Corresponding author: Jian-Jun Gao (
Academic editor: R. Meier
Species of the genus
Li N-N, Toda MJ, Fu Z, Chen J-M, Li S-H, Gao J-J (2014) Taxonomy of the
To date, as many as 90 species (of them only 25 species described) have been found in the genus
The
Summary of the species of the
Species name | Distribution | Host plant | Reference |
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Java, Indonesia; Solomon Is. |
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Sabah, Malaysia | Ditto | ||
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China | Ditto | ||
Pu’er, Yunnan, China | Present study | ||
Baoshan and Pu’er, Yunnan, China | Ditto | Ditto | |
Ditto | Ditto |
Ditto | |
Ditto | Ditto | Ditto | |
Ditto | Ditto | Ditto |
a To be confirmed by further investigation (for details, see the “Remarks” section in the description of
Our recent field surveys in Yunnan Province, China brought new, insightful information on the evolution of flower-breeding habits in the
The four new species of the
Specimens of
Species | Voucher #/GenBank accession number | Collection site |
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Lot055 (DNA)/ |
A |
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Lot072 (DNA)/ |
B |
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001627/ |
C |
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Lot150 (DNA)/ |
D |
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Lot036 (DNA)/ |
B |
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000323/ |
E |
001514 |
C | |
000349/ |
F | |
001515 |
C | |
000082/ |
F | |
000355–0358/ |
F | |
001448 |
C | |
000160/ |
F | |
001586 |
C |
a PCR/sequencing using the primers of
b PCR/sequencing using the primers of
c Adults obtained by laboratory rearing;
d Collection sites: A, Enrekang, South Sulawesi, Sulawesi, Indonesia; B, Park Headquarters, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; C, Yixiang, Pu’er, Yunnan, China; D, Bogor Botanical Garden, West Java, Indonesia; E, Menglun, Mengla, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China; F, Baihualing, Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan, China
We followed the same method as in Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
A total of 54 individuals representing all the three known and four morphologically identified, putatively new species (
A total of 57
The alignment of the 57
Intra- and interspecific K2P distances (minimum–maximum) in the
Species |
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Intraspecific distance | Interspecific distance | |||||
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4 | 0–0.0058 | ||||||
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6 | 0–0.0102 | 0.1027–0.1236 | |||||
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10 | 0–0.0054 | 0.1056–0.1148 | 0.0978–0.1156 | ||||
14 | 0–0.0099 | 0.1134–0.1259 | 0.0972–0.1088 | 0.0135–0.0282 | ||||
2 | 0–0 | 0.1345–0.1370 | 0.0930–0.1046 | 0.0793–0.0860 | 0.0815–0.0834 | |||
11 | 0–0.0069 | 0.1099–0.1179 | 0.1017–0.1230 | 0.0939–0.1038 | 0.0978–0.1086 | 0.1079–0.1125 | ||
7 | 0–0.0034 | 0.1440–0.1483 | 0.1425–0.1664 | 0.1211–0.1359 | 0.1367–0.1484 | 0.1431–0.1468 | 0.0674–0.0758 |
a Number of sequences
Diagnostic nucleotide sites in the alignment of
SEM photographs showing leg and oviscapt fine structures in the
Holotype ♂ (No. 000068): CHINA: Baihualing, Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan, 1500 m (
Paratypes: same data as holotype (7♂, 1♀: Nos 000069–78, 290, 291, 293); same but 16–17.vi.2011 (3♂, 1♀: Nos 000349, 350, 1133, 1134); same but 12.vii.2011 (1♂: No. 000168); same but 14.vii.2011 (1♂: No. 000353); same but from laboratory rearing of eggs in infructescences of
Thorax: Scutum and scutellum glossy, blackish brown to black; thoracic pleura glossy, blackish brown. Acrostichal setulae in 6 rows.
Wing: Veins yellow. Halter grayish brown except for grayish yellow stalk.
Legs: Foreleg second tarsomere with 8–11 pegs (
Abdomen: Tergites glossy, entirely blackish brown; II to VI+VII each bearing setulae and setae in approximately 3–4 transverse rows; setae of posteriormost row largest. Sternites pale brown to brown; VI posteriorly not bilobed.
