Corresponding author: Cornelis van Achterberg (
Academic editor: M. Engel
The genus
Achterberg C van, Talebi AA (2014) Review of
The family
All known gasteruptiids from the Palaearctic Region belong to the subfamily
Name | Reported from Turkey by | Reported from Iran by | Valid name |
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Revised list of
Name | First record for Turkey | First record for Iran |
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The specimens were collected by hand net or sweep net (Turkey) or in Malaise traps and with sweep net (Iran). The material collected during 2011–2012 is stored in 70% ethanol, prepared using the AXA method (
The Alborz Mountains separate the subtropical Caspian Sea area (Gilan and Mazandaran) from Tehran province. Gilan (or Guilan) province with an area of 14.042 km² extends along the Caspian Sea and in the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains. Situated between the high mountains of Alborz and the Caspian Sea, Gilan has a humid subtropical climate with heavy annual rainfall of about 1500 mm, moderate temperature and high relative humidity leading to diverse vegetation. The main part of the precipitation is in autumn and winter and October is the rainiest month of the year. The relative humidity is about 80%, which decreases with altitude. The minimum temperature at sea level is +3°C in January. From March on it rises and reaches its maximum of around 30°C in July-August. The Alborz Mountains provide many unique types of vegetation at various altitudes in addition to the Caspian coast flora.
The well-known natural biome of this region is the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forest but the coastal plains have been nearly entirely converted to urban sites and wet rice fields. As the elevation increases, the flora gradually differentiates and diversifies from humid forests below 700 m a.s.l. to pure Oriental beech or mixed forests at middle altitude (700–1500 m a.s.l.). Shrub lands and steppes occur in the upper mountains and the highest elevations are covered with alpine tundra and meadows (
The antesternal carina (van Achterberg in
Both authors of the names of the three species described in this paper by Dr C. Saure and CvA (
Sampling map of
Positions of Malaise traps in northern Iran with
Trap no. | Province | Locality | Geographical coordinates | Altitude (m) | Habitat |
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1 | Gilan | Eshman-komachal |
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-1 | humid forest |
2 | Gilan | Ghazichak |
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1787 | Hazelnut/pasture |
3 | Gilan | Orkom |
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1225 | Deciduous forests/ hazelnut |
4 | Gilan | Ziaz |
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490 | Hazelnut |
5 | Mazandaran | Joorband |
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272 | Garden/rice field |
6 | Mazandaran | Tangehvaz |
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702 | Deciduous forests |
7 | Mazandaran | Noor |
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-14 | Forests |
8 | Mazandaran | Gaznasara |
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2032 | Pasture |
9 | Qazvin | Loshan |
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292 | Olive |
10 | Qazvin | Koohin |
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1514 | Rosaceus orchard |
11 | Qazvin | Zereshk Road, Barajin |
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1541 | Rosaceus orchard |
12 | Qazvin | Zereshk |
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1926 | Rosaceus orchard |
13 | Alborz | Arangeh & Sarziarat |
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1891–1980 | Rosaceus orchard |
14 | Alborz | Shahrestanak |
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2305 | Rosaceus orchard / pasture |
15 | Alborz | Karaj |
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1278 | Rosaceus orchard |
16 | Tehran | Shahriar |
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1168 | Rosaceus orchard |
Head of same female specimen of
Measurements (
1 | Ovipositor present (a); antenna with 14 segments (b; females) |
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– | Ovipositor absent (aa); antenna with 13 segments (bb; males); [if males are unknown the species is provisionally inserted] |
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2 | Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or dark brown, if narrowly pale apically then white or ivory part at most 0.8 times as long as hind basitarsus (a) |
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– | Apex of ovipositor sheath distinctly white or ivory, pale part at least about as long as hind basitarsus (aa), rarely shorter |
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3 | Ovipositor sheath 0.6–1.1 times as long as hind tibia and 0.6–0.7 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined (a); incision of hypopygium shallow V-shaped and up to apical 0.2 (b); occipital carina obsolescent to narrowly lamelliform medio-dorsally (c) |
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– | Ovipositor sheath 1.8–6.3 times as long as hind tibia and 1.1–3.8 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined (aa); incision of hypopygium variable, either slit-like and up to apical 0.4–0.5 (bb) or shallower and up to apical 0.2–0.3 in |
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4 | Clypeus with rather large shallow depression (a); mesoscutum densely reticulate-rugulose or -rugose (b); hind basitarsus stout (c); head and mesosoma laterally mainly reddish-brown (d), but sometimes black; first discal cell of fore wing glabrous, rarely with a few setae (e) |
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– | Clypeus with small depression or depression obsolescent (aa); mesoscutum densely coriaceous, rugose or rugulose (bb); hind basitarsus slenderer (cc), rarely similarly stout; head and usually mesosoma laterally black (bb); first discal cell of fore wing usually with some setae (ee) |
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5 | Occipital carina narrow lamelliform (a); hind tibial spurs blackish or dark brown (b); hind tibia slightly less swollen (c); hind tibia dark brown subbasally (d); [ovipositor sheath 1.2–1.4 times as long as hind tibia] |
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– | Occipital carina obsolescent, non-lamelliform (aa); hind tibial spurs yellowish-brown, brown (bb) or dark brown; hind tibia more swollen, resulting in a distinctly convex ventral border (cc); hind tibia with ivory subbasal patch (dd) |
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6 | Mesoscutum coarsely rugose, different from very finely aciculate vertex (a) |
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– | Mesoscutum and head similarly coriaceous, at most mesoscutum moderately rugulose (aa); antero-lateral tooth of pronotum absent or obsolescent (bb), if present then protruding laterally and narrower basally; hind basitarsus usually parallel-sided basally in dorsal view (cc), but sometimes widened (ccc); hind tarsus dorsally brown, dark brown, ivory or blackish (dd); ovipositor sheath 0.4–1.3 times as long as hind tibia (ee); hind tibial spurs dark brown or brown (ff) |
