Corresponding author: Alexander Riedel (
Academic editor: M. Alonso-Zarazaga
A species discovery and description pipeline to accelerate and improve taxonomy is outlined, relying on concise expert descriptions, combined with DNA sequencing, digital imaging, and automated wiki species page creation from the journal. One hundred and one new species of
The number of undescribed species on Earth is immense (
Here, we will not review the significant body of literature addressing the various suggestions how to overcome the “taxonomic impediment”. Rather we report a species discovery and description pipeline (
The first step is to select a suitable study group (see also
We have previously established that
Some of the historic
This study is based on a selection of 101 out of 279 species recognized by
Holotypes were selected from the sequenced specimens of
Alexander Riedel Collection, stored in SMNK, Germany.
LIPI Research Center of Biology, Division of Zoology, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Widyasatwaloka, Cibinong, Indonesia.
National Agriculture Insect Collection, Kilakila, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland.
Naturkundemuseum Erfurt, Germany.
Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Zoologische Staatssammlung, München, Germany.
The methods applied for DNA sequencing and sequence analysis are described by
Morphological descriptions are limited to major diagnostic characters. For example, the aedeagus often bears characters suitable to separate closely related species and is therefore illustrated and briefly described. Tegmen and sternite VIII of males show peculiar characters in some species, but these are usually not species-specific. Therefore, they are omitted from the diagnostic descriptions. Measurements such as length / width ratio of elytra or pronotum are avoided and can be taken from the photographs if needed. Identification of females is difficult and is best done based on
Describing large numbers of new species belonging to the same genus makes the invention of suitable species epithets increasingly difficult. We propose a solution by naming ten species based on family names found in the phonebook of Papua New Guinea.
As proposed by
Fully apterous genus of
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0530 (EMBL # FN429236), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 785–945 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1089 (EMBL # HE615719), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 915–1090 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1688 (EMBL # HE615975), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Angkasa indah,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 490 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on the Greek noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0488 (EMBL # FN429195), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 700–1100 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0556 (EMBL # FN429262), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 1320–1510 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1115 (EMBL # HE615744), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia, Supa,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: ca. 1220–1450 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin nouns
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1088 (EMBL # HE615718), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 965–1135 m.
. Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0626 (EMBL # FN429283), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts; Lereh). Elevation: 520–1200 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1136 (EMBL # HE615765), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia, Supa,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 1220–1240 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC570 (EMBL#FN429273), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 860–1200 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1767 (EMBL # HE616044), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Poga,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Poga). Elevation: ca. 2620–2715 m.
Beaten from foliage of upper montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0444 (EMBL # FN429155), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 300–1200 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0752 (EMBL # HE615435), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Jiwika, Kurulu,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Jiwika). Elevation: 1875–2240 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on the name of the Balim-river area which is close to the type locality.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0523 (EMBL # FN429229), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 365–785 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1794 (EMBL # HE616071), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Bokondini,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Bokondini). Elevation: ca. 1705–1710 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1731 (EMBL # HE616008), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Poga,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Poga). Elevation: 2330–2410 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0767 (EMBL # HE615450), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Mt. Meja,
Manokwari Reg. (Mt. Meja). Elevation: 220–225 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in lowland forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1094 (EMBL # HE615723), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 915 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is a combination of the Latin nouns
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0756 (EMBL # HE615439), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Jiwika, Kurulu,
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1839 (EMBL # HE616116), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Aiyura,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Aiyura, Okapa). Elevation: 2131–2169 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin nouns
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC478 (EMBL # FN429185), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: ca. 1420 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forests.
This epithet is based on the type locality, the Cyclops Mountains.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0538 (EMBL # FN429244), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 490–1095 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin nouns
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1175 (EMBL # HE615803), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe Prov., Huon peninsula, Mindik,
Morobe Prov. (Mindik). Elevation: 1450–1670 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0512 (EMBL # FN429218), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 490–1265 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on the name of the dromedary camel (
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1790 (EMBL # HE616067), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Bokondini,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Bokondini, Angguruk). Elevation: 1700–1710 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0781 (EMBL # HE615464), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Arfak Mts,
Manokwari Reg. (Arfak Mts). Elevation: 1520 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest dominated by
This epithet is based on the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0737 (EMBL # HE615420), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Jiwika, Kurulu,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Jiwika). Elevation: 1875–1900 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is the latinized form of the Greek word
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC426 (EMBL # FN429137), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 1400–1420 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forests.