Terminalia (
Measurements (holotype / range in 6♂ paratypes, in mm): BL (straight distance from anterior edge of pedicel to tip of abdomen) = 2.76 / 2.45–2.75, ThL (medial distance from anterior notal margin to apex of scutellum) = 1.29 / 1.17–1.37, WL (distance from humeral cross vein to wing apex) = 2.49 / 2.31–2.74, WW (maximum wing width) = 1.08 / 0.96–1.07.
Indices (holotype / range in 6♂ paratypes): FW/HW (frontal width / head width) = 0.55 / 0.55−0.57, ch/o (maximum width of gena / maximum diameter of eye) = 0.52 / 0.44−0.63, prorb (proclinate orbital seta / posterior reclinate orbital seta in length) = 1.55 / 1.34–1.67, rcorb (anterior reclinate orbital seta / posterior reclinate orbital seta in length) = 0.49 / 0.38–0.56, orbito (distance between proclinate and posterior reclinate orbital setae / distance between inner vertical and posterior reclinate orbital setae) = 0.71 / 0.70−0.83, vb (subvibrissal seta / vibrissa in length) = 0.33 / 0.24–0.39, dcl (anterior dorsocentral seta / posterior dorsocentral seta in length) = 0.51 / 0.53–0.68, presctl (prescutellar seta / posterior dorsocentral seta in length) = 0.46 / 0.45–0.54, sctl (basal scutellar seta / apical scutellar seta in length) = 0.71 / 0.63–0.74, sterno (anterior katepisternal seta / posterior katepisternal seta in length) = 0.72 / 0.68–0.80, mid katepisternal seta indistinguishable from the other fine setae, dcp (distance between ipsilateral dorsocentral setae / distance between anterior dorsocentral setae) = 1.07 / 0.85−1.31, sctlp (distance between ipsilateral scutellar setae / distance between apical scutellar setae) = 1.10 / 0.94−1.39, C (2nd costal section between subcostal break and R2+3 / 3rd costal section between R2+3 and R4+5) = 2.56 / 2.28−2.75, 4c (3rd costal section between R2+3 and R4+5 / M1 between r-m and dm-cu) = 0.81 / 0.76−0.98, 4v (M1 between dm-cu and wing margin / M1 between r-m and dm-cu) = 1.44 / 1.37−1.70, 5× (CuA1 between dm-cu and wing margin / dm-cu between M1 and CuA1) = 0.88 / 0.75−0.82, ac (3rd costal section between R2+3 and R4+5 / distance between distal ends of R4+5 and M1) = 3.44 /2.81–4.13, M (CuA1 between dm-cu and wing margin / M1 between r-m and dm-cu) = 0.16 / 0.14–0.19, C3F (length of heavy setation in 3rd costal section / length of 3rd costal section) = 0.79 / 0.74–0.83.
Terminalia: Tergite VII mid-dorsally not constricted; VIII entirely pubescent, with 5 setae in transverse (against body axis) row on discolored posteroventral portion. Oviscapt distally narrowing; distal narrow portion as long as proximal, broad portion, with approximately 15, 6 and 3 trichoid ovisensilla per side on ventral, dorsal and apical margins, respectively, and a tiny, peg-like ovisensillum near dorsosubapical margin (
Measurements (range in 5♀ paratypes, in mm): BL = 2.66–3.30, ThL = 1.33–1.47, WL = 2.40–2.90, WW = 1.03–1.21.
Indices (range in 5♀ paratypes): FW/HW = 0.55−0.60, ch/o = 0.51−0.59, prorb = 1.35–1.56, rcorb = 0.42−0.78, orbito = 0.65−0.80, vb = 0.28−0.39 (4♀), dcl = 0.46−0.63, presctl = 0.45–0.56, sctl = 0.65−0.74 (4♀), sterno = 0.44−0.77, dcp = 0.92−1.00, sctlp = 1.04−1.20, C = 2.21−2.68, 4c = 0.79−0.90, 4v = 1.44−1.53, 5x = 0.68−0.97, ac = 2.73−3.59, M = 0.17–0.19, C3F = 0.78–0.86.
Filaments 2, approximately 1.8–2.4 times as long as length of egg body.
The specific name “
China (Yunnan).