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7 | Basal petiolate part of hind tibia shorter and wider in dorsal view (a); hind femur shallowly depressed ventrally, at least subbasally (b) |
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– | Basal petiolate part of hind tibia longer and narrower in dorsal view (aa); hind femur slightly convex or flattened ventrally (bb) |
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8 | Head in anterior view protruding below lower level of eyes 0.5–0.6 times length of second antennal segment and 0.4–0.6 times basal width of mandible and mandibular condylus distinctly below lower level of eyes (a); in lateral view condylar incision of malar space remains far removed from eye (b); ovipositor sheath 0.4–0.9 times as long as hind tibia (c); first discal cell of fore wing usually directly narrowed (d) |
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– | Head in anterior view slightly protruding below lower level of eyes by less than basal width of mandible and mandibular condylus near lower level of eyes (aa); in lateral view condylar incision of malar space close to eye (bb); ovipositor sheath 0.8–1.3 times as long as hind tibia (cc); first discal cell of fore wing usually gradually narrowed (dd) |
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9 | Mandible dark brown or reddish brown basally (a), rarely brownish yellow; basal depression of mandible rather large and deep (b); fifth (= pre-apical) sternite dark brown or blackish or narrowly pale medio-apically (c); [mandible slightly less convex; mesosoma black; hind basitarsus usually rather slender] |
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– | Mandible pale yellow basally (aa); basal depression of mandible smaller and shallower (bb); fifth sternite yellowish brown medio-apically (cc) |
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10 | Antenna (except dark brown basal third) yellowish brown (a); head subparallel-sided behind eyes (b); hypopygium entirely pale yellowish brown (c); hind femur distinctly inflated (d); hind basitarsus entirely brown (e); mesosoma 1.8–1.9 times as long as high |
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– | Antenna dark brown (aa); head directly narrowed behind eyes (bb); at least basal half of hypopygium dark brown (cc); hind femur slightly inflated (dd); hind basitarsus ivory medially (ee); mesosoma 1.5–1.6 times as long as high |
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11 | Vertex distinctly bulging near occipital carina (a); ovipositor sheath 1.8–2.0 times as long as hind tibia (b); hind basitarsus stout (c) |
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– | Vertex weakly convex or flat in front of occipital carina (aa); ovipositor sheath 2.5–5.6 times as long as hind tibia (bb); hind basitarsus slender (cc) |
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12 | Head in anterior view elongate (“fez-shaped”; a); vertex flattened (b); propleuron 1.0–1.3 times distance from tegulae to anterior border of mesoscutum (c); incision of hypopygium up to apical 0.2 (d) |
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– | Head in anterior view normal (aa); vertex convex (bb); propleuron usually 0.7–1.0 times distance from tegulae to anterior border of mesoscutum (cc); incision of hypopygium up to apical 0.3–0.5 (dd) |
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13 | Occipital carina non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (a) |
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– | Occipital carina at least narrowly lamelliform medio-dorsally (aa) |
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14 | Hind coxa coriaceous or finely rugulose dorsally (a); face slightly narrower (b); propleuron in ventral view slenderer (c); part of punctures of middle lobe of mesoscutum separated from rugulae or punctures obsolescent (d); head in dorsal view usually rather narrowed posteriorly (e), but sometimes subparallel-sided |
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– | Hind coxa distinctly rugose or rugulose (aa); face slightly wider (bb); propleuron in ventral view less slender (cc), punctures of middle lobe of mesoscutum as far as differentiated connected to rugae (dd); head in dorsal view often subparallel-sided (ee) |
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15 | Occipital carina wide to medium-sized medio-dorsally (a), basally thick, more or less aciculate or crenulate (b) and black or dark brown (c); if intermediate than head distinctly concave medio-posteriorly (d); head rather elongate trapezoid in dorsal view (e); [face wide] |
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– | Occipital carina usually narrower medio-dorsally (aa), |
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16 | Occipital carina widely collar-shaped (a), often partly brown and area in front of carina more or less aciculate or crenulate (b); length of ovipositor sheath 2.5–3.1 (but rarely up to 4.3) times as long as hind tibia and 0.8–0.9 (rarely up to 1.2) times as long as metasoma (c); apical half of hind tibia with pale yellowish setae and more or less reddish or yellowish brown (d); [stout species; lateral lobe of mesoscutum largely coarsely punctate to reticulate; mandible often yellowish or orange brown basally, but sometimes dark brown; fifth and sixth sternites yellowish brown or dark brown] |
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– | Occipital carina at most medium-sized, entirely black and not collar-shaped (aa) and area in front of carina usually smooth or nearly so (bb); length of ovipositor sheath 3.4–4.7 times as long as hind tibia and 1.1–1.6 times as long as metasoma (cc); apical half of hind tibia with brown setae (rarely yellowish) and outer side black or dark brown (dd); [rather slender species] |
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17 | Mesoscutum largely very finely coriaceous and at most with superficial punctures (a) |
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– | Mesoscutum reticulate or with distinct punctures, rugulae or rugae (aa) |
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18 | Occipital carina wide medio-dorsally (a); apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown (b); mesoscutum only coriaceous (c); [ovipositor sheath 4.5–5.0 times as long as hind tibia and about as long as body; subbasally hind tibia dark brown dorsally] |
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– | Occipital carina rather narrow medio-dorsally (aa); apex of ovipositor sheath distinctly white or ivory (bb); mesoscutum with some fine punctures (cc); [ovipositor sheath 3.6–3.8 times as long as hind tibia and 0.7 times as long as body; lateral lobe of mesoscutum and scutellum finely and densely rugulose or rugose; vertex slightly depressed medio-posteriorly; mandible black or dark brown basally] |
