Corresponding author: Ge-Xia Qiao (
Academic editor: Mike Wilson
The genus
Aphid terminology in this paper follows
In
Measurements of apterous viviparous females of
No. | Body length | Body width | Ant. I | Ant. II | Ant. III | Ant. IV | Ant. V b | Ant. V pt | URS | Hind T & F | 2HTs | Cauda length |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.92 | 1.15 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
2 | 1.98 | 1.13 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
3* | 2.05 | 1.21 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
4 | 1.89 | 1.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
5 | 1.86 | 1.09 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 0.08 |
6 | 2.09 | 1.01 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
7 | 2.05 | 1.24 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
8 | 2.03 | 1.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
Average | 1.98 | 1.12 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
Remark.
Measurements of alate viviparous females of
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1 | 1.84 | 0.81 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.08 |
2 | 2.00 | 0.82 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.08 |
4 | 1.49 | 0.66 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
5 | 1.45 | 0.63 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
6 | 1.32 | 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.05 |
7 | 1.42 | 0.56 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
8 | 1.30 | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
Average | 1.45 | 0.64 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
Specimen depositories. The holotype and some paratypes of the new species are deposited in British Natural History Museum, London (BMNH), while the other paratypes in the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (NZMC) and Kôgakkan University, Japan. All the other specimens studied are deposited in BMNH and NZMC.
Body oval and flat. In apterous females: body aleyrodiform, absence of frontal horns, and wax glands arranged along the crenulated margin of body. Head and prothorax, meso- and metathorax, abdominal tergites I–VII fused, respectively; only abdominal tergite VIII free; antennae 4 or 5-segmented, primary rhinaria small and ciliated; eyes with 3 facets. Dorsal setae fine and sparse. Rostrum reaching mid-coxae, at most hind coxae. Ultimate rostral segment obviously longer than second hind tarsal segment. Legs short; first tarsal chaetotaxy: 2–4, 2–4, 2–4; dorsal-apical setae on second hind tarsal segments with funnel-shaped apex. Siphunculi ring-shaped. Cauda knobbed and anal plate bilobed. In alate viviparous females: antennae 5-segmented, with secondary rhinaria near ring-shaped, without cilia; eyes normal; first tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 4, sometimes 3 or 2; fore wings with media once branched, pterostigma extended and two cubitus fused or separated at base; hind wings with two obliques.
The range of host plantsin
Five species,
China, Japan, India and Indonesia.
Apterous viviparous females
1 | Body without marginal wax glands; on |
|
– | Body with marginal wax glands | 2 |
2 | Marginal wax glands arranged in each segment, not connecting with each other ( |
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– | Marginal wax glands arranged consecutively along the crenulated margin of body ( |
3 |
3 | Ultimate rostral segment slender and long, 4.60–5.67 times as long as its basal width ( |
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– | Ultimate rostral segment stout and short, less than 3.30 times as long as its basal width | 4 |
4 | Each first tarsal segment with 2 setae; marginal wax glands along the crenulated margin of body with 120 wax facets at most |
|
– | Each first tarsal segment with more than 2 setae; marginal wax glands along the crenulated margin of body with 150 wax facets at least | 5 |
5 | Ultimate rostral segment 1.16–1.40 times as long as second hind tarsal segment | 6 |
– | Ultimate rostral segment 1.41–2.02 times as long as second hind tarsal segment | 7 |
6 | Ultimate rostral segment 1.16–1.30 times as long as second hind tarsal segment; dorsal of body without obvious mastoid process; on |
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– | Ultimate rostral segment 1.40 times as long as second hind tarsal segment; dorsal of body with obvious mastoid process; on |
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7 | First tarsal chaetotaxy: 3 or 4, 3 or 4, 3 or 4; triommatidia elongate, with the outer-most facet placed widely apart from the other two; on |
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– | First tarsal chaetotaxy: 2 or 3, 2 or 3, 2; triommatidia thickset, with the outer-most facet placed close to the other two; on |
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Alate viviparous females
1 | Antennae 4-segmented, with more than 30 setae on each of segments III and IV |
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– | Antennae 5-segmented, with 2–5 setae on each of segments III and IV | 2 |
2 | Ultimate rostral segment less than 3.00 times as long as its basal width | 3 |
– | Ultimate rostral segment more than 3.00 times as long as its basal width | 4 |
3 | Antennal segment III with 10–14 secondary rhinaria; first tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 4, sometimes 3, 3, 3 | |
– | Antennal segment III with 24–27 secondary rhinaria; first tarsal chaetotaxy: 3, 3, 3, sometimes 2, 2, 2 |
|
4 | Ultimate rostral segment 4.60–7.50 times as long as its basal width, and 1.96–2.32 times as long as second hind tarsal segment |
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– | Ultimate rostral segment 3.38–4.00 times as long as its basal width, and 1.19–1.80 times as long as second hind tarsal segment | 5 |
5 | First tarsal chaetotaxy: 3, 3, 3; antennal segment III with 25–29 secondary rhinaria |
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– | First tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 4 or 3–4, 3–4, 2–4; antennal segment III with 9–12 secondary rhinaria |
|
India (
The species feed on the stems, leafstalks, flower stalks and leaves of the host plants.