Although this species closely resembles
Holotype ♂ (No. 000079): CHINA: Baihualing, Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan, 1500 m (
Paratypes: same data as holotype but 16.vi.2011 (2♂, 8♀: Nos 000080–87, 171, 172); same but 15.vi.2011 (1♂: No. 000170) (KIZ, SEHU).
Thorax: Scutum and scutellum glossy, black; thoracic pleura glossy, blackish brown. Acrostichal setulae in 6 rows.
Wing: Veins yellow. Halter grayish brown except for grayish yellow stalk.
Legs: Foreleg second tarsomere with 8–10 pegs (
Abdomen: Tergites glossy, entirely dark brown; II to VI+VII each bearing setulae and setae irregularly arranged; setae of posteriormost row largest. Sternites grayish yellow; VI posteriorly not bilobed.
Terminalia (
Measurements (holotype / range in 3♂ paratypes, in mm): BL = 3.30 / 2.40−3.20, ThL = 1.40 / 1.18−1.42, WL = 2.80 / 2.50−2.88, WW =1.09 / 1.03−1.20.
Indices (holotype / range in 3♂ paratypes): FW/HW = 0.49 / 0.48−0.50, ch/o = 0.51 / 0.53−0.54, prorb = 1.04 / 1.25−1.49, rcorb = 0.44 / 0.44−0.50, orbito = 0.74 / 0.56−0.66, vb = 0.47 / 0.38−0.50, dcl = 0.50 / 0.51−0.59, presctl = 0.50 / 0.51−0.59, sctl = 0.91 / 0.65−0.77, sterno = 0.65 / 0.56−0.66, mid katepisternal seta indistinguishable from other fine setae, dcp = 1.08 / 0.86−1.07, sctlp = 1.23 / 1.10−1.26, C = 1.76 / 1.79−1.83, 4c = 1.16 / 1.18−1.19, 4v = 1.83 / 1.85−1.95, 5x = 0.98 / 0.99−1.18, ac = 4.54 / 3.84−4.08, M = 0.14 / 0.15−0.17, C3F = 0.83 / 0.84−0.88.
Terminalia: Tergite VII mid-dorsally not constricted; VIII pubescent nearly entirely, with 3−4 setae in a transverse row on unpubescent medio-posterior portion. Oviscapt distal narrow portion twice as long as proximal, broad portion, with approximately 18, 6 and 3 trichoid ovisensilla per side on ventral, dorsal and apical margins, respectively, and tiny, peg-like ovisensillum near mid-dorsal margin (
Measurements (range in 8♀ paratypes, in mm): BL = 2.80−3.21 (7♀), ThL = 1.26−1.47, WL = 2.67−2.90, WW =1.08−1.26.
Indices (range in 8♀ paratypes): FW/HW = 0.49−0.52, ch/o = 0.49−0.54, prorb = 0.97−1.25, rcorb = 0.34−0.57, orbito = 0.56−0.73, vb = 0.43−0.64, dcl = 0.49−0.56, presctl = 0.49−0.56, sctl = 0.64−0.87 (7♀), sterno = 0.63−0.87, dcp = 0.82−1.06, sctlp = 1.10−1.31, C = 1.78−2.06, 4c = 1.05−1.23, 4v = 1.81−1.99, 5x = 0.88−1.18, ac = 3.55−4.36, M = 0.14−0.18, C3F = 0.84−0.89.
China (Yunnan).
Pertaining to the long oviscapt valva.
Adults of this species were very rarely captured from inflorescences of
Holotype ♂ (No. 001641): CHINA: Baihualing, Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan, 1500 m (
Paratypes: same data as holotype (11♂, 27♀: Nos 001634–40, 42–49, 51–73); same but (
Thorax: Scutum and scutellum glossy, blackish brown to black; thoracic pleura glossy, blackish brown. Acrostichal setulae in 4 rows.
Wing: Veins yellow. Halter grayish brown except for grayish yellow stalk.
Legs: Foreleg second tarsomere with 6 pegs (
Abdomen: Tergites glossy, entirely dark brown; II to VI+VII each bearing setulae and setae in approximately 3 transverse rows; setae of posteriormost row largest. Sternites pale brown to brown; VI posteriorly not bilobed.
