Corresponding author: Yun Bu (
Academic editor: L. Deharveng
Proturan collections from Magadan Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, and Sakhalin Oblast are reported here. Twenty-five species are found of which 13 species are new records for Russian Far East which enrich the knowledge of Protura known for this area. Three new species
Bu Y, Potapov MB, Yin WY (2014) Systematic and biogeographical study of Protura (Hexapoda) in Russian Far East: new data on high endemism of the group. ZooKeys 424: 19–57. doi:
The
The Russian Far East (abbreviated as RFE throughout the present paper) occupies an area of 3,016 thousand sq. km. and extends from Wrangel Island southwards to Khasan Lake (
The sampling sites in RFE.
Much of the material was collected by us during a joint Chinese-Russian expedition in autumn of 2011 which was a part of study of the biodiversity of basal
The specimens were collected by Tullgren funnels using fast extraction with strong heating of samples during several hours. All specimens were mounted on slides in Hoyer’s medium and dried at 60 °C. Specimens were identified and drawn with the aid of a NIKON E600 phase contrast microscope. The photos were taken by digital camera Nikon DXM1200. Type specimens are deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum (SEM), Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Moscow State Pedagogical University (MSPU).
Eight localities of RFE were sampled so far (
Magadan Oblast, Snezhnaja dolina,
Khabarovsk Krai, Vaninsky area, Valley of Mulinka,
Khabarovsk Krai, Khabarovsk district, Korfovsky, Khekhtsyr Range,
Primorsky Krai, Shkotovsky area, Anisimovka, Khualaza Mt.
Primorsky Krai, Khasansky area,
Primorsky Krai, Partizansky area, Chondolaz Range,
Primorsky Krai, Lazovsky area, nearby Preobrazheniye,
Sakhalin Oblast, Sakhalin Island, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Susunaysky Range, Chenov Mt.
Abbreviations used in the text follow the paper of
Holotype, female (No. FE-2011022-2) (SEM), Russia, Far East, Primorsky Krai, Khasansky area, eastern part of Krabbe Peninsula, from mixed samples of soil and moss under a broad-leaved forest on a hill beside the coast,
Adult body length 1000–1100 µm (n=3), pale yellow in color (
Adult chaetotaxy of
Segment | Dorsal | Ventral | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formula | Setae | Formula | Setae | ||
Th. | I | 4 | 1, 2 | (4+4)/6 | A1, 2, M1, 2 |
II–III | 6/16 | A2, 4, M |
(7+2)/4 | Ac, 2, 3, 4, M |
|
Abd. | I | 6/12 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/4 | Ac, 2 |
II–III | 6/16 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/5 | Ac, 2 |
|
IV–V | 6/16 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VI | 8/16 | A1, 2, 4, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VII | 8/18 | A1, 2, 4, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VIII | 6/16 | A2, 4, 5 |
4 | A1, 2 |
|
IX | 14 | 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
X | 12 | 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
XI | 6 | 1, 3, 4 | 6 | 1, 1a, 2 | |
XII | 9 | 6 |
Tergites I and VIII with pores
Abdominal appendages I, II, III with 2, 1, 1 segments and 4, 2, 2 setae respectively. On appendages II and III, subapical seta 15–17 µm, apical seta 11–12 µm in length. Striate band on abdominal segment VIII reduced, anterior margin regular wave shaped (
The species is named after Krabbe Peninsula where the type specimens were collected.
Known only from type locality.
We placed the present new species in the genus
Holotype, female (No. FE-2011051-2) (SEM), Russia, Far East, Primorsky Krai, Lazovsky area, nearby Preobrazheniye, from the mixed samples of humus (full of white mycelium) and a little soil under a broad-leaved forest close to the seashore,
Adult body length 1100–1300 µm (n=10), pale yellow in color (
Adult chaetotaxy of
Segment | Dorsal | Ventral | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formula | Setae | Formula | Setae | ||
Th. | I | 4 | 1, 2 | (4+4)/6 | A1, 2, M1, 2 |
II–III | 6/16 | A2, 4, M |
(7+2)/4 | Ac, 2, 3, 4, M |
|
Abd. | I | 6/12 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/4 | Ac, 2 |
II–III | 6/16 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/5 | Ac, 2 |
|
IV–V | 6/16 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VI | 8/16 | A1, 2, 4, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VII | 8/18 | A1, 2, 4, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VIII | 6/16 | A2, 4, 5 |
4/2 | A1, 2 |
|
IX | 14 | 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
X | 12 | 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
XI | 6 | 1, 3, 4 | 6 | 1, 1a, 2 | |
XII | 9 | 6 |
Tergites I and VIII with pores
Abdominal appendages I, II, III with 2, 1, 1 segments and 4, 3, 3 setae respectively. On appendages II and III, subapical seta 19–21 µm, two apical setae 11–12 µm, and 5–7 µm in length (
The species is named after Lazovsky Nature Reserve where the type specimens were collected.
