Corresponding authors: Ming-fu Wang (
Academic editor: P. Cerretti
A total of 17 species of the
Wang M-f, Li W, Zhu W-b, Zhang D (2016) Review of the
The
At the end of the nineteenth century,
Asian species of the
The biological characteristics of these species have never been fully studied. The study of specimens in our entomological collections has revealed that the majority of species in the group occur in wooded or shrubby habitats. According to
In this paper, we review 17 known Palearctic and Oriental species belonging to the
The morphological terminology used in this paper follows Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
The following abbreviations are used for characters throughout the text:
1 | Hind femur with at least 2 |
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– | Hind femur with only 1 |
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2 |
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– |
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3 | Mid first tarsomere without a basal tooth-like spine on ventral surface; hind femur with 4 to 6 |
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– | Mid first tarsomere with a basal tooth-like spine on ventral surface; hind femur with only 2 |
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4 | Hind femur without distinct |
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– | Hind femur with 7 or 8 |
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5 | Hind coxa with setulae on posterior surface; |
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– | Hind coxa bare on posterior surface |
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6 | Fore tibia with 7 to 9 slender |
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– | Fore tibia without slender |
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7 | Hind femur without distinct |
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– | Hind femur with |
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8 | Hind femur with 3 to 5 |
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– | Hind femur with 7 to 14 |
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9 | Abdomen at least yellowish in basal part |
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– | Abdomen entirely black |
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10 | Mid first tarsomere with a stout basal tooth-like spine on ventral surface |
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– | Mid first tarsomere with a weak basal tooth-like spine on ventral surface |
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11 | Syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3–4 each with a dark median stripe |
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– | Syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3–4 each with an inverted T-shaped dark mark |
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12 | Frons, at its narrowest point, about as wide as anterior ocellus; |
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– | Frons, at its narrowest point, slightly wider than the distance between outer margins of posterior ocelli; |
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13 | Postocular setae in 2 rows |
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– | Postocular setae in one row |
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14 |
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– |
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15 | Scutum entirely black; bacilliform process long and only bent ventrally |
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– | Scutum with thin grayish pollinosity; bacilliform process long or short, twisted |
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16 | Hind femur with 10 to 15 stout |
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– | Hind femur with 5 stout |
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China: Jilin: 1 male, Mt. Changbai,
Nearctic: throughout Canada, USA (Alaska, North Carolina, south to California); Palearctic: China (Jilin, Neimenggu, Shanxi), Sweden.
China: Jilin: 1 male, Mt. Changbai,
Palearctic: China (Jilin), Japan.
Nearctic: Canada, USA (Alaska); Palearctic: Norway.
Oriental: China (Taiwan).
Holotype male: China, Xinjiang, Jakesi,
Palearctic: China (Xinjiang).
Palearctic: throughout Europe.
MALE. Body length 4.8 mm. Eye with short and distant hairs or bare; postocular setae in 2 rows, those of the anterior row sparse and long, curved anteriorly, those of the posterior row short; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with silvery-white pollinosity; frons at narrowest point slightly wider than the distance between outer margins of posterior ocelli; frontal vitta black, at narrowest point about as wide as fronto-orbital plate; frontal setae 12, stout, situated on the lower 4/5 of frons, orbital setae absent; parafacial bare, at middle about 1/3 as wide as the width of postpedicel; antenna black, postpedicel about 2.0 to 2.5x as long as wide, arista ciliated, the longest individual hairs shorter than aristal base; epistoma not projecting beyond vibrissal angle, vibrissal angle behind frontal angle in profile; genal height about 1/14 of eye height; prementum shining, about 3.0x as long as wide; palpus dark brown, claviform, slightly shorter than prementum. Thorax ground-color black, notum with dark brown pollinosity; presutural
FEMALE. Unknown.
Holotype male: China, Sichuan, Emeishan, Mt. Emei,
Oriental: China (Yunnan); Palearctic: China (Shaanxi, Sichuan).