Terminalia (
Measurements (holotype / range in 10♂ paratypes, in mm): BL = 2.01 / 1.85−2.14, ThL = 0.86 / 0.76−0.94, WL = 1.79 / 1.59−1.89, WW = 0.79 / 0.72−0.85.
Indices (holotype / range in 10♂ paratypes): FW/HW = 0.54 / 0.53−0.56, ch/o = 0.48 / 0.46−0.55, prorb = broken / 1.08 (1♂), rcorb = 0.61 / 0.56−0.59 (6♂), orbito = 0.86 / 0.63−0.85, vb = 0.31 / 0.30−0.36, dcl = 0.52 / 0.54−0.62 (6♂), presctl = 0.38 / 0.30−0.39 (9♂), sctl = 0.75 / 0.59−0.77 (9♂), sterno = 0.75 / 0.72−0.94, mid katepisternal seta indistinguishable from other fine setae, dcp = 0.92 / 0.82−1.02, sctlp = 1.00 / 0.92−1.12, C = 1.90 / 1.72−2.12, 4c = 1.18 / 0.89−1.21, 4v = 1.79 / 1.28−1.75, 5x = 1.15 / 0.94−1.17, ac = 3.56 /3.04−3.59, M = 0.19 / 0.19−0.21, C3F = 0.48 / 0.35−0.53.
Terminalia: Tergite VII mid-dorsally not constricted; VIII pubescent nearly entirely, with 4–5 setae in a longitudinal row on unpubescent, discolored, posteroventral portion. Oviscapt distal elongation constricted dorsally at basal 1/3, apically somewhat truncate, with 6, 9 and 3 trichoid ovisensilla per side on distal 1/3 of dorsal margin, entire ventral margin, and at apex, respectively (
Measurements (range in 10♀ paratypes, in mm): BL = 2.43−2.95, ThL = 0.89−1.22, WL = 1.90−2.48, WW = 0.85−1.07.
Indices (range in 10♀ paratypes): FW/HW = 0.55−0.59, ch/o = 0.50−0.62, prorb broken, rcorb = 0.40−0.52 (3♀), orbito = 0.68−0.91, vb = 0.29−0.35, dcl = 0.43−0.57 (6♀), presctl = 0.29−0.37 (7♀), sctl = 0.69−0.77 (9♀), sterno = 0.74−0.91, dcp = 0.90−1.09, sctlp = 1.00−1.12, C = 1.83−2.23, 4c = 1.00−1.14, 4v = 1.50−1.86, 5x = 0.87−1.19, ac = 3.28−4.00, M = 0.16−0.20, C3F = 0.38−0.59.
China (Yunnan).
The specific name “
This species resembles the following species,
Holotype ♂ (No. 000159): CHINA: Baihualing, Longyang, Baoshan, Yunnan, 1500 m (
Paratypes. Same data as holotype (3♂, 2♀: Nos 000160, 165-167, 178); same but 16.vi.2011 (1♂, 2♀: Nos 000161-163); same but (
Thorax: Scutum and scutellum glossy, black; thoracic pleura glossy, blackish brown. Acrostichal setulae in 4 rows.
Wing: Veins yellow. Halter dark brown except for grayish yellow stalk.
Legs: Foreleg second tarsomere with 6 pegs (
Abdomen: Tergites glossy, entirely dark brown; II to VI+VII each bearing setulae and setae in approximately 3 transverse rows; setae of posteriormost row largest. Sternites II–V pale brown; VI blackish brown, and bilobed posteriorly.
Terminalia (
Measurements (holotype / range in 5♂ paratypes, in mm): BL = 2.66 / 2.20−2.56 (4♂), ThL = 1.12 / 0.90−1.05, WL = 2.27 / 1.87−2.27, WW =1.03 / 0.85−1.00.