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19 | Mesoscutum coarsely reticulate and shiny (a); pronotal side shiny and partly or entirely coarsely punctate or reticulate antero-ventrally (b); mandible dark yellowish or reddish brown (c) |
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– | Mesoscutum punctate, rugose, punctulate or coriaceous and matt or with satin sheen (aa); pronotal side with satin sheen and rugulose or coriaceous antero-ventrally (bb); colour of mandible variable, blackish (cc) to yellowish brown |
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20 | Apex of ovipositor sheath pale brown or ivory (a; 0.2–0.5 times as long as hind basitarsus); ovipositor sheath 5.0–5.7 times as long as hind tibia (b); antesternal carina narrow medio-ventrally (c); incision of hypopygium deeper, up to apical 0.4–0.5 (d); occipital carina narrow medio-dorsally (e); [fifth sternite of female orange brown; antenna 1.3–1.4 times as long as hind tibia; mesosoma entirely black or up to anterior half largely orange-brown] |
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– | Apex of ovipositor sheath black or dark brown (aa); ovipositor sheath 2.5–3.7 times as long as hind tibia (bb); antesternal carina medium-sized medio-ventrally (dd); incision of hypopygium shallower, up to apical 0.3–0.4 (ee); occipital carina medium-sized medio-dorsally (ff); [fifth sternite black or dark brown (cc)] |
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21 | Mesoscutum laterally with smooth and shiny interspaces between punctures (a); apex of ovipositor sheath black (b); [pronotal side smooth ventrally; three basal hind tarsal segments black dorsally but sometimes partly ivory] |
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– | Mesoscutum densely sculptured, without separate punctures or with distinct interspaces and with satin sheen (aa); apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown, pale brown or black, rarely ivory (bb) |
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22 | Vertex anteriorly punctulate and without additional small punctures (a); scutellum shiny medially (b); lateral lobe of mesoscutum with oblique rugae anteriorly (c); mesoscutum regularly transversely rugose (d); hind tibial spurs much paler than dark brown hind basitarsus (e) |
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– | Vertex anteriorly punctulate or punctulate-aciculate and with some small punctures (aa); scutellum at most with satin sheen medially (bb); lateral lobe of mesoscutum more or less irregularly punctate-rugose, without distinct oblique rugae anteriorly (dd); mesoscutum more or less irregularly rugose or crater-like punctate (ee); colour of hind tibial spurs variable, often about as dark as dark base of hind basitarsus (ff) |
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23 | Vertex with a deep medial depression in front of occipital carina (a) |
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– | Vertex without depression (aa) or with shallow depression, |
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24 | Antesternal carina distinctly lamelliform and wide (a); head in dorsal view linearly narrowed behind eyes (b) and densely sculptured, with satin sheen (c); hind basitarsus partly white (d); [scutellum with oblique rugae antero-laterally] |
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– | Antesternal carina non-lamelliform and narrow, not elevated above mesosternum (aa); head in dorsal view gradually narrowed (bb) and sparsely sculptured, distinctly shiny (cc); hind basitarsus dark brown (dd); [length of body 15–22 mm] |
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25 | Antesternal carina wide to medium-sized (distinctly wider than prepectal carina) and lamelliform, curved up with fore coxa distinctly removed from mesosternum (a; intermediate in |
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– | Antesternal carina non-lamelliform, narrow (similar to prepectal carina) and fore coxa close to mesosternum (aa); medio-posteriorly mesoscutum with separate punctures or transversely rugose (bb) |
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26 | Vertex with distinct depression medio-posteriorly (a), rarely superficially impressed; mesoscutum and mesosoma laterally often conspicuously setose, partly obscuring sculpture (b) |
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– | Vertex without depression medio-posteriorly (aa), but sometimes slightly impressed in |
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27 | Head dorsally only superficially sculptured and shiny (a); antesternal carina moderately curved up (b); mesoscutum and mesosoma laterally conspicuously setose, partly obscuring sculpture (c; but sometimes secondarily reduced); pronotal side usually more elongate (d); [occipital carina moderately wide and distinctly lamelliform medio-dorsally; medio-posterior depression of vertex rather deep, rarely superficially impressed] |
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– | Head dorsally densely micro-sculptured and with satin sheen (aa); antesternal carina strongly curved up (bb); mesoscutum and mesosoma laterally less setose, less or not obscuring sculpture (cc); pronotal side less elongate (dd) |
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28 | Propleuron narrower and 0.9–1.1 times as long as distance between tegulae and anterior border of mesoscutum (a); mesoscutum antero-dorsally with more or less separate punctures; (b); hind basitarsus usually largely or completely dark brown or brown (c), but sometimes with distinct ivory band or dorsal patch; pronotal side more elongate (d) |
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– | Propleuron wider and 0.8–0.9 times distance between tegulae and anterior border of mesoscutum (aa); mesoscutum antero-dorsally rugose, without separate punctures (bb); hind basitarsus partly ivory or yellow (cc); pronotal side less elongate (dd) |
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29 | Antesternal carina distinctly protruding (a); lateral lobe of mesoscutum reticulate-rugose (b); mandible more or less dark brown or infuscate basally (c) |
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– | Antesternal carina less protruding (aa); lateral lobe of mesoscutum with smooth and very shiny interspaces (bb); mandible yellow basally (cc; variable in male) |
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30 | Propleuron elongate and slender, about as long as length of mesoscutum in front of tegulae (a); pronotal side antero-ventrally mainly coriaceous (b); middle lobe of mesoscutum distinctly punctate and interspaces coriaceous (c) |
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– | Propleuron shorter and stout, shorter than length of mesoscutum in front of tegulae (aa); pronotal side antero-ventrally reticulate or punctate (bb); middle lobe of mesoscutum variable (cc) |
