Corresponding author: Ximo Mengual (
Academic editor: M. Hauser
The tribe
The monophyly of
The aim of this study is to describe two new, very distinct
The two new species,
Differential diagnoses, synonymies, and distributions are given for all species included in the study. New species are described in full, with terminology following
American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, USA.
The Natural History Museum [formerly the British Museum (Natural History)], London, Great Britain.
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada.
California State Collection of Arthropods, Sacramento, USA.
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, USA.
Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy.
Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany.
Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria.
Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, Great Britain.
Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany.
Nederlands Centrum voor Biodiversiteit Naturalis [formerly the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis], Leiden, The Netherlands.
Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany.
Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
In the description of type labels, the contents of each label is enclosed within quotation marks (“ ”) and the individual lines of data are separated by a forward slash ( / ). Complete data for the studied specimens are given in Appendix I. In the material examined section, the use of ellipses follows Standard English practice and merely indicates that the missing information is the same as that in the preceding record. Google Earth was used to find the type locality coordinates of
All measurements are in millimeters and were taken using a reticule in a Wild M5A microscope. Illustrations of male genitalia were drawn using a camera lucida mounted on an Olympus BX51 compound microscope. Manual drawings were redrawn as a vector image using Adobe Illustrator (version CS3). Photographs were composed using the software CombineZP based on images of pinned specimens taken with a Canon EOS40D mounted on a Microptics Camlift and the help of Adobe Lightroom (version 3.3).
In the identification key, I included four species whose typical form has yellow markings in the center of the abdomen, i.e.
1 | Abdomen with marking pattern; black in background with medial yellow markings either maculae, vittae or fasciae, or abdomen with terga 3-6 yellow (see |
other species of |
– | Abdomen black, sometimes reddish posteriorly, without clear medial/central yellow markings ( |
2 |
2 | Proepimeron black, yellow macula above procoxa absent ( |
3 |
– | Proepimeron with yellow macula ( |
sp. 1 |
3 | Scutum all dark [usually only postpronotum yellow] or with lateral yellow vitta interrupted, either between postpronotum and transverse suture or ending at transverse suture ( |
10 |
– | Scutum with lateral yellow vitta continuous and extending from postpronotum to scutellum ( |
4 |
4 | Scutellum entirely yellow, black pilose ( |
9 |
– | Scutellum black with lateral and posterior margins yellow ( |
5 |
5 | Wing bare basally; costal cell bare on basal half or more, cells CuP, BM and R partly bare ( |
7 |
– | Wing entirely microtrichose, slightly brownish ( |
6 |
6 | Scutum and scutellum black pilose. Male genitalia with postanal process very reduced. Females with face yellow medially, dark lateroventrally | sp. 2 |
– | Scutum and scutellum entirely yellow pilose. Male genitalia with postanal process long, more than half as long as surstylus ( |
|
7 | Face yellow with two sublateral black vittae ( |
8 |
– | Face yellow; pro- and mesofemora mostly black, yellow very basally and apically; cell BM microtrichose on apical 1/4 with microtrichia extending more basally on posterior margin. Eye with triangular emargination small: at most a third of eye width in lateral view ( |
|
8 | Costal cell entirely bare, at most few microtrichia apically; metafemur black apically, yellow on basal third; occiput with dorsal knob posterior to ocellar triangle pointing posteriorly ( |
|
– | Costal cell bare basally, microtrichose on apical third; metafemur entirely black, at most the apical edge yellow; occiput rounded posteriorly on dorsal section, without any protuberance ( |
|
9 | Wing entirely microtrichose; scutum and notopleuron yellow and black pilose | |
– | Wing microtrichose with small bare areas: cells CuP, BM and R bare on anterior margin; scutum and notopleuron entirely yellow pilose | |
10 | Wing bare basally; cell BM bare on anterobasal third or more, cell R1 bare anterior to RS furcation ( |
