Corresponding author: Laurence Mound (
Academic editor: P. Stoev
An illustrated identification system is presented to 99 species and 49 genera in three families recorded from the Hawaiian Islands in the
Mound L, Nakahara S, Tsuda DM (2016) Thysanoptera-Terebrantia of the Hawaiian Islands: an identification manual. ZooKeys 549: 71–126. doi:
This paper derives from a 200 page un-illustrated typescript prepared by Steve Nakahara some years prior to his retirement in 1998 from work on thrips. His co-author, Dick Tsuda, sent that typescript to Laurence Mound in June 2015, and in the absence of funding to complete such an extensive work, this annotated identification manual was prepared in Canberra, Australia. Records of taxa from particular Hawaiian Islands are copied from the original typescript.
This account of the
General information about
About 50% of
An important aspect of the biology of thrips is the identity of the plants on which individual species can maintain populations, although this relationship can be difficult to establish (
Given that the only recorded endemic Hawaiian
The members of this Order of insects are known as thrips. This word is a plural noun, such that whether “two thrips” or just “one thrips”, the word thrips remains unchanged in the same way that the word sheep is both singular and plural. The word thrips is a Greek word for woodworm, because many of the early records of these insects referred to fungus-feeding species that live on dead branches.
Two suborders are recognised, the
The following technical terms are used in the keys provided here. In association with the three ocelli on the head there are commonly three pairs of setae: ocellar setal pair I in front of the first ocellus, pair II arise laterally close to the compound eyes, pair III vary in position from inside to just outside the ocellar triangle. Ocellar setal pair I are absent in species of
1 | Abdominal segment X tubular; ovipositor inflatable and extruded at base of tube; fore wings when present, with no surface microtrichia nor visible longitudinal veins |
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– | Abdominal segment X longitudinally divided ventrally, ovipositor of 4 saw-edged valves; fore wings, when present, with surface microtrichia and two longitudinal veins |
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Worldwide in this suborder only one family (
Of the eight families worldwide that are recognised in this suborder (
1 | Antennal segments III and IV with emergent, simple or forked sense cones (Figs |
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– | Antennal segments III and IV with sensoria not protruding, elongate or oval (Figs |
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2 | Antenna 9-segmented, III–IV elongate, parallel sided, with sensoria elongate along these segments (Figs |
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– | Antenna 8-segmented, III–IV with convex sides, sensoria transverse or sub-circular at apex of segments (Figs |
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Over 200 species in 23 genera are listed in this family (
1 | Antennal segment III less than 6 times as long as wide; sensoria on III–IV linear, no more than 0.5 as long as segment (Fig. |
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– | Antennal segment III about 10 times longer than wide; sensoria on III–IV sinuous and almost as long as segment (Fig. |
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The 105 species listed in this genus are almost entirely from the Holarctic, with no more than five species known from India or South Africa (
1 | Abdominal segments II and III pale (Fig. |
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– | Abdomen completely blackish brown |
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2 | Antennal segment VI less than one-half as long as V (Fig. |
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– | Antennal segment VI about two-thirds as long as V (Fig. |
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This genus includes 16 species, and these occur in various countries around the tropics (
This family comprises 16 species in three genera. A few species are found widely around the tropics, but most are Neotropical, with two species of one genus known from the Hawaiian Islands. Adult females bear a pair of lobes on the posterior margin of sternite VII, and these lobes have been considered to represent a reduced eighth sternite (
The species in this genus have 8-segmented antennae, with a circular or transverse sensorium at the apex of segments III and IV, and segment VIII elongate. They are minute insects that are fungus-feeders on dead twigs. The genus was treated by
1 | Pronotum with faint longtitudinal striae medially as well as near posterior margin |
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– | Pronotum with striae only on posterior area |
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With rather more than 2000 species and 290 genera worldwide (
1 | Body surface strongly reticulate (Figs |
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– | Body surface either not reticulate, or with relatively weak sculpture, and colour varying from brown to almost white; fore wing first vein distinct from costa; meso- and/or metathoracic furca usually with median spinula |
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2 | Metathoracic furca lyre-shaped, greatly prolonged anteriorly (Fig. |
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– | Metathoracic furca transverse or produced as simple median spinula (Figs |
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3 | Femora and tibiae with rows of microtrichia (Fig. |
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– | Femora and tibiae without closely spaced rows of microtrichia; fore wing chaetotaxy different; sense cone on antennal segment VI with base circular to elongate-oval; abdominal tergite IX usually with one or two pairs of campaniform sensilla (Fig. |
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A taxonomic account of this group was provided by