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31 | Occipital carina wide and lamelliform and its medio-dorsal width 0.5–0.6 times diameter of posterior ocellus (a); mesoscutum largely finely transversely rugulose (b); ovipositor sheath 1.0–1.2 times as long as body and 1.4–1.7 times as long as metasoma (c) |
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– | Occipital carina narrow and non-lamelliform (aa) or medium-sized lamelliform and 0.2–0.3 times as wide as diameter of posterior ocellus; mesoscutum coarsely rugose-punctate or punctate-coriaceous (bb), punctate or rugulose; ovipositor sheath 0.8–1.0 times as long as body and 1.1–1.6 times as long as metasoma (cc) |
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32 | Shallow medial depression in front of occipital carina absent (a); temples more gradually narrowed behind eyes (b); frons densely sculptured (c); mesoscutum largely regularly transversely rugose or rugulose (d); vertex evenly curved dorso-laterally in front of occipital carina (e) |
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– | Shallow medial depression in front of occipital carina present (aa), rarely obsolescent; temples linearly narrowed behind eyes (bb); frons sparsely sculptured (cc); mesoscutum irregularly transversely rugose or rugulose (dd); vertex with weak ridge dorso-laterally in front of occipital carina and more or less depressed below it (ee) |
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33 | Occipital carina medium-sized lamelliform, blackish and about 0.3 times as wide as diameter of posterior ocellus (a); pronotal side largely coriaceous and flattened (b); apical pale part of ovipositor sheath shorter than hind basitarsus (c) |
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– | Occipital carina non-lamelliform or nearly so (aa), |
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34 | Hind tibia abruptly swollen and distinctly curved dorso-laterally (a); hind basitarsus rather short and about 0.8 times as long as remainder of tarsus (b); pronotal side superficially coriaceous and with some coarse punctures ventrally (c); [hypopygium largely yellowish brown] |
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– | Hind tibia gradually swollen and weakly curved dorso-laterally (aa); hind basitarsus medium-sized and about as long as remainder of tarsus or longer (bb); pronotal side more or less reticulate, rugulose or punctate ventrally (cc) |
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35 | Mesoscutum finely transversely rugulose medio-posteriorly (a); pronotal side largely rugulose (b); vertex finely transversely rugulose (c); head in anterior view distinctly developed below lower level of eyes (d); hind femur slender and hardly widened submedially (e); [area in front of occipital carina superficially depressed medio-posteriorly] |
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– | Mesoscutum punctate, coarsely rugose or reticulate medio-posteriorly (aa); pronotal side partly or entirely reticulate-rugose ventrally (bb); vertex punctulate (cc); head in anterior view slightly developed below lower level of eyes (dd); hind femur less slender and widened submedially (ee) |
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36 | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum transversely aciculate-rugulose (a); frons finely and densely aciculate-coriaceous (b); vertex flattened in lateral view (c); propleuron stout (d) |
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– | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum reticulate, partly punctate or mainly coriaceous (aa); frons densely and finely rugulose-punctulate or very finely punctulate (bb); vertex convex in lateral view (cc); propleuron slenderer (dd) |
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37 | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum reticulate and shiny (a); frons densely and finely rugulose-punctulate and without distinct punctures (b, rarely with some fine punctures); pronotal side only antero-ventrally reticulate-rugose (c); hind basitarsus usually bicoloured (d) |
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– | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum partly punctate, coriaceous or rugulose and with satin sheen (aa); frons very finely punctulate and often mixed with punctures (bb); pronotal side largely reticulate-rugose (cc) or rugulose; hind basitarsus often tricoloured (dd) or unicoloured (ddd) |
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38 | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum coarsely punctate (a); pronotal side coarsely reticulate-rugose ventrally (b); punctulation of frons and vertex usually mixed with medium-sized and widely separate punctures (c), but frequently punctures obsolete; hind coxa coarsely rugose or reticulate dorsally (d); ivory part of ovipositor sheath 1.8–2.6 times as long as hind basitarsus (e); [mesosoma black or reddish brown] |
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– | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum moderately punctate (aa); pronotal side rugulose ventrally (bb); punctulation of frons and vertex without distinct punctures (cc); hind coxa rugulose dorsally (dd); ivory part of ovipositor sheath 1.0–1.4 times as long as hind basitarsus (ee); [mesosoma black] |
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39 | Vertex with a deep medial depression in front of occipital carina (a) |
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– | Vertex without depression (aa) or with shallow depression, |
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40 | Antesternal carina distinctly lamelliform and wide (a); head in dorsal view linearly narrowed behind eyes (b) and densely sculptured, with satin sheen (c); [scutellum with oblique rugae antero-laterally] |
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– | Antesternal carina non-lamelliform or narrowly lamelliform and narrow, not elevated above mesosternum (aa); head in dorsal view gradually narrowed (bb) and sparsely sculptured, distinctly shiny (cc); [length of body 13–22 mm] |
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41 | Occipital carina wide medio-dorsally, 0.5–0.6 times diameter of posterior ocellus (a); dorsally pronotal side largely coriaceous (b) |
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– | Occipital carina narrow (aa) or medium-sized (aaa, up to 0.4 times diameter of posterior ocellus) medio-dorsally; sculpture of pronotal side variable dorsally (bb, bbb) |
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42 | Occipital carina basally thick and pointing posteriorly (a); head less narrowed in dorsal view (b); second and third antennal segments somewhat longer (c) |
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– | Occipital carina basally thin and pointing dorsally or nearly so (aa); head more narrowed in dorsal view (bb); second and third antennal segments somewhat shorter (cc) |
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43 | Frons densely punctulate (a); temples more gradually narrowed behind eyes (b); shallow medial depression in front of occipital carina absent (c); mesoscutum more regularly transversely rugose or rugulose (d) |