13 |
– | Wing almost entirely microtrichose, in some cases only a bare line following vein M on anterior margin of cell BM and on posterior margin of cell R | 11 |
11 | Katepisternal yellow macula well developed ( |
12 |
– | Katepisternal yellow macula absent or greatly reduced ( |
|
12 | Notopleuron yellow; supra-alar area dark and post-alar callus yellow (http://www.eol.org/data_objects/11884429); scutellum black with broad yellow vitta on lateral and apical margins. Male genitalia: postanal process narrower, as long as or a bit longer than basal width ( |
|
– | Notopleuron black, at most with triangular small yellow macula anteriorly, with a submedial position, not on the most lateral margin ( |
|
13 | Metacoxa brown to black; metafemur black, at most basal and apical apices yellowish; abdomen entirely black or with yellow vitta on lateral margins, continuous or briefly interrupted at posterior margins of each tergum or abdomen with terga 3–6 yellowish-red | 14 |
– | Metacoxa yellow; metafemur black, yellow on basal 1/4–1/3; abdomen black with terga 2, 3, 4 and 5 with triangular yellow macula on anterior 1/2–2/3 of lateral margins ( |
|
14 | Pro- and mesofemora dark brown to black, at least on basal half, with apical apex yellow; katepisternal yellow macula broad, broader than anepisternal yellow vitta and normally wider than mesofemur ( |
15 |
– | Pro- and mesofemora entirely yellow (male unknown); katepisternal yellow macula reduced, as broad as anepisternal yellow vitta, as wide as or narrower than mesofemur (see |
|
15 | Postpronotum bright yellow ( |
16 |
Postpronotum dark brown to black ( |
||
16 | Male face entirely yellow; female face with medial black vitta. Notopleuron entirely black. Female abdomen black, shiny or matte, without clear pollinose pattern, sometimes with small yellow areas along lateral margins or lateral margins entirely yellow | 17 |
– | Male and female face with medial black vitta. Notopleuron partly yellow, usually with triangular small yellow macula anteriorly ( |
|
17 | Abdomen partially black on lateral margins: male usually with terga 1 and 2 black, and following terga dark reddish-brown; female usually entirely black ( |
|
– | Abdomen uniformly black with continuous yellow on lateral margins, from tergum 2 to apex. Pro- and mesotibiae yellow, usually with medial dark ring of variable length. Male genitalia with postanal process short, much less than half as long as surstylus. Females with metaepisternum entirely black | sp. 3 |
Species very similar to
Male and female with medial black facial vitta, but in males does not continue laterad or dorsad antennal bases. Scutum black laterally except postpronotum yellow and notopleuron sometimes with a small yellow vitta sublaterally, not on the most lateral margin. Wing extensivey microtrichose with small bare area on both sides of vein M on the basal portion of cell bm, and costal cell bare very basally or along vein SC (posterior margin). Abdomen black, terga 3–5 sometimes dark brown to yellowish-orange, with or without yellow lateral margins; shiny, without pollinose markings.
(5): body, 6.0–7.2 (6.6) mm; wing, 4.8–5.5 (5.2) mm.
Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana*, Peru*.
2♂ syntypes, 28♂ 17♀.
1
Species with yellow face. Scutum black, bronze pollinose with a medial bluish pollinose vitta, yellow pilose; postpronotum yellow and notopleuron black with a small yellow macula posteriorly. Metacoxa yellow and metafemur black, yellow on basal 1/4–1/3. Abdomen shiny black with a medial black pollinose vitta on terga 2 to 5; terga 2, 3, 4 and 5 with triangular yellow macula on anterior 1/2–2/3 of lateral margins (see
(4): body, 6.0–6.5 (6.3) mm; wing, 5.0–5.2 (5.1) mm.
Southeastern Brazil.
3♂ 1♀.
The illustration of
Species with yellow face and a medial broad black vitta, which ends ventrad to antennal bases. Scutum black, yellow pilose, with postpronotum and notopleuron entirely yellow; supra-alar area looks black, although it might have a thin yellow vitta connecting to the yellow postalar callus. Scutellum black with lateral and apical margins yellow. Pleuron black except katepisternum with a dorsal broad yellow macula and posterior anepisternum yellow on posterior third. Halter and calypter yellow. Femora dark brown with yellow apical tips, pro- and mesotibia yellow, metatibia brown with basal and apical extremes yellow, and tarsi brown. Abdomen dark brown, becoming yellowish brown on terga 4 and 5, with continuous yellow lateral margins from tergum 1 to tergum 5.
body, 6.0 mm; wing, 5.1 mm.
Species only known from the holotype, collected in Peru.
♂ holotype.