1 | Fore wing with polygonal reticulation (Fig. |
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– | Forewing not reticulate; antenna 8-segmented |
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2 | Antennal segments III–IV with simple sense cones (Fig. |
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– | Antennal segments III–IV with sense cones forked (Fig. |
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3 | Abdominal segment II anterolaterally with dense cluster of recurved, stout, microtrichia (Fig. |
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– | Abdominal segment II without paired anterolateral clusters of stout microtrichia; mesonotum without complete longitudinal median division |
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4 | Tergite X with apices of terminal setae acute; metanotum with longest pair of setae on anterior half of sclerite; tergites III–VII with paired clusters of reticles (Fig. |
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– | Tergite X with apices of terminal setal pair capitate; metanotum with longest pair of setae on posterior half of sclerite; tergites without clusters of reticles |
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5 | Fore wing anterior margin with cilia, posterior margin with cilia straight, wing apex rounded; head with polygonal reticulation, not projecting in front of eyes (Fig. |
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– | Fore wing anterior margin without cilia, posterior margin with cilia wavy, wing apex pointed; head projecting in front of eyes, with rugose sculpture (Fig. |
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6 | Fore wing uniformly deeply shaded (Fig. |
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– | Fore wing not uniformly dark; head without distinct neck; abdominal tergite X with dorsal longitudinal split |
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7 | Tarsi 2-segmented; fore wing with 2 complete rows of setae (Fig. |
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– | Tarsi one-segmented; fore wing first vein with few setae (Fig. |
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8 | Head without markings within sculptured reticles, except posterior to strong occipital ridge (Fig. |
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– | Head with markings within sculptured reticles, without occipital ridge (Fig. |
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Only one species is recognized in this tropical genus. It is closely related to
This genus of 22 species is widespread around the tropics, and
1 | Fore wing brown with 2 white crossbands (Fig. |
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– | Fore wing white except for brown apex and occasional pale brown area in basal quarter; antennal segments III–V predominantly yellow, with apex pale brown |
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The only species in this genus bears an array of recurved stout microtrichia anterolaterally on the second abdominal tergite. In this it resembles species of the tropical genera
A total of 27 species from various tropical countries are currently listed under this genus (
Three species are now considered valid in this genus, all from South America (
The nine species included in this African genus are unique amongst
1 | Fore wing median pale band longer than the brown cross bands on either side (Fig. |
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– | Fore wing median pale band indistinct or shorter than dark areas on either side |
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Only one species is placed in this genus, and this is easily recognised from the highly distinctive broad reticulate fore wings (Fig.
This genus comprises three Asian and two African species (
Only one species is placed in this genus. It is readily recognised from the reticulate head sharply constricted to a basal neck that lacks reticulation, and the unusually dark fore wings that have two rows of widely spaced black setae (Fig.
Worldwide, there are almost 95 species listed in 12 genera in this subfamily (
1 | Abdominal tergites III–VI with median pair of setae small and wide apart (Fig. |
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– | Abdominal tergites III–VI with median pair of setae longer than distance between their bases (Fig. |
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Five species are recognised in this genus, and these are probably all East Asian in origin. In contrast to the single species recorded from Hawaii, the others all have the body dark brown at least in part.
Four of the five known species in this genus are from the New World, one from Guadeloupe, two from South America and one from North and South America. The fifth species,
1 | Antennal segments III and IV with sense cone simple in both sexes; head pale |
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– | Antennal segments III and IV with sense cone forked in female, simple in male; head with small red spot on anterior margin at base of antennae |
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Currently three genera are recognised in this subfamily of 152 species. However, a further 12 generic names are available that have been proposed for individual species with one or more exceptional characteristics (
1 | Metanotal sculpture longitudinal, with no microtrichia (Fig. |
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– | Metanotal sculpture transverse, posterior third with rows of microtrichia (Fig. |
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Worldwide, a total of 103 species is recognised in this genus, and these species occur in both temperate and tropical zones of both hemispheres. Members of this genus are fully winged, and the metasternal anterior margin is transverse with only a small indentation. Many of the species are brightly coloured with various patterns of dark and light on the body and fore wings. There are many microtrichia on the lateral thirds of the tergites, and the fore wing has a complete row of setae on the first vein (Fig.