This epithet is the latinized form of the Greek noun
Holotype, male (
Manokwari Reg. (Arfak Mts). Elevation: 1385–1530 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Greek
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0477 (EMBL # FN429184), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 1420–1510 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane crippled forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1807 (EMBL # HE616084), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Bokondini,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Bokondini). Elevation: 1700–1705 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is a combination of the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC0960 (EMBL # HE615593), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Central Prov., Moroka area, Kailaki, Mt. Berogoro,
Central Prov. (Varirata, Moroka). Elevation: 565–820 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1776 (EMBL # HE616053), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Bokondini,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Bokondini). Elevation: ca. 1655–1700 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Greek nouns
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0441 (EMBL # FN429152), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 620–950 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1831 (EMBL # HE616108), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Okapa, Kimiagomo village, Afiyaleto,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Okapa). Elevation: 1911–1940 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Greek noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1172 (EMBL # HE615800), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe Prov., Huon peninsula, Mindik,
Morobe Prov. (Mindik). Elevation: 1570–1670 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Hitolo, found on page 221 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1697 (EMBL # HE615984), WEST NEW GUINEA, Biak Reg., Supiori Isl., Korido,
Biak Reg. (Supiori Isl.). Elevation: ca. 50–100 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0858 (EMBL # HE615540), WEST NEW GUINEA, Biak Isl., Korim, Nernu,
Biak Isl.. Elevation: 150–180 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in lowland forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1694 (EMBL # HE615981), WEST NEW GUINEA, Biak Reg., Supiori Isl., Korido, S00°49.715´, E135°35.055´, 50–100 m, 09-VII-2010. Paratype (SMNK): 1 ex, ARC1695 (EMBL # HE615982), same data as holotype.
Biak Reg. (Supiori Isl.). Elevation: ca. 50–100 m.
Beaten from foliage of lowland forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0780 (EMBL # HE615463), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Arfak Mts,
Manokwari Reg. (Arfak Mts). Elevation: 1385–1580 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0762 (EMBL # HE615445), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Mt. Meja,
Manokwari Reg. (Mt. Meja, Arfak Mts). Elevation: 200–685 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in lowland forest.
This epithet is a combination of the name
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1133 (EMBL # HE615762), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia, Supa,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 960–1220 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forest.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Kanawi, found on page 236 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1052 (EMBL # HE615683), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Goroka, Mt. Gahavisuka,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Goroka, Okapa). Elevation: 1911–2150 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This species is named in honour of our colleague Katayo Sagata (Goroka) who greatly supported our field-work in PNG and who collected some of the specimens.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1846 (EMBL # HE616123), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Okapa, Kimiagomo village, Hamegoya,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Okapa). Elevation: ca. 1891–2131 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Kove, found on page 248 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0733 (EMBL # HE615416), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Jiwika, Kurulu,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Jiwika, Poga). Elevation: 1875–2330 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is a noun in apposition. Kurulu, who lived near Jiwika, was a famous Dani leader in the 1960´s. The district around Jiwika bears his name today. The species´ name refers both to the type locality and is a reference to the disappearing culture of the indigenous people of this area.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1116 (EMBL # HE615745), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia, Supa,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 915–1240 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forest.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Leki, found on page 256 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0520 (EMBL # FN429226), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 710–960 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0625 (EMBL # FN429282), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 800–1200 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1840 (EMBL # HE616117), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Aiyura,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Aiyura, Okapa). Elevation: 2131–2169 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1743 (EMBL # HE616020), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Poga,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Jiwika, Ilugwa, Poga, L. Habbema, Tiom). Elevation: 2290–2800 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0420 (EMBL # FN429131), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 1000–1510 m.
Collected by beating foliage in lowland forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1873 (EMBL # HE616150), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Aiyura,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Aiyura, Goroka, Okapa); Morobe Prov. (Mindik, Pindiu). Elevation: 1340–2169 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1862 (EMBL # HE616139), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Okapa, Kimiagomo village, Verefare,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Okapa). Elevation: 1940 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Morea, found on page 275 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0777 (EMBL # HE615460), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari Reg., Manokwari, Arfak Mts,
Manokwari Reg. (Arfak Mts). Elevation: 1385–1535 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Greek
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1865 (EMBL # HE616142), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Aiyura,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Aiyura). Elevation: 1670–2169 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Nagi, found on page 280 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0786 (EMBL # HE615469), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Arfak Mts,
Manokwari Reg. (Arfak Mts). Elevation: 1520–1530 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest dominated by
This epithet is based on the plant genus
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1127 (EMBL # HE615756), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia, Supa,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 915–1240 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1086 (EMBL # HE615716), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 915–960 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0527 (EMBL # FN429233), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 700–1065 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin words
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0832 (EMBL # HE983631), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Arfak Mts, Mokwam, Siyoubrig,
Manokwari Reg. (Arfak Mts). Elevation: 1870 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1153 (EMBL # HE615781), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia, Supa,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: ca. 1240–1450 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forest.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0543 (EMBL # FN429249), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 960–1320 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin nouns
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0500 (EMBL # FN429207), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 700 m.