Known only from type locality.
The present species is located in the genus
Holotype, female (No. FE-2011035-1) (SEM), Russia, Far East, Primorsky Krai, Lazovsky area, nearby Preobrazheniye, from the mixed samples of soil and humus from mountains,
Adult body length 1200–1350 µm (n=5).
Adult chaetotaxy of
Segment | Dorsal | Ventral | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formula | Setae | Formula | Setae | ||
Th. | I | 4 | 1, 2 | (4+4)/6 | A1, 2, M1, 2 |
II–III | 6/16 | A2, 4, M |
(7+2)/4 | Ac, 2, 3, 4, M |
|
Abd. | I | 6/12 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/4 | Ac, 2 |
II–III | 6/16 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/5 | Ac, 2 |
|
IV–V | 6/16 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VI | 8/16 | A1, 2, 4, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VII | 8/16 | A1, 2, 4, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VIII | 6/16 | A2, 4, 5 |
4/2 | A1, 2 |
|
IX | 14 | 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
X | 12 | 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
XI | 6 | 1, 3, 4 | 6 | 1, 2 | |
XII | 9 | 6 |
Tergites I and VIII with pores
Abdominal appendages I, II, III with 2, 1, 1 segments and 4, 2, 2 setae respectively. On appendages II and III, subapical setae 16–17 µm, apical setae 13–14 µm in length. Striate band on abdominal segment VIII reduced, anterior margin regular wave shaped. Comb on abdomen VIII rectangular, with 12–13 teeth (
The species is named after Dr. V. Alpatov who accompanied us during our scientific trips.
Known only from type locality.
The present species is located in the genus
Abdominal appendages II and III each with 3 setae, mesonotum and metanotum each with two pairs of anterior setae, foretarsal sensillum
The genus
Mesonotum and metanotum each with two pairs of anterior setae, labial palpus with two-branched terminal tuft of setae, sensillum
The genus
1 | Tergite VII with 4 pairs of anterior setae, seta |
2 |
– | Tergite VII with 5 pairs of anterior setae, seta |
|
2 | Tergites I–VI without seta |
|
– | Tergites I–VI with seta |
3 |
3 | Tergites IX and X with 14 and 12 setae respectively, sensillum |
|
– | Tergites IX and X with 12 and 8 setae respectively, sensillum |
Holotype, female, Paratype, 1 female, China, Jilin Province, Dehui city, 15-IX-2006, coll. D. H. Wu.
China (Jilin).
Mesonotum and metanotum each with two pairs of anterior setae, abdominal appendages II and III each with two setae, labial palpus with one-branched terminal tuft of setae, with 3 setae and 1 sensillum, foretarsal sensillum
The genus
1 | Tergites IV and V each with 4 pairs of anterior setae | |
– | Tergites IV and V each with 3 pairs of anterior setae | 2 |
2 | Foretarsal sensillum |
|
– | Foretarsal sensillum |
1 female, 1 male, Locality 3, 25-IV-2010, coll. E. Sokolova & M. Potapov.
Russia (Far East, Khabarovsk Krai).
Body length 1300–1380 µm, foretarsus length 110 µm. We studied the new materials of
7 females (Nos. FE-2011062-1, FE-2011062-4, FE-2011062-5, FE-2011085-1, FE-2011085-2, FE-2011087-1, FE-2011089-1) (SEM; MSPU), 5 males (Nos. FE-2011062-2, FE-2011062-3, FE-2011086-1, FE-2011086-2, FE-2011087-2) (SEM; MSPU), 1 male preimago (No. FE-2011090-2), Russia, Far East, Khabarovsk Krai, Vaninsky area, nearby Vysokogorny, Valley of Mulinka, from
Adult body length 1000–1200 µm (n=16), yellow in color (
Adult chaetotaxy of
Segment | Dorsal | Ventral | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formula | Setae | Formula | Setae | ||
Th. | I | 4 | 1, 2 | (4+4)/6 | A1, 2, M1, 2 |
II | 8/16 | A2, 3, 4, M |
(5+2)/4 | Ac, 2, 3, M |
|
III | 10/16 | A1, 2, 3, 4, M |
(7+2)/4 | Ac, 1, 2, 3, M |
|
Abd. | I | 6/12 | A1, 2, 5 |
3/4 | Ac, 2 |
II | 10/16 | A1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
3/5 | Ac, 2 |
|
III | 10/16 | A1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
3/6 | Ac, 2 |
|
IV–V | 10/16 | A1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
3/8 | Ac, 2 |
|
VI | 10/16 | A1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
3/9 | Ac, 2 |
|
VII | 8/16 | A2, 3, 4, 5 |
3/9 | Ac, 2 |
|
VIII | 6/15 | A1, 3, 5 |
4/2 | 1, 2 |
|
IX | 12 | 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
X | 10 | 1, 2, 2a, 3, 4 | 4 | 1, 2 | |
XI | 6 | 1, 3, 4 | 6 | 1, 2, 3 | |
XII | 9 | 6 |
Tergites I and VIII with pores
Abdominal appendages I, II, III with 2, 1, 1 segments and 4, 2, 2 setae respectively. On appendages II and III, subapical seta 16–18 µm, apical seta 12–15 µm in length. Striate band on abdominal segment VIII well developed, anterior margin regular wave shaped (
Russia (Far East, Magadan Oblast; Khabarovsk Krai).