1 | Fore wing almost uniformly pale or lightly shaded, clavus darker (Fig. |
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– | Fore wing with two dark bands; body mainly dark brown (Fig. |
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Eight species are included in this genus, one of which is from South Africa and the others from the Northern Hemisphere. Unlike the members of the other two genera in this subfamily, the species of
This is the largest of the
1 | Antennal segments III–IV each with a simple sense cone (Figs |
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– | Antennal segments III–IV each with a forked sense cone (Figs |
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2 | Female tergite X with prominent pair of thorn-like setae (Fig. |
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– | Female tergite X without such stout setae |
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3 | Antennal segment II strongly asymmetric, external margin produced into a point (Figs |
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– | Antennal segment II more or less symmetrical, not produced laterally; pronotum transverse (if rarely trapezoidal then with prominent flattened pair of setae at posterior angles: Fig. |
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4 | Mesothoracic sternal furca strongly developed with paired lateral flanges and invaginated medially (Fig. |
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– | Mesothoracic sternal furca weakly developd, without paired lateral flanges, invaginations widely separated (Fig. |
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5 | Head clearly longer than wide but not projecting in front of eyes (Fig. |
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– | Head different; body usually brown; antennae 8- or 9-segmented |
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6 | Abdominal tergites VI–VIII with paired ctenidia laterally (Fig. |
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– | Abdominal tergites without paired ctenidia |
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7 | Fore wing costa and first vein each with row of long capitate setae (Fig. |
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– | Fore wing without such long capitate setae, or wing absent |
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8 | Head prolonged in front of eyes (Fig. |
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– | Head and fore tibia different |
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9 | Pronotum with no long setae; sternites with deeply lobed craspedum (Fig. |
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– | Pronotal posteroangular setae prominent; sternites without lobed craspeda |
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10 | Pronotum with two pairs of long pointed posteroangular setae; tergal median setae small and far apart, craspedum with rounded lobes (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum with one pair of long, flattened posteroangular setae (Fig. |
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11 | Lateral thirds of tergites with many irregularly arranged, broadly based, stout microtrichia (Fig. |
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– | Tergites and head different |
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12 | Lateral thirds of tergites with closely spaced rows of small microtrichia (Fig. |
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– | Lateral thirds of tergites without or with few irregular microtrichia |
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13 | Female sternite VII with posteromarginal setae pairs I and II close together medially and distant from lateral pair S III (Fig. |
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– | Female sternite VII with all three pairs of posteromarginal setae equidistant from each other |
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14 | Female with ovipositor weak and lacking serrations or with weak serrations (Fig. |
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– | Female with ovipositor bearing conspicuous serrations, extending to apex of segment X |
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15 | Pronotum without prominent posteroangular setae (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum with one or two pairs of prominent posteroangular setae (Figs |
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16 | Tergites II–IV with median setal pair long and close together (Fig. |
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– | Tergal median setae arising further apart from each other than their length; tergites without any craspeda; sternites without discal setae, with 3 pairs of marginal setae; male with sternal pore plates |
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17 | Ocellar setae pair I present; antennal segment VI with partial division giving apparent 9-segmented condition (Fig. |
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– | Ocellar setae pair I absent; antennae 8-segmented, III and IV with elongate apex and sense cones extending more than one third across succeeding segment (Fig. |
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18 | Tergite VIII with paired ctenidia anterolateral to spiracle (Figs |
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– | Tergite VIII |
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19 | Pronotum posterior margin with one pair of small setae between the major median posteromarginal setae (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum posterior margin without pair of small setae between major median pair of posteromarginal setae (Fig. |
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20 | Tergites V–VII with paired ctenidia (Fig. |
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– | Tergites V–VII without any ctenidia; head usually with pair of setae in front of first ocellus (Fig. |
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21 | Prosternum with several pairs of setae (Fig. |
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– | Prosternum without setae; tergites without prominent craspedal teeth |
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22 | Ocellar setae pair II longer than pair III (Fig. |
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– | Ocellar setae pair II shorter than or equal to pair III (Fig. |
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23 | Pronotum with 6 pairs of very long setae (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum with no more than three pairs of long setae |
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24 | Antennal segment VIII spindle-shaped, almost 4 times as long as VII (Fig. |
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– | Antennal segment VIII shorter (Figs |
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25 | Fore wing first and second longitudinal veins both with complete row of setae |
