Corresponding author: Radim Gabriš (
Academic editor: Y. Bousquet
We reviewed the species of genus
Gabriš R, Kundrata R, Trnka F (2016) Review of
Long-horned beetles (
Herein, we review the
The study is based on adult semaphoronts of both sexes. Before the investigation of the external morphological characters, specimens were cleaned from a crust of dirt in a sonicator, following the method of (Dimethyl Hydantoin Formaldehyde) – body length, measured from the fore margin of head to the apex of elytra – maximal body width
personal collection of Daniel J. Heffern, Houston, TX, USA
personal collection of Jim Cope, San Jose, CA, USA
personal collection of Larry G. Bezark, Sacramento, CA, USA
Body elongate to broadly oval, 9.4–11.8 mm long and 3.5–4.3 mm wide in males, and 11.1–12.5 mm long and 4.3–4.9 mm wide in females. Body coloration brown to black; antennae, palpi and legs (or only appendage joints) lighter (Figs
Prothorax sub-cylindrical, 0.9–1.1 times as long as wide, widest slightly before middle, then gradually narrowed towards posterior margin, laterally with one small more or less distinct tubercle; pronotal disc weakly convex, sparsely covered with deep puncturation, with more or less distinct, smooth or punctured tubercles (Figs
Abdomen with five ventrites (Fig.
Malaysia: Borneo (Sarawak:
Holotype, male, “Klinkang / 1-01 // Type //
This species differs from
(male). Body length 11.2 mm, body width 3.9 mm. Body brown; appendage joints and palpi lighter. Body densely clothed with very short golden brown pubescence, incorporating fine detritus particles. Head slightly narrower than anterior margin of pronotum. Antennae as long as body; scape gradually widened towards apex, thickest at apical part, covered with very short dense light brown pubescence; the relative ratio of antennomere lengths 2.0 : 0.2 : 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.6 : 0.4 : 0.4 : 0.4 : 0.4 : 0.5 : 0.8.
Prothorax 1.1 times as long as wide, laterally with one small obtuse tubercle; pronotal disc with a pair of distinct tubercles near middle and one median at second half; pronotal tubercles not punctured. Prosternum in front of coxae 0.7 times shorter than diameter of coxal cavity. Scutellum transverse, about four times as wide as long. Elytra elongate, 1.6 times as long as wide at widest part, 1.9 times as long as pronotum, widest before middle; each elytron with three rows of tubercles irregular in shape and size (Figs
Male genitalia with tegmen elongate, widest before middle, basally without distinct strut; parameres elongate, less than half of phallobase length, apically with sparse long setae (Figs
Female unknown.
Malaysia: Borneo (Sarawak: “Klinkang”). There is “Klinkang” written on the original label, but “Kuching” in the original description (
Holotype, male, “Batu Lawi / Expedition / Between ulu / Madihil and Lim- / bang, 5-1911 / Gazette Aug. / 1911 //
Male, “Malaysia, Sabah / Crocker Range / I-12-2004 / Jackson coll //
(male).
Prothorax as long as wide, laterally with one indistinct tubercle; pronotal disc with a pair of indistinct tubercles near middle and one median at second half; pronotal tubercles punctured. Prosternum in front of coxae 0.6 times shorter than diameter of coxal cavity. Scutellum transverse, more than three times as wide as long. Elytra elongate, 1.4 times as long as wide at widest part, 1.6 times as long as pronotum, widest at middle; each elytron with three rows of tubercles irregular in shape and size (Figs
Male genitalia with tegmen elongate, widest before middle, basally with short strut; parameres elongate, less than half of phallobase length, with dense long setae at apical half (Fig.
Most characters same as for males.
Malaysia: Borneo (Sabah).
The genus
The name
Female. Body elongate,
Head slightly wider than anterior pronotal margin; genae convex at frontal view; frontoclypeus with midline running from interantennal groove to labrum, sparsely punctured; antennal tubercles prominent with deep depression in between; anterior margin of anteclypeus shallowly emarginate, with sparse long yellowish semi-erected setae. Labrum free, transverse, glabrous, with sparse long semi-erect setae (Figs
Prothorax sub-cylindrical, 0.9–1.0 times as long as wide, widest at middle, gradually narrowed towards posterior margin, laterally with one small obtuse tubercle; pronotal disc weakly convex, sparsely covered with deep puncturation, with a pair of tubercles near middle and one median at second half; anterior and posterior angles obtuse; pronotal tubercles punctured (Figs
Abdomen with five ventrites (Fig.
Male unknown.
Malaysia: Borneo (Sabah).
Holotype, female, “Malaysia, Sabah / Sipitang area / II-1-2003 / local coll //
This species is very similar to
(female).
