Corresponding author: Xinzheng Li (
Academic editor: C. Glasby
Wang Y, Li X (2016) A new
The
Arwidsson (1906) split
During a sorting of the Maldanine specimens deposited in the Marine Biological Institute of Oceanology,
The specimens were collected from the South China Sea from 1959 to 1962. They have been stored in 70% ethanol. Specimens were examined under Zeiss Stemi 2000-C stereomicroscopes, and compound microscopes. Drawings were prepared with the aid of ‘AxioCam MRc 5’digital camera fitting on the stereomicroscopes. Line drawings are completed in the Adobe Photoshop CS6 using a graphics tablet. Notochaetae and neurochaetae were extracted carefully and observed under optical and scanning electron microscopes Marine Biological
Morphological comparison of species of
Characters | ||||||
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Type locality | Southwest of Macao | Arctic | Southern California | South Africa | California | Gulf of Mexico |
Collar on chaetiger 1 | No | No | Yes, limited ventral side | No | No | Yes, limited ventral side |
Pigmentation | absent | ? | ? | Head of living worm flecked with brown | Anterior segments with dark brown pigment | Nuchal groove with brown pigment spot? |
Shape of nuchal grooves | Strongly curved anteriorly, J-shaped | Short, slightly curved | Slightly curved | J-shaped | Short and divergent anteriorly | slightly curved |
Posterior cephalic rim | Low | Pocket-like | Pocket-like | Pocket-like | Pocket-like | Pocket-like |
Dorsal glandular band on chaetiger 5 | Absent | ? | Absent | Absent | Sixth chaetiger with an anterior dorsal flange* | Dorsal glandular band |
Prostomial palpode | Bluntly rounded | Spade-like | Rounded to semi-triangular | Broadly spatulate | Hemispherical | Bluntly rounded |
Border of anal plate | Laterally notched | Laterally notched | Laterally notched | Laterally notched | Laterally notched | Laterally notched |
Ventral part of anal rim | Smooth to slightly crenulate | Smooth | Slightly crenulate | Crenulated | Slightly crenate | Smooth to slightly crenulate |
Characters | ||||||
Type locality | Congo | Port Phillip Bay, Australia | French | Gorgona Island, Colombia | Strait of Gibraltar | Philippines |
Collar on chaetiger 1 | No | Ventrally; inconspicuous | No | No | No | No |
Pigmentation | ? | ? | No pigmentation | ? | ? | 2 eye spots on peristomium |
Shape of nuchal grooves | ? | Faintly J-shaped | Short and arched | Boldly curved | ? | Slightly curved |
Posterior cephalic rim | ? | Pocket-like | Pocket-like | Pocket-like | Low | Pocket-like |
Dorsal glandular band on chaetiger 5 | ? | Absent | Absent | ? | Absent | |
Prostomial palpode | ? | Prow-like | Spade-like | Bluntly rounded | ? | Spade-like |
Border of anal plate | ? | Laterally notched | Laterally notched | Complete, no notches | ? | Complete, no notches |
Ventral part of anal rim | ? | Smooth | Crenulated | Smooth | ? | Smooth |
Characters | ||||||
Type locality | Between Galapagos Islands and Peru | Middle America Trench | Darvel Bay | Kashima Sea | Sweden | Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand |
Collar on chaetiger 1 | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
Pigmentation | Living worm with dark pigment areas on anterior body | Without distinct color patterns | ? | Anterior body with brown spots | Anterior end with black-brown pigmentation, but smaller individuals may be missing | ? |
Shape of nuchal grooves | Short, curved | Short, curved | Short, curved | Short, curved in a semicircle | Short, slightly curved | J-shaped |
Posterior cephalic rim | ? | Pocket-like | Pocket-like | Low | Pocket-like | Pocket-like |
Dorsal glandular band on chaetiger 5 | Absent | Absent | ? | Absent | Crescentic glandular band, but not always present | ? |
Prostomial palpode | Narrow and pointed | Broudly rounded | Spade-like | Broudly rounded | Spade-like | Broadly spatulate |
Border of anal plate | ? | Laterally notched | Laterally notched | Laterally notched | Laterally notched | Laterally notched |
Ventral part of anal rim | ? | Crenulated | Smooth | Smooth | Smooth to slightly crenulated | Crenulated |
from
Body with19 chaetigers. Cephalic plate circular. Prostomial palpode bluntly rounded, and confluent with cephalic rim. Cephalic rim low and entire with slight incisions. Cephalic keel short. First chaetiger without collar. Chaetiger 6 with a collar-like glandular band. Neurochaetae beginning to present on the second chaetiger. Notochaetae spirally fringed with short companion chaetae. Two preanal achaetigerous segment. Anus dorsal, with anal valve. Anal plate well-developed, but no anal cirri; with two lateral deep incisions on anal rim.