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– | Fore wing veins with incomplete setal rows |
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26 | Tergite VIII with area of specialised sculpture extending anteromesad from spiracles (Fig. |
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– | Tergite VIII without such specialised sculpture around spiracles |
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27 | Head with ocellar setae pair I present |
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– | Head lacking ocellar setae pair I in front of first ocellus (Figs |
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28 | Antenna with 9 segments (Fig. |
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– | Antenna with 8 segments (Fig. |
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29 | Mesonotum with median setal pair arising in front of posterior margin (Fig. |
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– | Mesonotal median setal pair arising at posterior margin (Fig. |
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30 | Tergite VIII with no posteromarginal comb |
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– | Tergite VIII with complete posteromarginal comb of microtrichia (Fig. |
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31 | Fore wing second vein with few, widely spaced setae; tergite IX of female with campaniform sensilla; male without sternal pore plates, and tergite IX without drepanae |
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– | Fore wing second vein with complete setal row; tergite IX of female without campaniform sensilla; male with sternal pore plates and tergite IX with pair of drepanae |
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32 | Metathoracic furcal spinula present but weak in |
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– | Metathoracic furca with no spinula |
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33 | Head prolonged in front of compound eyes (Fig. |
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– | Head not prolonged in front of eyes (Fig. |
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More than 80 species are listed in this genus. In the northern hemisphere many of the species are associated with
1 | Abdominal tergites with many sculpture lines across median area; tergite IX major setal pairs S1 and S2 not extending beyond apex of segment X. |
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– | Abdominal tergites with no lines of sculpture on median area; tergite IX major setal pairs S1 and S2 extending beyond apex of segment X |
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Only two species are placed in this genus, and
Four species are recognised in this genus, all wingless (Fig.
This genus comprises 16 species and was erected for a series of species originally placed in the genus
1 | Outer margin of fore tibia prolonged around base of second tarsal segment (Fig. |
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– | Outer margin of fore tibia not prolonged; tergites and sternites without tuberculate scallops. |
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2 | Head with at least 30 small setae; prosternal basantra with setae; abdominal sternites with median 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae arising on posterior margin |
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– | Head with 10–22 small setae (Fig. |
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Only two species are recognized in this genus, although doubt has been expressed that these are distinct species (
1 | Abdominal tergites laterally with many discal microtrichia (Fig. |
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– | Abdominal tergites with few discal microtrichia except on anterior tergites; pronotum with light brown spots in submarginal row on each side, antennal segments IV–V pale in basal half, base of VI occasionally pale |
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Twelve species are listed in this genus, and with one exception, all of them are from tropical and subtropical countries living on
The nine species currently recognized in this genus are from various warm temperate to subtropical parts of the world, all living on
This is a Southeast Asian genus of 20 species, of which three species are widespread around the world, mainly in the tropics but sometimes in greenhouses in temperate areas. All the species are yellow, with a characteristic area of stippled cuticle extending anteromesad from the two spiracles on tergite VIII (Fig.
1 | Head with 3 pairs of ocellar setae, ocellar setae pair I present anterolateral to first ocellus (Fig. |
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– | Head with 2 pairs of ocellar setae, ocellar setae pair I absent; sternite II of female with 1–3 discal setae, sternite III without a pore plate |
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2 | Pronotum with 2 pairs of posteroangular setae, outer pair shorter than inner pair; fore wing with median brown band long, occupying at least half of wing length (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum with 1 pair of short posteroangular setae; fore wing with median brown band short, 1–3 times as long as width of wing |
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There are 42 species currently listed in this genus, mostly from temperate parts of the world. As with the species of
[* doubtful record]
1 | Antennal segment II strongly produced laterally with margin concave (Fig. |
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– | Antennal segment II asymmetric, angulate laterally with margin almost straight; sternites with craspedum bearing conical teeth |
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Nine species are listed in this Southeast Asian genus. It is presumably related to
Of the five species in this genus, one is known from Zambia, two from the Philippines and the other two from Southeast Asia. The genus is highly recognizable, because of the large, broadly based microtrichia on the tergites (Fig.
This genus includes 18 species from the Old World between Africa, Asia and Australia, and two of these are known from the Hawaiian Islands. Two further species,
1 | Fore wing banded, subapical area pale in contrast to dark apex and median area |
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– | Fore wing uniformly brown with base pale |
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2 | Pronotum with no long posteroangular setae (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum with 1 pair of posteroangular setae more than twice as long as other posteromarginal setae |
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A genus of seven species from various parts of North and South America, these thrips are dark brown, with the head and pronotum reticulate (Fig.