The description is given above.
3 females, locality 4, 10-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Northeast China; Russia (Far East: Khabarovsk Krai; Primorsky Krai). For Russia, it was already recorded from Khabarovsk Krai by
2 females, 2 males, locality 3, 25-IV-2010, E. Sokolova & M. Potapov collected; 2 females, 5 males, locality 5, 16-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov; 36 females, 39 males, 5 male preimagos, locality 7, 22-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Widely distributed in eastern areas of Asia: China (Anhui, Taiwan, Xianggang, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea; Russia (Far East: Khabarovsk Krai: Khekhtsyr Range; Primorsky Krai: Shkotovsky area). New for Russia.
1 female, 1 male, locality 5, 16-IX-2011, 12 females, 7 males, locality 7, 22-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Korea; Russia (Far East: Primorsky Krai). New for Russia.
3 females, 4 males, 2 maturi juniors, 1 prelarva, locality 4, 10-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Russia (Far East: Primorsky Krai). It was described from Partizansky, Shkotovsky and Khasansky areas by
1 female, locality 7, 21-IX-2011. coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Japan; Russia (Far East: Primorsky Krai). New for Russia.
Body large and robust, 1700 µm in length. Foretarsus length 115 µm, setae
1 female, 2 maturi juniors, locality 5, 16-IX-2011. coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Japan; Russia (Far East: Primorsky Krai). New for Russia.
1 female, 2 maturi juniors, locality 4, 9-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov; 5 females, 2 males, 3 maturi juniors, 2 Larvae II, locality 2, 30-ix-2011, coll. M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Widely distributed in Asia: China (Anhui, Hebei, Jilin, Shanxi, Zhejiang); Japan; Korea; Russia (Far East: Primorsky Krai; Khabarovsk Krai). New for Russia.
The description is given above.
1 female, 1 male, locality 2, sample No. 29, 30-IX-2011, coll. M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Northeast China; Japan; Russia (Far East: Khabarovsk Krai). New for Russia.
4 females, 2 males, 2 maturi juniors, 1 Larva LII, locality 3, 20-IX-2009. coll. O. Smirnova; 2 females, 1 larva I, 1 larva II, locality 3, 24-IV-2010, coll. E. Sokolova & M. Potapov; 2 females, 3 males, 2 larvae II, locality 4, 10-IX-2011; 3 females, 1 males, 1 maturus junior, locality 5, 16-IX-2011; 5 females, 4 males, 3 maturi juniors, 3 larvae II, 1 males preimago, locality 7, 22-IX-2011. coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Northeast China; Japan; Korea; Russia (Far East: Primorsky Krai; Khabarovsk Krai). It was reported from Shkotovsky and Khasansky areas by
The description is given above.
The description is given above.
5 females, locality 7, 22-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Northeast China; Russia (Far East: Primorsky Krai, Lazovsky area). It was reported from Shkotovsky and Khasansky areas by
4 females, locality 4, 10-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Russia (Far East, Primorsky Krai). It was recorded from Ussuriysky, Khasansky and Shkotovsky areas by
10 females, 9 males, locality 3, 20-IX-2009. coll. O. Smirnova; 2 females, 1 male, locality 3, 24-IV-2010, E. Sokolova & M. Potapov collected; 1 female, locality 4, 10-IX-2011, Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov collected.
Japan; Korea; Russia (Far East: Khabarovsk Krai; Prmorsky Krai). It was already recorded from Ussuriysky and Shkotovsky areas by
The description of the new material from Russian Far East is given above.
2 males, locality 3, 20-IX-2009, coll. O. Smirnova; 3 females, 2 males, locality 2, 30-IX-2011, coll. M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Russia (Far East, Khabarovsk Krai). New for Russia.