The generic name is a combination of the prefix para- (meaning resembing) and the generic name
The new genus
Holotype:
China, south of Hainan Island,
Complete specimen with 19 chaetigers and two preanal achaetigerous segments. Cephalic plate rounded. Cephalic rim with two lateral creases, margin of the rim almost smooth. Anterior chaetigers biannulate. Sixth chaetiger with thick, collar-like glandular band. Rim of anal plate with deep lateral notches,ventral margin of anal rim crenulate, dorsal margin smooth.
Holotype complete, 43 mm long, and 2.0 mm wide at the third chaetiger. Paratype of
Cephalic plate obliquely truncated, edge almost circular (Fig.
First four chaetigers completely biannulate, each comprising an achaetigerous and chaetigerous annulus. First six chaetigers short, following chaetigers elongated. Epidermal glands developed well on chaetigers 1–6. Glands only present on parapodial tori of following segments.Thick glandular band resembling a collar located on anterior part of sixth chaetiger, covering rear of fifth chaetiger, divided into dorsal and ventral parts by two lateral slits (Figs
Neurochaetae beginning to present on second chaetiger, with many small teeth on main fang (Figs
Two preanal achaetigerous segments marked by parapodial rudiments (Figs
The specific name
Holotype:
Other material examined:
China, southwest of Macao,
Cephalic plate obliquely truncated, elliptical. Cephalic rim low and divided into lateral and dorsal lobes by lateral incisions. Lateral cephalic rim confluent with prostomial palpode. Prostomial palpode bluntly rounded. Nuchal grooves deep and strongly curved outward anteriorly, J-shaped. Anal plate almost truncate and rounded. Rim of anal plate low, with deep lateral incisions.
Holotype about 65 mm in length, 1.5 mm in width. Largest specimen more than 70 mm in length, and 3.0 mm in width. Segments short on anterior and posterior body, longer on middle body (Figs
Body with 19 chaetigers, two preanal achaetigerous segments followed by a pygidium. Cephalic plate obliquely truncated, elliptical (Figs
First five chaetigers biannulate (Figs
Chaetae of
Two short and rudimentary preanal achaetigerous segments (Figs
Body wall of small individuals thin but thick in large ones. Body of small individuals smooth, semitransparent and lacking epidermal glands. Large individuals with glandular pads on parapodial tori and ventral side of chaetigers 3–5.
The specific epithet is the Latin adjective
1 | First two chaetigers without neurochaetae |
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– | Only first chaetiger without neurochaetae |
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2 | Chaetiger 6 without collar-like glandular band | 3 |
– | Chaetiger 6 with collae-like glandular band |
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3 | Pygidium with anal valve |
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– | Pygidium without anal valve |
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4 | Nuchal grooves U-shaped; prostomial palpode mushroom-shaped |
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– | Nuchal grooves slightly curved to J-shaped; prostomial palpode spade-like |
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5 | First chaetiger without a collar |
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– | First chaetiger with a collar complete or limited to the ventral side |
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6 | Nuchal grooves J- or U-shaped; prostomial palpode mushroom-shaped; cephalic rim with crenulations or digitiform cirri; first chaetiger with a collar usually ventrally limited, sometimes complete |
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– | Nuchal grooves small, crescentic; prostomial palpode spadelike or indistinct; cephalic rim smooth without crenulations or digitiform cirri; the first chaetiger with a complete collar |
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This study was financially supported by the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Project (No. 201505004-1 and 201105012). We are grateful to Dr. José Eriberto De Assis of Federal