After the original publication (
Male has yellow face, females a medial broad black vitta continuing along frons and ending at vertex. Scutum black, bronze pollinose wit a medial whitish pollinose vitta and two submedial brown vittae; scutum black laterally except postpronotum yellow, at least on posterior half. Scutellum black, sometimes with apical margin yellow, pale pilose. Wing partly bare basally.
Species very similar to
(5): body, 6.4–7.1 (6.7) mm; wing, 5.1–5.4 (5.3) mm.
Widespread in the New World, from USA to Argentina.
More than 100 specimens from Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela and Brazil.
Male with yellow face with a medial broad dark vitta surrounding antennal bases forming narrow dark area between antennal bases and dorsad to antennal bases, black ventrolaterally, yellow pilose, white pollinose laterally. Female face and frons yellow with medial black vitta joining medial black frons vitta until the vertex, surrounding laterally the antennal bases. Scutum black, greenish-brown pollinose with dorsomedial broad bluish pollinose vitta and two submedial bronze pollinose vittae, entirely yellow pilose; postpronotum yellowish-brown, slightly lighter than scutum, notopleuron black; supra-alar area and postalar callus yellowish; scutellum black with broad yellow vitta on lateral and apical margins, pale pilose. Pleuron mostly black, except posterior anepisternum black on posterior third, pale pilose; katepisternum with dorsal yellow macula reduced. Wing membrane light brown, entirely microtrichose. Male abdomen shiny black, pale pilose, with tergum 8 as long or longer than tergum 5; male genitalia with long postanal process (
(5): body, 7.2–7.7 (7.4) mm; wing, 6.6–6.9 (6.8) mm.
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, Panama, Trinidad*.
2♂ paratypes, 50♂ 37♀.
The female holotype has yellow face with a medial broad black vitta continuing until the vertex, surrounding antennal bases. Scutum black with three broad blue-steel pollinose vittae divided by two submedial brown-bronze pollinose vittae. Pro- and mesofemora entirely yellow, katepisternal yellow macula reduced, as broad as anepisternal yellow vitta, as wide as or narrower than mesofemur. Wing partly bare basally. Abdomen entirely black with terga 2 to 5 with a medial black pollinose vitta and two submedial triangular macula of black pollen.
body, 7.2 mm; wing, 5.4 mm.
Surinam, Brazil.
♀ holotype.
FEMALE.
Species with yellow face with two sublateral black vittae, and eye with triangular emargination large, approximately the half of eye width in lateral view. Profemur yellow; cell BM bare on basal third and on anterior and posterior margins. Scutum shiny black with lateral yellow vitta and abdomen shiny black, convex, with lateral margins entirely yellow. Very similar to
body, 6.6 mm; wing, 5.9 mm.
Species only known from the holotype, collected in Peru.
This species is named after Martin Hauser in recognition of his work on
PERU: Pasco Region, Oxapampa Province, Huancabamba District, Yanachaga-Chemillén N. P., Canon of Huancabamba, Biological Station Huampal, 1050 m,
Holotype female, pinned, deposited at Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Original label: “PERU, Pasco 6–9. Oct. 2002 / Yanachaga-Chemillén N. P. / Canon of Huancabamba R. / Biol. Station Huampal, 1050 m /
Species with yellow face in male, sometimes with a brownish macula on tubercle. Scutum black, bronze pollinose medially and a medial bluish pollinose vitta, with a continuous lateral yellow vitta from postpronotum to scutellum, narrowed on notopleuron and supra-alar area. Scutellum black with yellow lateral and apical margins. Wing partially bare basally, costal cell bare on basal half or a bit more. Abdomen with medial yellow markings on terga 3 to 5; tergum 1 with yellow lateral margins, tergum 2 black with a yellow macula on anterolateral half extending narrowly towards the center of the tergum, and with a roundish black pollinose macula in the center; tergum 3 and 4 black with anterolateral yellow maculae and two submedial curved yellow vittae that divides a central black pollinose area; tergum 5 black with anterolateral yellow maculae and two submedial short yellow vittae.
(4): body, 5.6–6.2 (5.9) mm; wing, 5.0–5.7 (5.2) mm.
Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia*.
♂ lectotype, ♂ paralectotype, 3♂.