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– | Frons sparsely sculptured or mainly smooth (aa); temples linearly narrowed behind eyes (bb); shallow medial depression in front of occipital carina present (cc), but frequently obsolescent; mesoscutum irregularly transversely rugose or rugulose (dd) |
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44 | Vertex distinctly bulging above dorsal level of occipital carina (a); hind basitarsus stout (b) |
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– | Vertex moderately convex or flat and closer to dorsal level of occipital carina (aa); hind basitarsus usually slenderer (bb) |
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45 | Vertex flattened and elongate in lateral view (a) |
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– | Vertex more or less convex and shorter in lateral view (aa), |
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46 | Clypeus with rather large shallow depression (a); head and scapus more or less orange or reddish-brown (b), but sometimes head entirely black; hind basitarsus rather stout (c); [mesoscutum reticulate or rugose] |
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– | Clypeus with small depression or depression obsolescent (aa); head and scapus black (bb); hind basitarsus usually slenderer (cc) |
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47 | Head elongate below eyes in anterior view, malar space about half as long as second antennal segment (a); propleuron stout (b) |
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– | Head normal in anterior view, malar space at most 0.3 times as long as second antennal segment (aa); shape of propleuron variable, usually slenderer (bb) |
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||
48 | Mesoscutum coriaceous (a); third antennal segment rather stout (b) |
|
|
||
– | Mesoscutum transversely rugulose (aa); third antennal segment slenderer (bb) |
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49 | Middle lobe of mesoscutum densely coriaceous, similar to fine sculpture of vertex (a) |
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||
– | Middle lobe of mesoscutum punctate, reticulate, rugose or rugulose, dissimilar to sculpture of vertex (aa); |
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||
50 | Mandible pale yellowish basally (a) |
|
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||
– | Mandible dark brown or black basally (aa) |
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||
51 | Hind femur widened and shorter (a); apical half of hind tibia yellowish brown ventrally (b); apex of paramere dark brown (c) |
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||
– | Hind femur narrower and longer (aa); apical half of hind tibia dark brown ventrally (bb) or largely so; apex of paramere yellowish brown (cc) |
|
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||
52 | Basal petiolate part of hind tibia shorter and wider in dorsal view (a); hind femur shallowly depressed ventrally (b); hind basitarsus slightly shorter than remainder of tarsus (c); [provisionally included; male unknown] |
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||
– | Basal petiolate part of hind tibia longer and narrower in dorsal view (aa); hind femur slightly convex ventrally (bb); hind basitarsus longer than or as long as remainder of tarsus (cc) |
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||
53 | Vertex strongly shiny (a) and temples rather long (b) in dorsal view; lateral lobes of mesoscutum coarsely rugose-reticulate and shiny, similar to middle lobe (c); pronotal side distinctly sculptured (d); hind tibia black or dark brown subbasally (e) |
|
|
||
– | Vertex with satin sheen to moderately shiny (aa) and temples shorter compared to eyes (bb) in dorsal view; lateral lobes of mesoscutum reticulate-punctate, punctate, punctulate or coriaceous and with satin sheen, if rugose-reticulate then dissimilar to middle lobe (cc), rarely similarly reticulate; pronotal side superficially sculptured, rugulose or coriaceous ventrally and at most with satin sheen (dd), at most with some rugae antero-ventrally; hind tibia with ivory patch subbasally (ee), but sometimes absent |
|
|
||
54 | Third antennal segment 1.5–1.7 times as long as second segment and similar to fourth segment (a); antesternal carina distinctly lamelliform (b); pronotal side ventrally largely reticulate (c); occipital carina often rather wide lamelliform medio-dorsally (d) |
|
|
||
– | Third antennal segment 1.2–1.3 times as long as second segment and distinctly shorter than fourth segment (aa); antesternal carina non-lamelliform (bb); pronotal side partly smooth between punctures (cc); occipital carina narrow lamelliform medio-dorsally (dd) |
|
|
||
55 | Hind tibia swollen and ventral margin distinctly curved (a); head rather transverse, matt and coriaceous or finely micro-striate dorsally (b); hind basitarsus yellowish brown or partly ivory (c) |
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|
||
– | Hind tibia slenderer and ventral margin hardly curved (aa); head usually less transverse and mainly punctulate (bb); hind basitarsus usually dark brown or brown (cc) |
|
|
||
56 | Pronotal side largely smooth (except for some micro-sculpture) antero-ventrally (a); hind basitarsus partly ivory (b); third antennal segment slightly longer than second segment (c) |
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|
||
– | Pronotal side coarsely reticulate antero-ventrally (aa); hind basitarsus yellowish brown (bb); third antennal segment distinctly longer than second segment (cc) |
|
|
||
57 | Frons with several medium-sized punctures between fine dense punctulation (a), but punctures sometimes hardly developed; mesoscutum (b) and pronotal side (c) very coarsely sculptured; [hind basitarsus partly ivory or pale brown dorsally; third antennal segment distinctly longer than second segment; mandible yellowish or orange brown basally] |
|
|
||
– | Frons punctulate and without distinct punctures (aa), aciculate or largely smooth and more or less with few punctures; usually mesoscutum (bb) and pronotal side (cc) less coarsely sculptured |
|
|
||
58 | Propleuron 0.9–1.1 times as long as distance between tegulae and anterior border of mesoscutum (a) |
|
|
||
– | Propleuron 0.8–1.0 times distance between tegulae and anterior border of mesoscutum (aa); if 0.9–1.0 times (aaa) then occipital carina black and narrower (bb); middle lobe of mesoscutum without distinctly spaced punctures (cc) or punctures with smooth interspaces (ccc) |
|
|
||
59 | Antesternal carina medium-sized lamelliform and curved apically (a); propleuron stout anteriorly in ventral view (b) and less slender in lateral view (c) |
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||
– | Antesternal carina at most narrow lamelliform and straight apically (aa); propleuron slenderer anteriorly in ventral view (bb) and in lateral view (cc) |
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||