China, Japan and Korea.
The type specimens of
The original descriptions of
The host plant of
Apterous viviparous female.
This species feeds on the lower surface of leaves, along the main veins. It can infest
China, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippine.
The species is viviparous throughout the year on
Japan (
The aphid lives on the lower side of the leaves and the apical part of the stem, as well as on the flower stalk at the tips of the host plant shoots. The alate viviparous females appear in the latter part of September. Adult apterous viviparous females pass the winter on the basal part of the stem just below the ground level and on fallen leaves in the ground litter (
Japan (
China and Japan.
China (Jiangsu and Zhejiang).
The new species is named after its host plant,
Head and pronotum (
Head: Front flat and straight. Eyes with 3 facets. Antennae 5-segmented (
Thorax: Mesosternal furca with two separated arms, each arm 1.21–1.41 times as long as widest diameter of antennal segment III. Legs normal. Trochanter and femora fused, hind trochanter and femur 1.63–1.85 times as long as antennal segment III, hind tibia 0.20–0.22 times as long as body; setae on hind tibia 0.88–0.94 times as long as its mid-diameter. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 4, sometimes 3, 3, 4 or 4, 4, 3. Second hind tarsal segment with 2 setae between claws and each seta with funnel-shaped apex (
Abdomen: Siphunculi pore-like (
Dorsum of body dark brown, antenna, apex of rostrum, legs, cauda, anal plate and genital plate brown. Dorsal setae of body fine, short and pointed, slightly longer than ventral setae. Head with 2 pairs of cephalic setae, 2 pairs of setae between antennae and 2 pairs of setae between eyes; abdominal tergites I–VII each with 1 pair of spinal and marginal setae; tergite VIII with 1 pair of spinal setae. Cephalic setae, marginal setae on abdominal tergite I, setae on abdominal tergite VIII 0.51–0.67, 0.50–0.54 and 0.64–0.83 times as long as widest diameter of antennal segment III, respectively.
Head: Front rounded. Antennae 5-segmented (
Thorax: Legs normal. Hind femur 1.50–1.62 times as long as antennal segment III, hind tibia 0.25–0.28 times as long as body; setae on hind tibia 0.91–1.20 times as long as its mid-diameter. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 4, 4, 3. Fore wing (
Abdomen: Siphunculi pore-like (
Holotype, 1 apterous viviparous female,
The species induced the leaves of host plants to curl and form boat-shaped leaf galls.
The new species differs from the other known speciesas follows: in apterous viviparous female: wax glands arranged in each segment, not connecting with each other (the other species: arranged continuously along the edge of body as a crenulation, or without wax glands); in alate viviparous female compared to the most similar species
As the detailed biological information is very important to research the taxonomic position of the genus and species identification, the life cycle of the new species will receive further study in future.
Primary host:
The aphid induces a leaf gall, which is formed by rolling the marginal part of the leaf upwards. The gall is about 47.5 long and 7.2 wide, with a surface rough to the touch. The alate viviparous females emerge in early August, and then disappear from the host tree, probably emigrating to some unknown secondary host (
Japan (
The authors cordially thank Prof. M Sorin in Kôgakkan University, Japan for his checking specimens of the new species and providing the related Japanese references for our research, and are deeply indebted to all the specimen collectors in this study; RL Blackman, VD Bosch, VS Calilung, XF Dai, VF Eastop, MR Gavarra, van der Goot, K Guo, TL He, XL Huang, EB Ma, WH Paik, YY Rao, M Sorin, DL Stern, H Takada, R Takahashi, Theobald, SH Wang, JY Yang, GX Zhang, WY Zhang and TS Zhong. We also thank Miss CP Liu for making slides of the new species. The work was supported by the National Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (No. 31025024), National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Nos. 30830017, 30970391), National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research (No.J0930004), a grant (No. O529YX5105) from the Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (MOST GRANT No. 2006FY110500).