Indices (holotype / range in 5♂ paratypes): FW/HW = 0.53 / 0.50−0.56, ch/o = 0.54 / 0.47−0.59, prorb = 1.04 / 0.97−1.20, rcorb = 0.42/ 0.48−0.55, orbito = 0.58 / 0.56−0.68, vb = 0.46 / 0.40−0.52, dcl = 0.50 / 0.47−0.50, presctl = 0.34 / 0.24−0.37, sctl = 0.62 / 0.57−0.69 (4♂), sterno = 0.79 / 0.79−1.21 (3♂), mid katepisternal seta indistinguishable from other fine setae, dcp = 0.88 / 0.80−0.90, sctlp = 1.15 / 0.90−1.03, C = 2.35 / 2.04−2.52, 4c = 0.96 / 0.95−1.07, 4v = 1.67 / 1.63−1.92, 5x = 1.02 / 1.06−1.27, ac = 3.75 / 3.00−3.68, M = 0.15 / 0.16−0.18, C3F = 0.77 / 0.69−0.80.
Terminalia: Tergite VII mid-dorsally not constricted; VIII pubescent nearly entirely, with 5−6 setae in a transverse row on unpubescent, discolored, posteroventral portion. Oviscapt distal elongation almost smooth on dorsal margin, with 5, 7 and 3 trichoid ovisensilla per side on distal 1/2 of dorsal margin, entire ventral margin and at apex, respectively, of distal elongation (
Measurements (range in 5♀ paratypes, in mm): BL = 2.05−2.86 (4♀), ThL = 0.93−1.20, WL = 2.20−2.60, WW = 0.86−1.05.
Indices (range in 5♀ paratypes): FW/HW = 0.53−0.56, ch/o = 0.43−0.60, prorb = 0.88−1.11, rcorb = 0.28−0.51, orbito = 0.60−0.70, vb = 0.29−0.45, dcl = 0.46−0.52, presctl = 0.26−0.34, sctl = 0.50−0.65 (4♀), sterno = 0.76−0.83 (4♀), dcp = 0.81−0.84, sctlp = 0.85−1.13, C = 2.20−2.34, 4c = 0.96−1.03, 4v = 1.67−1.92, 5x = 0.91−1.23, ac = 3.12−4.76, M = 0.13−0.18, C3F = 0.65−0.74.
China (Yunnan).
In honor of Mr Jian-Tao Yin of the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Much fewer adults of this species were collected from inflorescences of
In this key, the numbers of figures of
1 | Labellum with 16 pseudotracheae per side. Aedeagal apodeme distinctly longer than aedeagus (“ |
|
– | Labellum with ≤ 14 or ≥ 20 pseudotracheae per side. Aedeagal apodeme as long as or shorter than aedeagus ( |
2 |
2 | Labellum with 14 pseudotracheae per side. Distal, narrow part of oviscapt broadly truncate apically, much shorter than proximal, broad part (“ |
|
− | Labellum with 11 or ≥ 20 pseudotracheae per side. Distal, narrow part of oviscapt not or only slightly truncate apically, curved dorsad apically, longer or only slightly shorter than proximal, broad part ( |
3 |
3 | Labellum with 11 pseudotracheae per side. Foreleg tarsomere II with 6 pegs ( |
4 |
− | Labellum with ≥ 20 pseudotracheae per side. Foreleg tarsomere II with ≥ 8 pegs ( |
5 |
4 | Wing C3F index < 2/3. Distance between antennal sockets same as socket width. Distal, narrow part of oviscapt constricted subbasally on dorsal margin ( |
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− | Wing C3F index > 2/3. Distance between antennal sockets larger than socket width. Distal, narrow part of oviscapt finger-like, not constricted subbasally on dorsal margin ( |
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5 | Epandrium notched above basal corner of epandrial ventral lobe; ventral lobe prolonged like rod, apically with grooved, finger-like peg ( |
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– | Epandrium not notched along posterior margin; ventral lobe narrowing distally, apically with ungrooved, apically pointed peg ( |
6 |
6 | Posterior margin of epandrium without setae (“ |
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– | Posterior margin of epandrium with several setae ( |
DNA barcoding has been innovated to facilitate works of not only taxonomists but also non-experts in specimen identification (
Unlike the other
The monsteroid plants as hosts of the
So far, our knowledge about the biogeography of the
We thank Mr RS Lin and GM Li (the Baihualing Village) for their help in the field work, and Mr R He (Research Institute of Resources Insects, the Chinese Academy of Forestry) for his help in SEM photographing. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 31160429), the fund of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2011FY120200 and 2012FY110800), and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Nos 21570085 and 24370033).