60 | Mesoscutum finely coriaceous (a), except medio-posteriorly; occipital carina moderately wide lamelliform (b); [antesternal carina non-lamelliform; if mesoscutum with some fine punctures, cf. unknown male of |
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|
||
– | Mesoscutum largely rugulose, punctate or punctate-rugulose (aa); occipital carina narrow lamelliform (bb) |
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|
||
61 | Antesternal carina distinctly lamelliform (a), if carina rather narrow ( |
|
|
||
– | Antesternal carina non-lamelliform (aa); hind tibia dark brown or largely black ventrally (bb); lateral lobe of mesoscutum usually less coarsely sculptured and/or with satin sheen or matt (cc) |
|
|
||
62 | Third antennal segment about as long as second segment (a); lateral lobes of mesoscutum more or less shiny (b); [propleuron 0.8–0.9 times distance between tegulae and anterior border of mesoscutum, subtriangular in ventral view] |
|
|
||
– | Third antennal segment somewhat longer than second segment (aa); lateral lobes of mesoscutum often with satin sheen or matt (bb); [vertex usually with medio-posterior depression] |
|
|
||
63 | Antesternal carina wide lamelliform and curved up apically (a); hind tarsus and tibia largely black or dark brown (b), rarely mainly brown or brownish yellow; third antennal segment less stout (c); lateral lobes of mesoscutum with satin sheen, rugulose, at most with few separate punctures (d) |
|
|
||
– | Antesternal carina narrow lamelliform and straight apically (aa); hind tarsus (except telotarsus) and ventral half of hind tibia usually largely yellowish-brown or brown (bb); third antennal segment stout (cc); lateral lobes of mesoscutum distinctly shiny, coarsely rugose-punctate and smooth between punctures if interspaces are present (dd) |
|
|
||
64 | Third antennal segment slenderer (a); interspaces between punctures of mesoscutum smooth (b); pronotal side smooth antero-ventrally (c); hind tibia largely brown ventrally and contrasting with dark dorsal part (d); vertex without medio-posterior depression (e) |
|
|
||
– | Third antennal segment stout (aa); interspaces between punctures of mesoscutum punctulate or rugose (bb); pronotal side rugose or with some punctures antero-ventrally (cc); hind tibia ventrally and dorsally similarly coloured (dd); vertex more or less depressed medio-posteriorly (ee) |
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65 | Head dorsally only superficially punctulate and shiny (a); antesternal carina moderately curved up (b); pronotal side usually more elongate (c) |
|
|
||
– | Head dorsally densely micro-sculptured and with satin sheen (aa); antesternal carina strongly curved up (bb); pronotal side less elongate (cc) |
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|
||
66 | Propleuron wide and short (a) |
|
|
||
– | Propleuron moderately slender and longer (aa); third antennal segment less elongate (bb); mesoscutum more or less punctate-rugulose or punctate-rugose (cc); base of hind tibia often ivory or pale brown subbasally (dd) |
|
|
||
67 | Pronotal side postero-ventrally more or less coriaceous and matt (a); occipital carina non-lamelliform medio-dorsally (b); head less narrowed behind eyes (c); hind coxa rather coarsely rugulose dorsally (d) |
|
|
||
– | Pronotal side postero-ventrally more or less rugulose, punctate or smooth and shiny (aa); occipital carina narrow to moderately wide lamelliform medio-dorsally (bb); head more narrowed behind eyes (cc); sculpture of hind coxa variable, often finely rugulose dorsally (dd); [third antennal segment rather slender] |
|
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||
68 | Vertex rather convex medio-posteriorly in lateral view (a); head in dorsal view slightly more narrowed posteriorly (b) |
|
|
||
– | Vertex rather flat medio-posteriorly in lateral view (aa); head in dorsal view less narrowed posteriorly (bb) |
|
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||
69 | Occipital carina moderately lamelliform (a); head rather wide in anterior view (b); head medio-posteriorly distinctly emarginate (c) |
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||
– | Occipital carina narrow lamelliform (aa); head narrower in anterior view (bb); head medio-posteriorly hardly or not emarginate (cc) |
|
|
||
70 | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum with distinctly separated punctures (a); pronotal side often smooth or superficially coriaceous postero-ventrally (b) |
|
|
||
– | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum mainly rugulose or rugose, without distinct punctures or punctures connected to rugae (aa); pronotal side often coriaceous or rugose postero-ventrally (bb); [vertex with superficial transverse elements posteriorly] |
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||
71 | Hind tibia largely black ventrally (a) and dark brown subbasally (b); head in dorsal view subglobular (c); mesoscutum more shiny (d); mandible dark brown or black basally (e) |
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||
– | Hind tibia brown or dark brown ventrally (aa) and ivory subbasally (bb); head in dorsal view trapezoid (cc); mesoscutum rather matt (dd); mandible brownish yellow basally (ee) |
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|
||
72 | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum transversely aciculate-rugulose (a); frons finely and densely aciculate-coriaceous (b); head rather square in dorsal view (c); [male unknown; figures of female] |
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|
||
– | Lateral lobe of mesoscutum obliquely punctate-rugulose or finely rugulose (aa); frons densely and finely rugulose-punctulate or very finely punctulate (bb); head subcircular or trapezoid in dorsal view (cc) |
|
|
||
73 | Middle lobe of mesoscutum coarsely reticulate-rugose (a); pronotal side partly rugose ventrally (b); head distinctly narrowed posteriorly in dorsal view (c) |
|
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||
– | Middle lobe of mesoscutum largely distinctly punctate-rugulose or finely rugulose (aa); pronotal side at most rugulose ventrally (bb); head less narrowed posteriorly in dorsal view (cc); [male unknown; figures of female] |
|
|
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “
Head flattened dorsally, in front of occipital carina with small and shallow medio-posterior depression (Fig.
Female, length of body 11.2 mm (of fore wing 5.5 mm).
Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in July.
Named “
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N.
Head moderately convex dorsally in lateral view (Fig.
Female, length of body 13.0 mm (of fore wing 6.1 mm).
Iran, Greece, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Russia.
Unknown. Collected in April-September.
Named after “agrenon”, (Greek for “net”) because of the reticulate sculpture of the mesoscutum.
Examined from Turkey a pale specimen with frons and vertex with satin sheen, hind tibia subbasally and hind basitarsus largely ivory, ovipositor sheath about 4 times as long as hind tibia and middle and hind coxae reddish brown which may belong to this species.