Species with yellow face in both sexes, frontal triangle of male yellow and female frons with a medial broad black vitta. Sucutm black, green-grey pollinose with a lateral broad yellow vitta from postpronotum to scutellum. Scutellum yellow, black pilose. Legs entirely yellow except metatarsi dark brown. Wing mostly microtrichose, bare only on anterior margin of cells R, BM and CuP and cell R1 basally. Abdomen black with lateral margins yellow, tergum 1 with anterior margin yellow, and terga 6 to 9 yellow; terga 2 to 5 with a central dark pollinose macula; and terga 3 to 5 with two submedial, small, round yellow maculae.
(2): body, 6.0–6.2 (6.1) mm; wing, 5.7–5.8 (5.7) mm.
Peru, Bolivia*.
1♂ 1♀ paralectotypes.
Species with yellow face in male and female with a medial, very broad, black vitta, gena black. Scutum black, green-gray pollinose with a medial white pollinose vitta, dark laterally. Postpronotum black, sometimes brownish posteriorly. Scutellum black, sometimes with apical margin yellow, pale pilose. Wing bare on anterior margin of cells R, BM and CuP and cell R1 basally. Abdomen shiny black, pale pilose; sometimes becoming reddish-brown apically. Male genitalia with postanal process short, little distinct, much less than half as long as surstylus.
(5): body, 6.2–6.8 (6.6) mm; wing, 5.7–6.1 (5.8) mm.
Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay*.
♂ holotypeof
Species with yellow face and a medial black facial vitta in both sexes, geba black. Scutum black, green-bronze pollinose with a medial bluish-white pollinose vitta, sometimes with two submedial whitish vittae. Postpronotum yellow and notopleuron partly yellow, usually with triangular yellow macula anteriorly narrowing towards transverse suture. Wing partly bare basally, with costal cell entirely microtrichose and brown, darker than the rest of the wing except stigma. Male abdomen usually bicolor, with terga 1 and 2 black (tergum 1 with yellow anterior corners) and terga 3 to 5 reddish-orange; postanal process of the male gentialia long. Female abdomen usually shiny black with black lateral margins; tergum 2 with submedial black pollinose fascia and terga 3 and 4 with four black pollinose vittate maculae (
Species close to
(5): body, 6.1–7.4 (6.9) mm; wing, 5.5–6.9 (6.1) mm.
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia.
2♂ syntypes, ♀ holotype of
Males of
Species with face produced forward, yellow, with gena brown. Scutum black, bronze pollinose, with a broad yellow lateral vitta, yellow and black pilose. Scutum yellow, black pilose. Pleuron mostly black except posterior anepisternum yellow on posterior 2/3, katepisternum with a dorsal yellow macula and anepimeron yellow on anterior and dorsomedial sections. Wing hyaline, microtrichose. Abdomen mainly black, with a broad yellow lateral margin in terga 1 to 5; tergum 2 with a medial black pollinose macula; terga 3 and 4 with two subanterior fasciate maculae that can eventually meet in the middle with a central yellow vitta (
(2): body, 6.8–7.0 (6.9) mm; wing, 6.3–6.5 (6.4) mm.
Venezuela.
2♂ syntypes.
FEMALE.
Species with yellow face with two sublateral black vittae, and eye with triangular emargination large, approximately the half of eye width in lateral view. Profemur yellow; cell BM bare on basal third and on anterior and posterior margins. Scutum shiny black with lateral yellow vitta and abdomen shiny black, convex, with lateral margins entirely yellow. Very similar to
Ecuador.
The specific epithet is derived from the Spanish
ECUADOR: Orellana Province, Aguarico Canton, Tiputini Biodiversity Station, 227 m.,
Holotype female, pinned. Original label: “ECUADOR: Orellana Prov, Tiputini / Biodiversity Stan, Canopy 30m, Sante / trap, upper jar, 29.VII-3.VIII.2008. / AT1090, A. Tishechkin” “HOLOTYPE /
I sincerely thank F. Christian Thompson, National Museum of Natural History, Washington (USNM) for inviting me to study the USNM collection and for the support given during all these years as a Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellow and an EOL Rubenstein Fellow. I thank Joachim Ziegler, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin (ZMHB); and Guido O. Keijl, Nederlands Centrum voor Biodiversiteit Naturalis [formerly the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis], Leiden (RMNH) for permission to study material in their care. I’m very grateful to Martin Hauser for kindly letting me study material in his hands and to Louis Sorkin, on behalf of the The New York Entomological Society, for permit to use the illustrations from