Corresponding authors: Xiao-Ling Fan (
Academic editor: T. Simonsen
These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.
A molecular phylogeny of the genus
Huang Z-F, Fei W, Wang M, Chiba H, Fan X-L (2016) A preliminary molecular phylogeny of the genus
The skipper genus
Although a comprehensive morphological revision of the genus has been completed, no phylogenetic analysis has been performed to infer relationships within the genus. In the present study, we present a preliminary phylogeny of
See
Twenty-three specimens including nine of the 15 valid species of Insect Collection, Department of Entomology, South China Agriculture University Kyushu University museum
Voucher information and GenBank accession numbers for the specimens in this study.
Species | Locality | Latitude | Longitude | Voucher Number |
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China: Hainan |
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Laos: Luang Prabang |
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Onodera He553 |
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China: Guangdong |
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China: Guangdong |
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China: Guangdong |
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China: Guangdong |
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China: Guangdong |
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Thailand: Kanchanaburi |
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Thailand: Mae Hong Son |
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China: Zhejiang |
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China: Zhejiang |
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China: Sichuan |
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China: Sichuan |
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China: Shaanxi |
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China: Hainan |
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China: Guangdong |
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Indonesia: Kabandungan |
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Indonesia: Kabandungan |
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Indonesia: Kabandungan |
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China: Guangdong |
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Thailand: Chiang Mai |
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China: Hainan |
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— |
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China: Guangdong |
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Genomic DNA was extracted from the thorax of specimens preserved in ethanol, or from legs of dried specimens, using Magen’s Blood/cell/tissue DNA extraction kit. One mitochondrial gene
Amplified DNA products were purified using an Agarose Gel Extraction kit (Magen Biotech), and directly sequenced, or cloned with pMD18-T vector (Takara Inc), and then sequenced. Sequencing was performed using the ABI 3730 automated sequencer. All sequences were submitted to the Genbank database (accession numbers are given in Table
Alignment of the DNA sequences were performed in Clustal X ( Maximum Likelihood Bayesian inference Markov Chain Monte Carlo posterior probabilities bootstrap values
From a total of 23 samples, 22 sequences for
The pairwise P2K distances among the sequences were variable between genes. The ranges of sequence divergences for two loci and ingroup taxa are:
Uncorrected pairwise genetic distances (Kimura 2-parameter) for the
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | ||
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3 | 0.096 | 0.098 | |||||||||||||||||
4 | 0.096 | 0.098 |
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5 | 0.084 | 0.085 | 0.059 | 0.059 | |||||||||||||||
6 | 0.084 | 0.085 | 0.059 | 0.059 |
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7 | 0.084 | 0.085 | 0.061 | 0.061 |
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8 | 0.115 | 0.117 | 0.122 | 0.122 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.099 | ||||||||||||
9 | 0.113 | 0.115 | 0.118 | 0.118 | 0.096 | 0.096 | 0.096 |
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10 | 0.087 | 0.089 | 0.061 | 0.061 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.105 | 0.101 | ||||||||||
11 | 0.085 | 0.087 | 0.061 | 0.061 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.101 | 0.098 |
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12 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.107 | 0.103 | 0.052 | 0.052 | ||||||||
13 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.107 | 0.103 | 0.052 | 0.052 |
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14 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.109 | 0.105 | 0.052 | 0.052 |
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15 | 0.094 | 0.097 | 0.089 | 0.089 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.087 | 0.112 | 0.108 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.084 | |||||
16 | 0.101 | 0.104 | 0.104 | 0.104 | 0.101 | 0.101 | 0.099 | 0.108 | 0.105 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.094 | 0.070 | ||||
17 | 0.094 | 0.097 | 0.096 | 0.096 | 0.085 | 0.085 | 0.085 | 0.124 | 0.121 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.039 | 0.074 | |||
18 | 0.092 | 0.096 | 0.094 | 0.094 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.084 | 0.123 | 0.119 | 0.090 | 0.090 | 0.097 | 0.097 | 0.098 | 0.038 | 0.072 |
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19 | 0.094 | 0.097 | 0.096 | 0.096 | 0.085 | 0.085 | 0.085 | 0.124 | 0.121 | 0.092 | 0.092 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.039 | 0.074 |
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The two model-based analyses (
Majority-rule consensus tree from the Bayesian analysis bootstrap support maximum likelihood posterior probabilities
Clade B is comprised by
In all the analyses,
Although our phylogenetic analyses do not strongly support the monophyly of the genus
Male band of scent scales in the
Based on the original description, distribution data, and the illustrations provided by
A well-support clade comprised by
The key given by
3 | Forewing upper side without spots in spaces M3 or M1 and M2 |
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– | Forewing upper side with spots in spaces M1, M2 and M3 |
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4 | Forewing upper side without spots in spaces M1 and M3, hindwing under side: basal half yellow, distally ferruginous, with five small spots |
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– | Forewing upper side without spot in space M3 |
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5 | Hindwing under side with a conspicuous rectangular white spot in space CuA2 |
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– | Hindwing under side without a conspicuous rectangular white spot in space CuA2 |
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6 | Hindwing upper side without spot in space CuA1, under side with small white spots in spaces Sc+R1, M1-2, M3 and cell |
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– | Hindwing upper side with the spot in space CuA1 |
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7 | Forewing cell spots conjoined, subequal |
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– | Forewing cell spots separated, if conjoined, the lower spot much larger |
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8 | Hindwing upper side hyaline spots white |
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– | Hindwing upper side hyaline spots yellow |
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9 | Forewing upper side the spot in space CuA2 triangular, and with a linear stigma crossing the spots in spaces CuA1 and CuA2 |
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– | Forewing upper side the spot in space CuA2 not as above |
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10 | Forewing upper side the spot in space CuA1 narrow, hindwing upper side without spot in space |
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– | Forewing upper side the spot in space CuA1 broad |
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11 | Hindwing upper side spot in space M3 tiny dot, forewing upper side cell spots cell spots conjoined |
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– | Hindwing upper side spot in space M3 significant, forewing upper side cell spots cell spots separated |
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1♂, 1♀, Nibashan, Rongjing, Sichuan, 26.VII.2009, Min Wang; 1♂, Jialingjiang, Fengxian, Shaanxi, 15.VII.2010, Min Wang.
Forewing length 17–18 mm. This species is different from other species of
Male genitalia (Fig.
Male genitalia of
Female genitalia (Fig.
Female genitalia of
China (Sichuan, Shaanxi).
We are grateful to Drs Liu-Sheng Chen (Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China), Hou-shuai Wang and Hai-ming Xu (