Collected by beating foliage.
This epithet is based on a combination of the name of
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0774 (EMBL # HE615457), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Arfak Mts,
Manokwari Reg. (Arfak Mts, Mt. Meja). Elevation: 200–685 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forests.
This epithet is based on the Greek prefix
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0700 (EMBL # FN429344), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Doyo,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 385–950 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forests.
This epithet is based on the Greek prefix
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1415 (EMBL # HE615964), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., 37 km S Goroka, Hogave vill., Mt. Michael,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Mt. Michael). Elevation: ca. 2179–2800 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is a combination of the genus name
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC419 (EMBL # FN429130), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 300–1420 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1876 (EMBL # HE616153), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Aiyura,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Aiyura). Elevation: 1670–2169 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Raga, found on page 315 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0554 (EMBL # FN429260), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 1275–1510 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane crippled forest.
This epithet is a noun in apposition and refers to the horn on the rostral apex, resembling the one of a mammal rhinoceros.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1753 (EMBL # HE616030), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Poga,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Bokondini, Poga, Ilugwa, Jiwika, L. Habbema). Elevation: 1700–2770 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1756 (EMBL # HE616033), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Poga,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Jiwika, Ilugwa, Poga). Elevation: 2200–2285 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1834 (EMBL # HE616111), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Okapa, Konafi to Isimomo,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Okapa). Elevation: ca. 1911–2131 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1764 (EMBL # HE616041), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Poga,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Poga). Elevation: ca. 2620–2715 m.
Beaten from foliage of upper montane forests.
This epithet is based on the combination of the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0759 (EMBL # HE615442), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Mt. Meja, S00°51.497’, E134°04.949’, 220 m, 05-XII-2007, sifted. Paratypes (ARC, SMNK, ZSM): WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Mt. Meja: 3 exx, ARC0760 (EMBL # HE615443), ARC0761 (EMBL # HE615444), same data as holotype; 1 ex, 22-23-IX-1990, sifted; 4 exx, 200 m, 30-XII-2004, sifted.
Manokwari Reg. (Mt. Meja). Elevation: 200–220 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in lowland forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0836 (EMBL # HE615518), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari Reg., Arfak Mts, Mokwam, Siyoubrig,
Manokwari Reg. (Arfak Mts). Elevation: 1870 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is composed of the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0536 (EMBL # FN429242), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 960–1510 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This species is named in honor of Stefan Scharf (Karlsruhe), who has spent months creating a 3D computer model of one of the paratypes.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0553 (EMBL # FN429259), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 1265–1510 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin nouns
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0518 (EMBL # FN429224), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 710–960 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1858 (EMBL # HE616135), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Aiyura,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Aiyura, Okapa). Elevation: 1940–2169 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Soi, found on page 330 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0736 (EMBL # HE615419), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Jiwika, Kurulu,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Jiwika). Elevation: 1875–1900 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1119 (EMBL # HE615748), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia, Supa,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 1005–1220 m.
Mostly collected by beating foliage in montane forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin nouns
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0603 (EMBL # HE615329), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Mt. Meja,
Manokwari Reg. (Mt. Meja). Elevation: 200–225 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in lowland forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1188 (EMBL # HE615816), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Morobe Prov., Huon peninsula, Mindik,
Morobe Prov. (Mindik). Elevation: 1500 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0546 (EMBL # FN429252), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 945–1265 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is a combination of the name
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0638 (EMBL # FN429291), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Doyo,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 365–710 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on a combination of the Latin prefix
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0632 (EMBL # FN429287), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 575–710 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in lowland forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0551 (EMBL # FN429257), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 1000–1275 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This species is named in honor of Rene Tänzler (Munich), who has spent years working on
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1686 (EMBL # HE615973), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Angkasa indah,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 490 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1151 (EMBL # HE615779), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia, Supa,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 915–1240 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forest.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Taureka, found on page 338 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1829 (EMBL # HE616106), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Okapa, Kimiagomo village, Verefare,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Aiyura, Okapa). Elevation: 1911–2169 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Tiale, found on page 341 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0428 (EMBL # FN429139), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 1400–1420 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin noun
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0765 (EMBL # HE615448), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Mt. Meja,
Manokwari Reg. (Mt. Meja). Elevation: 200–225 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in lowland forest.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0769 (EMBL # HE615452), WEST NEW GUINEA, Manokwari, Mt. Meja,
Manokwari Reg. (Mt. Meja). Elevation: 200–225 m.