Head slightly wider than anterior pronotal margin. Antennae 0.7 times as long as body; scape enlarged, reaching about half of pronotum, gradually widened towards apex, thickest at apical part, surface slightly distorted, not smooth, covered with very short dense pubescence; the relative ratio of antennomere lengths: 3.4 : 0.7 : 1.0 : 1.2 : 1.1 : 0.9 : 0.8 : 0.8 : 0.8 : 0.8 : 1.4 (Fig.
Prothorax as long as wide, laterally with one small obtuse tubercle; pronotal disc with pair of tubercles near middle and one median at second half; pronotal tubercles punctured. Prosternum in front of coxae 0.8 times shorter than diameter of coxal cavity. Scutellum transverse, about 3.5 times as wide as long. Elytra elongate, 1.8 times as long as wide at widest part, 2.3 times as long as pronotum, widest near middle; each elytron with three rows of irregular, slightly elevated tubercles (Figs
Female genitalia with ovipositor elongate, narrow, apically with short styli (Fig.
Malaysia: Borneo (Sabah: Sipitang, Trus Madi).
The specific name is a patronym in honor of Mr. Daniel J. Heffern (Houston, USA), who kindly provided us with the type material.
Holotype, female, “Malaysia, Sabah / Kuamut / III-13-2014 / local coll // HOLOTYPE /
(female).
Head slightly wider than anterior pronotal margin. Antennae 0.7 times as long as body; scape enlarged, reaching about half of pronotum, gradually widened towards apex, thickest at apical part, surface slightly distorted, not smooth, covered with very short dense pubescence; relative ratio of antennomere lengths: 3.2 : 0.5 : 1.0 : 1.1 : 1.0 : 0.7 : 0.8 : 0.7 : 0.7 : 0.7 : 1.5 (Fig.
Prothorax 0.9 times as long as wide, widest at middle, laterally with one small obtuse tubercle; pronotal disc with pair of tubercles near middle and one median at second half; pronotal tubercles punctured. Prosternum in front of coxae 0.9 times shorter than diameter of coxal cavity. Scutellum transverse, about three times as wide as long. Elytra elongate, 1.8 times as long as wide at widest part, 2.3 times as long as pronotum, widest near middle; each elytron with three rows of irregular, slightly elevated tubercles (Figs
Female genitalia with ovipositor elongate, narrow, apically with short styli (Fig.
Malaysia: Borneo (Sabah: Kuamut).
The name “
The
Female. Body robust, elongate,
Head about as wide as anterior pronotal margin, subquadrate at frontal view (genae parallel-sided); frontoclypeus with midline running from interantennal groove to labrum, sparsely punctured; antennal tubercles prominent with deep depression in between; anterior margin of anteclypeus shallowly emarginate, with sparse long yellowish semi-erected setae (Fig.
Prothorax sub-cylindrical, as long as wide, widest at middle, gradually slightly narrowed towards posterior margin, laterally without tubercles; pronotal disc sub-parallel sided, weakly convex, surface coarsely wrinkled, without distinct tubercles, sparsely covered with deep puncturation, anterior and posterior angles obtuse (Fig.
Abdomen with five ventrites; first ventrite (excluding intercoxal process) more than 1.5 times longer than second; intercoxal process short, broadly rounded (Fig.
Male unknown.
The name
Holotype, female, “Nord-Borneo / Kinabalu, West- / hang, ca 2800 m // 4.III.1969 / Dr. H. Löffler leg. //
(female).
Head about as wide as anterior pronotal margin, subquadrate at frontal view (genae parallel-sided); frontoclypeus sparsely punctured; anterior margin of anteclypeus shallowly emarginate, with sparse long yellowish semi-erected setae (Fig.
Prothorax as long as wide, widest at middle, laterally without tubercles; pronotal disc sub-parallel sided, weakly convex, surface coarsely wrinkled, without distinct tubercles, sparsely covered with deep puncturation, anterior and posterior angles obtuse (Fig.
Abdomen with fifth ventrite truncate apically, margin with sparse semi-erect pubescence. Female genitalia with ovipositor elongate, narrow, apically with short styli (Fig.
Male unknown.
Malaysia: Borneo (Sabah: Kinabalu).
This species is named after Mr. Tamás Németh (
This genus is unique within Bornean
Body robust, elongate, 10.8 mm long and 3.9 mm wide in male, and 12.6–14.6 mm long and 4.9–5.5 mm wide in females. Body reddish brown to dark brown; appendage joints lighter, palpi brown to black. Body very densely clothed with very short golden brown pubescence; scape, legs, scutellum, apex of elytra and abdominal ventrites covered with longer sparse semi-erected yellow setae (Fig.
Head about as wide as anterior margin of pronotum; genae convex at frontal view; frontoclypeus with distinct midline running from interantennal groove to labrum, sparsely punctured, punctures deep with setae inside; antennal tubercles prominent with moderately deep depression in between; antennal cavities opened dorsally; anterior margin of anteclypeus shallowly emarginate, with sparse long yellowish semi-erected setae. Labrum free, transverse, glabrous, covered with long, sparse semi-erect setae, apical margin with short dense pubescence (Fig.