This is one of the largest genera of
1 | Tergite VIII posterior margin with no comb, or comb represented only by 2–3 teeth laterally (Fig. |
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– | Tergite VIII posterior margin with comb of long microtrichia, or of short microtrichia with broad triangular bases (Figs |
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2 | Ocellar setae pair III arising within ocellar triangle (Fig. |
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– | Ocellar setae pair III arising outside or on anterior margins of ocellar triangle (Figs |
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3 | Head not produced in front of eyes; ocellar setae pair III arising between posterior ocelli, or on tangent between anterior margins of posterior ocelli (Fig. |
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– | Head slightly produced in front of eyes; ocellar setae pair III arising in front of tangent between anterior margins of posterior ocelli; tergite VIII posterior margin with a few microtrichia laterally |
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4 | Pedicel of antennal segment III with sharp-edged ring, distal to which is a chalice-like collar (Fig. |
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– | Pedicel of antennal segment III with margins parallel to softly rounded (Fig. |
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5 | Ocellar setae pair III no longer than diameter of an ocellus, arising on outer margin of ocellar triangle (Fig. |
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– | Ocellar setae pair III more than 2.0 times as long as diameter of an ocellus; pronotal anteromarginal setae longer than width of antennal segment II; comb on VIII with teeth variable, but never as long as S1 setae on tergite VI |
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6 | Pedicel of antennal segment III with sharp-edged ring (Fig. |
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– | Pedicel of antennal segment III with margins parallel to softly rounded; comb on tergite VIII variously constructed |
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7 | Fore wing brown with base sharply paler |
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– | Fore wing uniformly pale or weakly shaded |
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8 | Metanotum with pair of campaniform sensilla present; tergite VIII comb teeth longer than their basal width, commonly with one or two absent medially (Fig. |
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– | Metanotum with no campaniform sensilla; tergite VIII comb teeth shorter than their basal width, often irregular or bifurcate, and present across entire margin (Fig. |
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9 | Body yellow with brown markings medially on tergites, or body brown |
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– | Body yellow, with no obvious darker markings |
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10 | Sternite II usually with 1–3 discal setae medially (Fig. |
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– | Sternite II with no discal setae medially; tergite VIII comb with short irregular teeth (Fig. |
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Four species are listed in this genus (
Although eight species are listed in this European genus, three of these are known only from old descriptions from which they cannot be recognised (
Although similar to members of the genus
This is an endemic Hawaiian genus of which seven species have been described. These species share the following character states with
1 | Ocellar setae pair III shorter than distance between posterior ocelli; postocular setae pair IV scarcely longer than length of one ocellus (Fig. |
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– | Ocellar setae pair III and postocular setae pair IV much longer (Figs |
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2 | Fore wing with dark median band and dark apex; body, legs and all antennal segments brown; tergites laterally with group of less than 5 setae |
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– | Fore wing pale without dark areas; body, legs and antennal segments I–IV also base of V and VI yellow (Fig. |
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3 | Body largely yellow |
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– | Body brown to dark brown |
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4 | Tergites with transverse row of 3 or 4 dark setae laterally (Fig. |
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– | Tergites laterally with irregular group of about 7 setae; antennal segment I white, II light brown, and III yellow in basal quarter; metanotal median setae arise at anterior margin |
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5 | Antennal segment III 75 microns long (60 microns in male), slender with constricted apex (Fig. |
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– | Antennal segment III no more than 50 microns long, apex usually less constricted (Fig. |
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6 | Postocular setae pair IV 75 microns long |
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– | Postocular setae pair IV 50 microns long |
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Three species are recognised in this genus, although the distinction between
This genus is possibly polyphyletic. Nine of the 10 included species are from the Palaearctic region, between Europe and Tibet. In contrast,
This is a New World genus with 19 species listed from various parts of North and South America. Females of these species all have the ovipositor exceptionally weak and lacking strong serrations. Moreover, the males have antennae very different from those of females, with antennal segment III very short but segments IV to VI elongate. All of these species live on
The nine species listed in this genus apparently all live in the flowers of
Eight of the nine species listed in this genus are from Australia, with one described from Taiwan. However, one of the Australian species is introduced to the Hawaiian Islands along with its host plant. The species of
Two species are listed in this Neotropical genus. The first was described from a greenhouse in England but subsequently recorded from Mexico, and the second was described from Oahu. It is one of the few
There are 17 species listed in this genus, all from the Old World tropics. The genus is characterised by the close proximity of posteromarginal setal pairs I and II medially on sternite VII of females (Fig.
A single species is placed in this Asian genus. It has the head prolonged in front of the eyes (Fig.
This genus includes about 110 species from various warmer parts of the world. Both sexes have closely spaced rows of fine microtrichia on the lateral thirds of the abdominal tergites (Fig.
