m-cu of fore wing is distinctly curved and gradually merging into vein 2-CU1, vein 1r-m of hind wing is weakly oblique and 0.7 times as long as vein 1-M, hind wing comparatively wide and medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum present anteriorly, what agrees well with the definition of Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 1913 (Li et al. 2013). It can be separated from other Rhogadopsis species by its complete notauli combined with the antefurcal vein m-cu, short vein 1-SR and distally widened first subdiscal cell of the fore wing.
Biology. Unknown. Notes. The inclusion of Opius mediocarinatus Fischer from Japan in Psyttalia by Tobias (1998Tobias ( , 2000 is an obvious misfit; it is also excluded by Wharton (2009). It has a short (hardly protruding) ovipositor (Fig. 100), vein m-cu of fore wing 0.65 times as long as vein 1-M, vein m-cu of fore wing angled with vein 2-CU1, and a normal second tergite and hypopygium. It belongs to the genus Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 1913, as defined by Li et al. (2013) and is one of the easier identifiable species of the genus because of the shape and sculpture of the first tergite.
The holotype of O. vacuus is a very typical R. mediocarinata because of the reduced posterior groove of the pronotal side, the striped mesoscutum and the elongate first metasomal tergite with the distinct median carina. Vein 1r-m of the hind wing is rather short (0.55 times as long as vein 1-M), but obviously this vein is rather variable in this species and vein 1-M of hind wing has a weak bend subapically.