Prothorax sub-cylindrical, as long as wide, widest at middle, laterally with one small obtuse tubercle; pronotal disc weakly convex, sparsely covered with deep puncturation, with pair of more or less distinct tubercles near middle and two median at first and second half, respectively; pronotal tubercles smooth or sparsely punctured; anterior and posterior angles obtuse. Prosternum in front of coxae 0.7 times shorter than diameter of coxal cavity, sparsely punctured; procoxal cavities circular, narrowly separated (Fig.
Abdomen with five ventrites; first ventrite (excluding intercoxal process) about or slightly more than 1.5 times longer than second; intercoxal process short, broadly rounded. Fifth ventrite with apex broadly rounded in male, truncate in females, margin with very sparse semi-erect pubescence. Male genitalia with tegmen elongate, widest at posterior 1/3, basally with long strut; parameres short, distinctly shorter than phallobase, apically with short fine setae (Figs
The name
Holotype, male, “Malaysia, Sabah / Tenom / III-12-2008 / local coll //
Female, “Malaysia, Sabah / Sipitang area / IV-11-2002 / local coll ‘Unil‘ //
(male).
Head about as wide as anterior margin of pronotum; genae convex at frontal view; frontoclypeus with distinct midline running from interantennal groove to labrum, sparsely punctured; anterior margin of anteclypeus shallowly emarginate, with sparse long yellowish semi-erected setae. Labrum transverse, glabrous, covered with long, sparse semi-erect setae, apical margin with short dense pubescence (Fig.
Prothorax sub-cylindrical, as long as wide, widest at middle, laterally with one small obtuse tubercle; pronotal disc weakly convex, sparsely covered with deep puncturation, with pair of distinct tubercles near middle and two median at first and second half, respectively; pronotal tubercles sparsely punctured; anterior and posterior angles obtuse. Scutellum transverse, about three times as wide as long. Elytra elongate, 1.7 times as long as wide at widest part, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; each elytron with three rows of prominent irregular tubercles forming distinct ridges (Figs
Abdomen with five ventrites; first ventrite (excluding intercoxal process) about 1.5 times longer than second; intercoxal process short, broadly rounded. Fifth ventrite with apex broadly rounded, margin with very sparse semi-erect pubescence. Male genitalia with tegmen elongate, widest at posterior 1/3, basally with long strut; parameres short, distinctly shorter than phallobase, apically with short fine setae (Figs
Most characters same as for males.
Two females contained large larvae (two and three, respectively) inside their abdomens. The larvae filled most of the females’ abdomens and were located with their heads oriented towards the abdominal base (Fig.
Body up to 7.0 mm long and 1.6 mm wide, elongate, subcylindrical, creamy white, heavily sclerotized head capsule and mandibles darker (Fig.
Malaysia: Borneo (Sabah).
The specific name refers to the distinct ridges of tubercles on elytra (Fig.
1 | Antennomere II distinctly longer than antennomere III |
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– | Antennomere II shorter than antennomere III |
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2 | Body slender, narrow, parallel-sided; |
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– | Body more robust, mostly broadly oval; |
|
3 | Antennomere III shorter than antennomere XI; antennomere II 0.4–0.7 times as long as antennomere III; antennomere III 1.7–2.4 times longer than wide |
|
– | Antennomere III longer than antennomere XI; antennomere II 0.2–0.3 times as long as antennomere III; antennomere III 3.2–4.1 times longer than wide |
|
4 | Body larger ( |
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– | Body smaller ( |
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5 | Body pubescence darker, chestnut brown; antennomere II 0.7 times as long as antennomere III; spermatheca with apex rounded; sclerotized part of spermathecal duct very long, strongly coiled (Fig. |
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– | Body pubescence paler, yellowish brown; antennomere II 0.5 times as long as antennomere III; spermatheca with apex tapered; sclerotized part of spermathecal duct short, curved (Fig. |
|
6 | Mandibular apex bidentate (Fig. |
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– | Mandibular apex unidentate (Fig. |
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7 | Apex of scape thickened moderately (Fig. |
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– | Apex of scape thickened substantially, forming distinct bulge (Figs |
|
Borneo is one of the major biodiversity hotspots in the world (
The cerambycid tribe
The vast majority of insects are oviparous, i.e. their females lay eggs and embryogenesis occurs after oviposition. Ovoviviparous species retain their eggs in the genital tracts until the larvae are ready to hatch. There are no special nutritional adaptations developed in egg or female’s body; embryo uses only nutritional reserves from the egg cytoplasm. On the other hand, in truly viviparous species the embryo receives nourishment also (or only) from the parent. The ovoviviparity is sometimes considered as a transitional stage between oviparity and viviparity, but also very often treated as a special case of viviparity (
Within
We are very obliged to J. Bergsten (