Beaten from foliage of lowland forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1096 (EMBL # HE615725), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Simbu Prov., Karimui Dist., Haia,
Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 1090–1135 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC0963 (EMBL # HE615596), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Central Prov., Moroka area, Kailaki, Mt. Berogoro,
Central Prov. (Moroka), Simbu Prov. (Haia). Elevation: 600–1135 m.
Collected by beating foliage in primary forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0743 (EMBL # HE615426), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Jiwika, Kurulu,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Jiwika). Elevation: 1875–1900 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in montane forest.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC1813 (EMBL # HE616090), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., W Wamena, road to Lake Habbema,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Poga, Ilugwa, L. Habbema, Kurima). Elevation: 2300–2620 m.
Beaten from foliage of upper montane forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin adjective
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0434 (EMBL # FN429145), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 1420–1520 m.
Collected by beating foliage in montane crippled forests.
This epithet is based on the Latin participle
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0744 (EMBL # HE615427), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayawijaya Reg., Jiwika, Kurulu,
Jayawijaya Reg. (Jiwika, Wamena, Ibele vall.). Elevation: 1600–1875 m.
Beaten from foliage.
This epithet is based on the name of Wamena, the main town of the Balim-valley.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (SMNK): ARC1853 (EMBL # HE616130), PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Eastern Highlands Prov., Okapa, Kimiagomo village, Hamegoya,
Eastern Highlands Prov. (Okapa). Elevation: 1911 m.
Beaten from foliage of montane forests.
This species is dedicated to the people of Papua New Guinea. The epithet is based on the family name Wari, found on page 356 of the Papua New Guinea Telephone Directory of 2010 and treated in genitive plural.
Holotype, male (
Holotype (MZB): ARC0516 (EMBL # FN429222), WEST NEW GUINEA, Jayapura Reg., Cyclops Mts, Sentani,
Jayapura Reg. (Cyclops Mts). Elevation: 365–1095 m.
Sifted from leaf litter in primary forest.
This epithet is a noun in apposition and refers to the generic name
The following catalogue and key to species groups is intended as a provisional aid to recognize major species groups of
1 | Eyes divided into dorsal and ventral portions by deep incision of posterior margin. Edaphic habitat | |
– | Outline of eyes without deep incision of posterior margin | 2 |
2 (1) | Metafemur subapically without stridulatory patch | 3 |
– | Metafemur subapically with stridulatory patch | 11 |
3 (2) | Aedeagus usually with asymmetrical tip; ventral rim of basal orifice with protruding rim; transfer processes in repose curved basad. Edaphic habitat | subgenus |
– | Aedeagus with tip usually symmetrical; transfer processes in repose directed apicad | 4 |
4 (3) | Edaphic species | 5 |
– | Species found on foliage | 8 |
5 (4) | Metafemur with denticulate dorsoposterior edge | |
– | Metafemur with simple dorsoposterior edge | 6 |
6 (5) | Rostrum at middle with protuberance and at epistome with dorsoposteriad directed horn | |
– | Rostrum dorsally simple, at most with weak median ridge | 7 |
7 (6) | Body small, 1.13–1.59 mm; densely punctate, with sparse minute setae | subgenus |
– | Body polished, with or without scales; 2.09–2.48 mm | |
8 (4) | Eyes in thanatosis largely covered by pronotum | 9 |
– | Eyes medially approximate, in thanatosis partly exposed | 10 |
9 (8) | Rostrum dorsally weakly sculptured; with two pairs of longitudinal furrows containing sparse mesad directed scales or setae. Disk of pronotum subglabrous. Dorsal edge of metafemur basally contiguous with elytron during thanatosis | |
– | Rostrum dorsally at base densely squamose. Disk of pronotum punctate. Metafemur distant from elytron during thanatosis | |
10 (8) | Pronotum and elytra evenly convex. Dorsal edge of metafemur at least basally contiguous with elytron during thanatosis | |
– | With weak constriction between pronotum and elytra. Metafemur distant from elytron during thanatosis | |