The Nearctic synonyms as given by
Lectotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish; ovipositor sheath 0.8-1.3 times as long as hind tibia and 0.4–0.8 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina obsolescent medio-dorsally (Figs
Holarctic, Turkey, Iran. New for the fauna of Iran.
Predator-inquiline of
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “TR [=
Head in front of occipital carina without depression (Fig.
The new species shares with
Holotype, female, length of body 9.0 mm (of fore wing 4.9 mm).
Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in July.
Named after the short petiolate base of the hind tibia; “brevis”, is Latin for “short”, and “basis”, is Latin for “base”.
Holotype of
Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 0.7–1.6 times as long as hind basitarsus; head with middle depression in front of occipital carina very deep and wider than long and with two more or less developed lateral depressions (Figs
Europe, Caucasus, Iran, Turkey. One of the first two species of
Predator-inquiline of
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N.
Head evenly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face rather narrow (Fig.
Close to
Similar to the East Palaearctic
Female, length of body 7.5 mm (of fore wing 3.7 mm).
Iran, Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in May-October.
Name derived from “coriaceus”, (Latin for “leathery”) and “coxis”, (Latin for “hip”) because of the leathery sculptured hind coxae.
Especially small specimens are darker than large specimens and have usually a shorter ovipositor sheath.
Lectotype of
Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.4–2.5 times as long as hind basitarsus; head flat in front of occipital carina, without any depression; antesternal carina lamelliform and distinctly curved up, rather wide lamelliform (Fig.
Europe, Iran, Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in July-September.
Holotype male from Greece (Rhodes) lost (
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish (Fig.
Southeast Europe, *Turkey, *Jordan, *Iran, Central Asia. New for the fauna of Iran. Jordan and Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in May-September.
One small female from Shahriar (22–28.ix.2010; fore wing 3.0 mm and body 7.0 mm; Figs
Holotype, ♀ (BZL), “
Excluded from type series: 1 ♀ (BZL), “
Head in front of occipital carina without depression (Fig.
Holotype, female, length of body 11.5 mm (of fore wing 5.0 mm).
The series from Mongolia is excluded from the type series because the head is somewhat protruding below the eyes and the malar space is 0.5 times length of the second antennal segment and 0.4 times basal width of the mandible and the mandibular condylus is below lower level of the eyes.
China, Jordan, ?Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan.
Unknown. Collected in April-August.
Name derived from “flavus”, (Latin for “yellow”) and “marginis”, (Latin for “border”) because of the yellowish margins of the metasomal tergites.
Lectotype of
Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish, if rather pale apically then pale part distinctly shorter than hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath 1.2–1.4 times as long as hind tibia and 0.6–0.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina narrowly lamelliform medio-dorsally (Figs
Europe, Turkey.
Predator-inquiline of
Lectotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath white or ivory and about 1.2 times as long as hind basitarsus; head with middle and lateral depressions in front of occipital carina deep and interconnected (Figs
France, Italy, Balkan, Turkey, Caucasus.
Unknown. Collected in June-August.
The holotype of
Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or dark brown; ovipositor sheath 0.6–1.5 times as long as hind tibia and 0.3–0.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; head and laterally mesosoma of female mainly reddish-brown (Figs
Europe, N. Africa, Iran, Turkey, Russia (including Far East).
Predator-inquiline of
One specimen from Iran is exceptionally large (length of body 13.8 mm and fore wing 5.5 mm) but agrees in other aspects with typical specimens. First species of
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N.
Head weakly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face moderately wide (Fig.
Female, length of body 9.4 mm (of fore wing 4.4 mm).
Iran.
Unknown. Collected in June-July.
Name derived from “hemi”, (Greek for “half”) and “nitidus”, (Latin for “shining”) because of the partly smooth and shiny mesoscutum.
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “
Head evenly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face wide (Fig.
Female, length of body 9.8 mm (of fore wing 4.9 mm).
Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in July.
Named after the collector of the holotype, the hymenopterist Raymond Hensen (Amsterdam).
Holotypes of
Length of ovipositor sheath 2.8–3.1 (rarely up to 4.3) times as long as hind tibia, 0.8–0.9 (rarely up to 1.2) times metasoma and 0.6–0.9 times as long as body; occipital carina widely collar-shaped and area in front of carina more or less aciculate (Figs
Close to
East Europe, Iran, Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in June-July.
The occurrence of
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “
Head distinctly convex dorsally in lateral view, in front of occipital carina with obsolescent medio-posterior depression; face wide (Fig.
Female, length of body 11.0 mm (of fore wing 5.8 mm).
Iran, Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in June and August.
Named after the collector of the holotype and specialist of
Lectotype of
Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.5–2.7 times as long as hind basitarsus (up to 3.0 times in N. African specimens); head flat in front of occipital carina, without any depression; occipital carina strongly lamelliform and somewhat shorter than diameter of posterior ocellus (Figs
Europe, N. Africa, Iran, Turkey.
Predator-inquiline of
The specimens from Mazandaran have the middle lobe of the mesoscutum more dominantly punctate than European and Turkish specimens and lack the transverse rugulosity, but a female from Gaznasara has superficial punctures on the mesoscutum between the transverse rugulosity and a second female has the mesoscutum mainly strongly punctate. Two males seen from slight impression near occipital carina medio-dorsally and considered to be an unknown species.
Holotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.2–1.3 times as long as hind basitarsus; head with middle depression in front of occipital carina moderately deep and nearly round and no lateral depressions (Figs
Europe, Iran, Turkey. New for the fauna of Turkey.
Uncertain, according to
Especially males may have the medio-posterior depression of the vertex shallowly impressed (Fig.
Holotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.5–1.9 times as long as hind basitarsus; dorsally head in front of occipital carina with minute medial depression (Fig.
Mountainous parts of C. Europe and Turkey. New for the fauna of Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in June-July and rarely encountered.