MALE. Body length 4.0 mm. Eye bare; postocular setae in one row, slender and curved anteriorly, occipital setae situated behind the postocular setae on vertex and in one row; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with grayish-silvery pollinosity; frons at narrowest point slightly narrower than the distance between outer margins of posterior ocelli, about 2/3 as wide as postpedicel; frontal vitta black, linear at narrowest point; frontal setae 7 to 9, stout, nearly reaching ocellar triangle, the gaps between them without setulae; orbital setae absent; parafacial bare and narrow, at middle about 2/5 of width of postpedicel; antenna black, postpedicel about 1.5x as long as wide, arista black and ciliated, slightly swollen in basal part, the longest individual hairs shorter than aristal base; epistoma not projecting beyond vibrissal angle, vibrissal angle behind frontal angle in profile; subvibrissal setulae in one row, lateral of it with 2 or 3 fine setae; gena and genal dilation with black setulae, upper margin of gena without upcurved setae; prementum with thin grayish pollinosity, slightly shining, about 2.3x as long as wide; palpus black, claviform, about as long as prementum. Thorax ground-color black, notum with thin dark brown pollinosity, without a distinct vitta; presutural
FEMALE. Unknown.
The new species is attributed to the
The specific name is derived from name of the type locality, Ningxia.
Holotype male: China, Ningxia, Guyuan, Jingyuan, Dongshanpo, 2200 m, 27.VI.2008, Coll. M.F. Wang (
Palearctic: China (Ningxia).
Holotype male: China, Yunnan, Yulongxueshan,
Oriental: China (Yunnan).
China: Heilongjiang: 2 male, Xilinji,
Nearctic: throughout North America; Palearctic: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China (Heilongjiang), Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, former Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom (England).
China: Jilin: 2 male, Mt. Changbai, Xiaotianchi,
Oriental: China (Taiwan, Yunnan); Palearctic: China (Jilin, Shanxi, Sichuan), Japan, Sweden, United Kingdom.
China: Heilongjiang: 1 male, Wuying,
Nearctic: Canada (Labrador, Northwest Territories, Ontario), USA (Alaska, south to Arizona & New Mexico, Minnesota); Palearctic: China (Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi), throughout Europe, Japan.
Palearctic: Slovakia.
China: Jilin: Mt. Changbai,
Palearctic: China (Jilin, Shanxi), Norway, Sweden.
MALE. Body length 5.0 mm. Eye bare; upper inner facets larger than the remaining facets; postocular setae in one row, short and neatly arranged, occipital setae absent; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial with grayish-silvery pollinosity; frons at narrowest point slightly wider than the distance between outer margins of posterior ocelli, about as wide as postpedicel; frontal vitta black, with grayish-silvery pollinosity, at narrowest point about as wide as fronto-orbital plate; frontal setae 5, stout, nearly reaching ocellar triangle, the gaps between them without setulae, orbital setae absent; parafacial bare, at middle about 1/2 as wide as postpedicel; antenna black, postpedicel about 1.5x as long as wide, arista ciliated, slightly swollen in basal part, the longest individual hairs shorter than aristal base; epistoma not projecting beyond vibrissal angle, vibrissal angle behind frontal angle in profile; subvibrissal setulae in one row, lateral of it with several setae; gena and genal dilation with black setulae, upper margin of gena without upcurved setae; prementum shining, without distinct pollinosity, about 2.0x as long as wide; palpus black, claviform, slightly longer than prementum. Thorax ground-color black, notum with dark brown pollinosity, without a distinct vitta; presutural
FEMALE. Unknown.
The new taxon is similar to the holarctic species
This specific name refers to the similarity between the new species and
Holotype male: China, Heilongjiang, Yichun, Wuying, 3.V.1975, Coll. S.Y. Fang (
Palearctic: China (Heilongjiang).
Palearctic: throughout Europe.
Palearctic: throughout Europe.
Sincere thanks to Dr. Adrian C. Pont (Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, U.K.), Dr. Rudolf Rozkošný (Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic), and Dr. Kazumi Nishida (Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan) for giving us invaluable help for many years. This study was supported by the Director Foundation of the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 31272347, No. 31071957), and the Director Fund of Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Shenyang Normal University (No. EERC-K-201401).