11 (2) | Edaphic species | 12 |
– | Species found on foliage | 18 |
12 (11) | Rostrum basally above eyes with pair of protrusions. Tarsomere 3 asymmetrical, with anterior lobe much larger than posterior lobe | |
– | Rostrum basally above eyes without pair of protrusions. Tarsomere 3 symmetrical | 13 |
13 (12) | Body elongate, with distinct constriction between pronotum and elytron. Tarsomere 3 small, hardly larger than tarsomere 2 | |
– | Body more compact. Tarsomere 3 distinctly larger than tarsomere 2 | 14 |
14 (13) | Pronotum with preapical constriction (indistinct in |
15 |
– | Pronotum without preapical constriction | 16 |
15 (14) | Rostrum medially costate, at least basally. Femora edentate. Pronotum apically extended over head, or with distinct preapical constriction | |
– | Rostrum coarsely punctate, with median wrinkle. Femora dentate. Pronotum with preapical constriction | |
16 (14) | Eyes large, exposed in thanatosis. Rostrum dorsally densely squamose. Sides of aedeagus converging to pointed apex | part of |
– | Eyes smaller. Rostrum at most sparsely squamose. Shape of aedeagus different | 17 |
17 (15) | Male rostrum at epistome with horn. Body roundish. Pronotum basally angulate | |
– | Male rostrum at epistome without horn | “ |
18 (11) | Habitus elongate | 19 |
– | Habitus subovate or subrhomboid | 20 |
19 (18) | Femora edentate | |
– | Femora dentate | |
20 (18) | Eyes large, half-exposed in thanatosis | 21 |
– | Eyes smaller, largely concealed in thanatosis | 22 |
21 (20) | Legs relatively long. Metatibial uncus markedly hook-shaped. Species of mid-montane forests | part of |
– | Legs of normal length. Metatibial uncus not markedly extended. Species of upper montane forests and subalpine vegetation | |
22 (20) | All femora edentate | 23 |
– | At least one pair of femora dentate | 25 |
23 (22) | Rostrum dorsally relatively flat, with rows of punctures or shallow furrows. Thoracic venter and abdominal ventrites 1-2 with long erect setae | |
– | Rostrum with distinct ridges or swollen in basal half. Thoracic venter and abdominal ventrites 1-2 sparsely setose with subrecumbent setae or subglabrous | 24 |
24 (23) | Rostrum dorsally swollen at base; in profile dorsal contour sinuate | part of |
– | Rostrum in basal half with distinct median ridge and pair of submedian ridges. in profile evenly convex | |
25 (22) | Pronotum subglabrous, sparsely punctate. Meso- and metafemur ventrally with denticulate or serrate ridges and knobs | |
– | Pronotum densely punctate. Meso- and metafemur ventrally with simple tooth | 26 |
26 (25) | Pronotum coarsely punctate, elytron subglabrous | |
– | Difference of sculpture between pronotum and elytron less evident | part of |
For the last few decades it has been common practice for taxonomists maintaining a good reputation to revise monophyletic groups with all the known species, to prepare elaborate descriptions bearing in mind the potential value of every tiny character for a phylogenetic analysis, and to make great efforts on the preparation of elaborate identification keys based on these characters. As a consequence, hyperdiverse taxa such as the genus
Online wiki databases such as the Species-Id portal (
The impact of molecular systematics on species-descriptions is twofold and can be divided into reconstruction of species relationships and attempts to diagnose species. But let us start one step earlier, with the advent of phylogenetic systematics (
Although in some taxa, phylogenies based on morphological data are still needed, in recent years the trend clearly goes towards purely molecular phylogenies. In the case of
The potential of using a standard DNA marker for species identification, also known as “DNA barcoding”, was recognized almost ten years ago (
Ellyza Dian Satriana and Ring Zhong (both München) helped to edit the sequences. Bega Inaho (Goroka), Agus Faknik (Abepura), and Vidiro Gei (Port Moresby) helped collect specimens. M. Brancucci (†), M. Geiser and I. Zürcher-Pfander (NHMB) provided additional collection material. The field work in New Guinea would not have been possible without the generous hospitality and help of many local people, and we thank all of them very warmly. We are grateful to Lyubomir Penev (Sofia) for his constant support during the publication of this study. We thank the German Research Foundation (RI 1817/3-1) for financial support.