The holotype of
Lectotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish (Fig.
Central and South Europe, N. Africa, Israel, Turkey, Iran. New for the fauna of Iran.
Predator-inquiline of
Sometimes the mesosoma is anteriorly (male from Kerman, Iran) or largely reddish brown. Eastern populations have the occipital carina lamelliform but narrower (width of carina medio-dorsally 0.2–0.4 times transverse diameter of posterior ocellus) than in European populations (0.5–0.6 times transverse diameter of posterior ocellus); the differences are clinal.
Lectotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish, if rather pale apically then pale part distinctly shorter than hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath 0.5–0.9 times as long as hind tibia and 0.3–0.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina obsolescent (Figs
Europe, Iran, Turkey. New for the fauna of Iran and Turkey.
Probably predator-inquiline of
Holotype (RMNH), ♀, “N.
Head weakly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face moderately wide (Fig.
Female, length of body 9.1 mm (of fore wing 4.4 mm).
Iran, Jordan.
Unknown. Collected in May-June.
Derived from “nigra”, (Latin for “black”) and “apiculus”, (Latin for “small top”), because of the blackish apex of the ovipositor sheath.
Holotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown, light brown (Fig.
C. and SE. Europe, Turkey (
Unknown. Collected in June-August in Turkey and Iran.
Close to
Holotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.7–2.2 times as long as hind basitarsus (Fig.
Iran, Turkey, Central and South Europe. New for the fauna of Iran.
Unknown. Collected in May-October.
Holotype (RMNH), ♀, “Grecia [=
Head weakly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face rather wide (Fig.
Female, length of body 7.5 mm (of fore wing 4.0 mm).
Cyprus, Greece, Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in April-August.
Named after its collector and after Dr Guido Pagliano (Turin) who reviewed the Italian
Paratypes from Germany examined.
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath more or less pale apically, pale part 0.4–0.9 times as long as hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.2 times as long as body and 5.1–6.3 times as long as hind tibia; vertex hardly convex in lateral view, finely aciculate and matt; occipital carina narrow, hardly protruding (Figs
Europe, *Turkey, *Iran.
Reared as predator-inquiline from old
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), 1 ♀, “N.
Head slightly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina with a rather shallow medio-posterior depression (shallower in Central Asian specimens than in Iranian and Turkish specimens); face rather narrow (Fig.
Close to
Female, length of body 12.9 mm (of fore wing 5.8 mm).
Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, ?Morocco. In Northwest Iran the most common species in Malaise traps.
Unknown. Collected in April-September.
The record of
Named “
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “
Head weakly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression (Fig.
Female, length of body 12.5 mm (of fore wing 5.0 mm).
Cyprus, Iran, Jordan, Syria, Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in May-September.
Named “
Holotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.7–2.5 times as long as hind basitarsus (Fig.
SE Europe, Syria, Iran, Turkey. New for the fauna of Iran and Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in May-September.
Females may be confused with
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “TR [=
Head evenly convex dorsally in lateral view, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face wide (Fig.
Female, length of body 9.6 mm (of fore wing 4.4 mm).
Greece, Jordan, Syria, Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in May-July, September.
Named after the collector of the holotype, Dr Christian Schmid-Egger (Berlin) for his contribution to enlarge and popularise our knowledge of
Two males were identified by M. Madl in 1996 as
Holotype, ♀ (BZL), “
Head distinctly convex dorsally in lateral view, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face rather wide (Fig.
Female, length of body 14.2 mm (of fore wing 7.0 mm).
Jordan, Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in April, June-July.
Named after “scorteus”, (Latin for “leathern”) and is used because of the very fine coriaceous mesoscutum.
Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “
Head slightly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face moderately wide (Fig.
Female, length of body 11.2 mm (of fore wing 5.5 mm).
Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in May-July.
Named in honour of the hymenopterist Jan Smit (Duiven) for his contribution to our knowledge of Dutch
Lectotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 2–3 times as long as hind basitarsus; head flat in front of occipital carina, without any depression; antesternal carina narrow and hardly lamelliform (Fig.
SE Europe, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey. New for the fauna of Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in July-September.
The holotype of
On p. 324 Schletterer refers under “
Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.7–3.0 times as long as hind basitarsus; head with shallow middle depression in front of occipital carina (Fig.
South and Central Europe, Turkey, Iran.
Unknown. Collected from early June till late September.
One female in NMW identified as
Lectotype of
Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish, if rather pale apically then pale part distinctly shorter than hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath 1.3–1.5 times as long as hind tibia and 0.7–0.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina obsolescent medio-dorsally (Figs
Central and South Europe, Turkey.
Unknown. Collected from June till September, in South Europe present from May onwards.
Lectotype of
*
Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish, if rather pale apically then pale part distinctly shorter than hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath 1.6–2.0 times as long as hind tibia and at least as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina non-lamelliform, narrow (Figs
South Europe, Iran, Turkey. New for the fauna of Iran and Turkey.
Unknown. Collected in May-July.
Thanks are due to Sergey Belokobylskij (St. Petersburg), Hege Vårdal, Julia Stigenberg and Seraina Klopfstein (Stockholm), Claire Villemant and Agnièle Touret-Alby (Paris), Carmen Rey del Castillo, Isabel Izquierdo and Mercedis París (Madrid), Bernhard Merz (Geneva), Andreas Müller (Zürich), David Notton and Gavin Broad (London), Gloria Ortega Muñoz (Tenerife), Roberto Poggi (Genoa), Sándor Csösz and Zoltán Vas (Budapest), Dominique Zimmermann and Michael Madl (Vienna) for the loan of types and information about available specimens. Chris Saure (Berlin), Christian Schmid-Egger (Berlin) and Fritz Gusenleitner (Linz) for the loan and partly gift of specimens, Chris Saure for his very usueful comments, Anne Freitag (Lausanne) and Ehsan Rakhshani (Zabol) for their hospitality during the visit of the first author and for gift of specimens.