1 | Head with ocellar setae pair III arising between the posterior ocelli (Fig. |
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– | Head with ocellar setae pair III arising within ocellar triangle, between anterior and posterior ocelli (Fig. |
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2 | Abdominal sternites with rows of microtrichia extending across median area (Fig. |
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– | Abdominal sternites with microtrichia restricted to lateral areas; tergites pale medially but antecostal ridges shaded |
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3 | Pronotum with longest posteroangular setae about 3 times as long as pronotal discal setae; tergites with no dark transverse marking; many closely spaced transverse lines between posterior ocelli |
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– | Pronotum with longest posteroangular setae less than 2 times as long as discal setae; tergites with dark transverse antecostal ridge; few widely spaced lines between posterior ocelli |
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The 14 species included in this genus are well-known as predators of spider mites on a wide range of plants, and are sometimes marketed as biocontrol agents. The genus was erected for
1 | Pronotum with pair of posteromedian discal setae (Fig. |
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– | Pronotum without paired posteromedian discal setae; fore wing with subbasal and subapical brown areas longer than wide |
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This genus is closely related to the genus
This genus includes 30 species from the Holarctic region and Southeast Asia (
Nineteen species are listed in this genus, and these differ from
More than 290 species are listed in this genus from around the world, although none of these is native to the Neotropics. These species all lack pair I of the ocellar setae, and they all have paired ctenidia laterally on the abdominal tergites, the pair on tergite VIII arising posteromesad of the spiracles (Fig.
In addition to the 13 species in this genus dealt with below,
1 | Abdominal sternites III–VI with no discal setae |
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– | Abdominal sternites III–VI with at least one pair of discal setae present (Figs |
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2 | Body clear yellow; metanotum with pair of campaniform sensilla present (Fig. |
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– | Body with at least some darker markings; metanotum without paired campaniform sensilla; tergite II with 3 lateral marginal setae |
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3 | Ocellar pigment grey; abdominal pleurotergites, also lateral areas of tergites, with closely spaced rows of ciliate microtrichia (Fig. |
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– | Ocellar pigment red; pleurotergites and tergites without ciliate microtrichia; commonly micropterous, macropterae with 3 setae on first vein distal half; compound eyes with 5 pigmented facets; tergites with median setal pair 0.5 as long as the tergite (Fig. |
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4 | Sternite VII with no discal setae (Fig. |
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– | Sternite VII with several discal setae |
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5 | Sternites III–VI with 5–15 discal setae (Fig. |
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– | Sternites III–VI with 0–6 discal setae (Fig. |
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6 | Metanotum with conspicuous reticulation (Figs |
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– | Metanotum with longitudinal sculpture lines at least on posterior half (Figs |
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7 | Fore wing first vein with complete setal row; fore wing clavus with 6 marginal setae |
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– | Fore wing first vein with long interruption in setal row; clavus with 5 marginal setae |
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8 | Antennae 7-segmented; pleurotergites each with 2 or 3 discal setae; sternites IV–V with 15-25 discal setae |
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– | Antennae 8-segmented; pleurotergites without discal setae; sternites IV–V with less than 15 discal setae |
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9 | Metanotal median setae arising behind anterior margin (Fig. |
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– | Metanotal median setae arising at anterior margin |
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10 | Abdominal pleurotergites with discal setae present |
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– | Abdominal pleurotergites with no discal setae |
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11 | Tergite VIII posterior margin without microtrichial comb (Fig. |
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– | Tergite VIII posterior margin with complete comb of microtrichia (Fig. |
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12 | Fore wing clavus with terminal seta longer than subterminal seta (Fig. |
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– | Fore wing clavus with terminal seta shorter than subterminal seta (Fig. |
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Currently there are 34 species listed in this genus, and
1 | Abdominal sternites with discal setae; tergal antecostal ridge pale brown |
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– | Abdominal sternites without discal setae; tergites uniformly pale yellow |
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2 | Head brown between eyes but pale yellow posterior to eyes; female sternites V–VI with submarginal brown area bearing callosity; male sternites III–VII with 5 pore plates, median one transverse |
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– | Head pale yellow between eyes with brown band posterior to eyes; female sternites without submarginal brown callosity; male sternites III–VII with 6 pore plates, the 2 median ones oval |
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Many people have provided help or support in the preparation of this manual, in particular Fran Calvert and Bob Hollingsworth for sending fresh material from Hawaii, Bernarr Kumashiro and Gillian Watson for much information, Cheryle O’Donnell for help at