The present species is nearly identical to
2 males, locality 5, 16-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Russia (Far East, Primorsky Krai). New for Russia.
The present species has nearly the same body chaetotaxy (with
2 females, 2 males, locality 7, 21-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov. 1 female, 1 male, locality 2, 30-IX-2011, coll. M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Russia (Far East, Khabarovsk Krai; Primorsky Krai ). New for Russia.
The present species was described from Korfovsky area of Khabarovsk Krai by
3 females, locality 4, 10-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Russia (Far East, Primorsky Krai). It was recorded from Shkotovsky area by
1 female, locality 5, 16-IX-2011; 2 females, locality 7, 21-IX-2011. coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Russia (Far East, Primorsky Krai). It was already recorded from Partizansky and Khasansky areas by
1 male, locality 3, 2-X-2009, coll. O. Smirnova; 5 females, 1 male, 1 larva I, and 1 larva II, locality 4, 10-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Russia (Far East: Khabarovsk Krai; Primorsky Krai). It is already recorded from Khabarovsk Krai by
1 female, locality 4, 10-IX-2011; 1 female, 1 male, 1 larva I, locality 7, 21-IX-2011, 1 female, 1 male, locality 7, 22-IX-2011; coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Widely distributed in China. Russia (Far East, Primorsky Krai). New for Russia.
4 females, 1 male, locality 7, 22-IX-2011, coll. Y. Bu, C. W. Huang, M. Potapov & V. Alpatov.
Widely distributed in China; Russia (Far East, Primorsky Krai). New for Russia.
The 31 species of
List of
Classification | Species | RFE | China | Korea | Japan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 |
|||||
3, 4 | + | ||||
3, 5, 7 | + | + | + | ||
4, 5, 6 | |||||
4, 5, 6 | |||||
5, 7 | + | ||||
7 | + | ||||
3 | |||||
5 | + | ||||
2, 4 | + | + | + | ||
7 | |||||
2 | + | + | |||
8 | |||||
3 | + | ||||
3, 4, 5, 7 | + | + | + | ||
7 | |||||
3 | |||||
4, 5, 7 | + | ||||
1, 2 | |||||
3 | + | ||||
2, 3 | |||||
5 | |||||
2, 3, 7 | |||||
4 | |||||
5, 6,7 | + | + | + | ||
3 | + | ||||
4 | |||||
3, 4 | + | + | |||
3, 4 | + | + | + | ||
3, 7 | + | ||||
7 | + |
* Known only from RFE so far.
** Numbers indicate the localities given in the materials and methods.
Compared with neighbouring regions, the
Based on the distributional data available so far, the species of
1) Species widespread in the Eastern Asia including both its temperate and tropical parts (
Distribution of two widely distributed East-Asiatic species of RFE. In addition to locations listed in the text, other records are used after
2) Temperate East Palearctic species:
Distribution of typical East-Palearctic species of RFE. In addition to locations listed in the text, other records are used after
3) Local species:
Distribution of some local species of RFE.
The biogeographical composition of Russian Far East, including Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai, has been described for many arthropods (
The portion of Holarctic and trans-Palearctic species in fauna of arthropods of Primorsky Krai.
Taxa | Holarctic and trans-Palearctic species | References |
---|---|---|
~28% |
|
|
~14% |
|
|
~30% |
|
|
~37% |
|
|
~45% |
|
|
~43% |
|
|
~14% |
|
|
~10% |
|
|
~55% |
|
|
0% | this study |
Only three widely distributed species of
Several reasons can be proposed to explain the absence of the Holarctic and Palearctic species of
- High sensitivity of
- In the Northern hemisphere, this group sharply declines at higher latitudes. In many groups of animals the portion of endemic species increases southwards in Eurasia (
- Low dispersal ability of
In conclusion, the
We are grateful to Mr. C. W. Huang (China) and Dr. V. Alpatov (Russia) for their assistance in the field. We sincerely thank Dr. P. Greenslade (Australia) for her generous help in language revision. The authors are also grateful to the management and staff of State Reserve of Lazovsky who provided the collecting permit and suitable conditions for our field work, especially to A. Laptev, Yu. Sundukov, and V. Kirsanov. We would especially like to thank A. Lelej and E. Mikhaleva (Russia, Vladivostok), who’s hospitality has made our stay in Russian Far East very efficient. A. Babenko (Russia, Moscow) made several valuable critical remarks. We cordially thank Dr. O. Nakamura (Japan) and Dr. J. Shrubovych (Ukraine) for their constructive reviews of the manuscript and valuable comments. This study was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (no: 31201706, 31301873, 31071887) and NSFC-RFBR Cooperative Research Project (31111120077 / 11-04-91179-GFENa, RFBR 14-04-91169M).