Corresponding author: Yunzhi Yao (
Academic editor: D. Shcherbakov
A new genus with a new species of
The
To date, 6 incontrovertible fossil species in 3 generahave been reported:
However, 2 genera assigned to this group previously are not saldids.
In this paper, we described a new fossil shore bug,
Our fossil specimen is deposited in the Key Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Environmental Changes, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China. It was examined with the LEICA MZ 12.5 dissecting microscope. The specimens were examined without alcohol and under alcohol. Photos were taken by a Nikon Digital Camera DXM1200C. Line drawings were made with Photoshop graphic software. Morphological terminology used here follows that of
The body length was measured from the apex of head to the apex of abdomen; body width, at the maximal width of body; pronotum length, along the midline; pronotum width, across the broadest part at its posterior angles; wing length, from the basal to the apex of anterior margin; wing width, at the maximal width of the wing. All measurements are in millimeters (mm).
Body ovate, moderate in size, macropterous. Head relatively short. Rostrum reaching to the base of hind coxae. Corium with large pale spots, medial fracture short, costal fracture of hemelytra very long, hypocostal ridge and associated secondary hypocostal ridge present on hemelytra, membrane with five closed cells. Posterior margin of female sternum VII concave along the midline. Base of ovipositor exposed.
The generic name is a combination of the Latin prefix “
China.
Holotype, ♀, CNU-HET-ND2010334 p/c (part and counterpart).
Baitugou, Nanyingpan Village, Sanbeigou Town, Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China, Yixian Formation. Early Cretaceous.
Head relatively short. The last segment of antennae slightly swollen. Corium with three large pale spots, medial fracture short, costal fracture of hemelytra very long; membrane with five cells, apex of innermost cell of membrane extending past apex of outermost cell. Posterior margin of female sternum VII extremely concave along the midline.
Body ovate, about 2.4 times as long as wide.
Head 1.4 times as wide as long. Antennae slender, 4-segmented, first segment shortest, second segment longest, 1.47 times as long as the third segment, fourth segment slightly shorter than third segment. Eyes reniform, moderately protrusive, located at the posterolateral angles of the head. Ocelli round, raised slightly, ocelli separated by 1.3 times the width of an ocellus, ocelli closer to each other than to margins of eyes. Rostrum reaching to the hind coxae. Length of head subequal to the length of pronotum on midline.
Pronotum transverse, 3.2 times as wide as long, Anterior and posterior margins of pronotum concave, lateral margins straight, anterior and posterior angles feebly rounded. Scutellum distinctly longer than pronotum on midline, triangular, 1.3 times as wide as long. Tarsal formula: 3–3–3. Fore tibiae about 2.0 times as long as corresponding tarsi, fore tarsomere I shortest, tarsomeres II and III almost subequal in length; mid femora 1.3 times as long as tibiae, tibiae 2.3 times as long as tarsi, tarsomere I shortest, tarsomere II slightly longer than tarsomere III; hind tibiae long, almost 1.5 times as long as hind femora, and 2.3 times as long as tarsi. Fore wing macropterous, 0.6 times as long as body; corium and membrane clearly delimited; corium with embolium; medial fracture short, 0.3 times as long as fore wing; costal fracture of hemelytra very long, reaching to the middle of the corium; venation of corium weakly indicated; membrane large, with five closed cells, cells reduced gradually from the inner to the outer. Claval commissure shorter than scutellum length at median line. Hemelytra with only slight modification for mating, the embolar region slightly thickened.
Anterior margin of female sternum VII curve; posterior margin of female sternum VII extremely concave along the midline. Base of ovipositor exposed ventrally.
The species name is a combination of the Latin prefix “
The Leptopodomorpha consists of four extant families (
The new genus possesses some typical
For the phylogenetic analyses, we selected three extant genera from
Taxa included in the phylogenetic analysis (*: only included when we carried out phylogenetic analysis with
|
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|
out-group | Leptopodidae | |||
Aepophilidae | ||||
in-group | Saldidae | Saldinae | Saldini | |
Saldoidini | ||||
Saldunculini | ||||
Chiloxanthinae | ||||
Most character information of the extent taxa was extracted from literatures (
Matrix of 17 characters and the 12 taxa used for phylogenetic analysis (*: only included when we carried out phylogenetic analysis with
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
Taxon/Character | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|
0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | 1 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
|
– | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
|
1 | ? | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – |
|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – |
|
0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
2 | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
2 | ? | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 2 | ? | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ? | ? | 2 | 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
* |
? | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
For the phylogenetic analyses excluding fossil species
Phylogeny of Saldidae.
For the phylogenetic analysis including fossil species
Comparison with Chiloxanthinae indicates the new fossil species differs from other extant chiloxanthines in its short medial fracture. Besides this character, the boundary between corium and membrane is not clear in
We make a grateful acknowledgement for Alexandr Rasnitsyn’s contribution to paleoentomology. We sincerely thank Dr. Nikolai N. Vinokurov (Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences), Ganyang Zhang (Entomology Department, University of California) and Hui Liu (Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University) for sending papers to us. Thanks to Dr. Shih ChungKun (College of Life Science, Capital Normal University) for his improvement of our manuscript, and to two anonymous reviewers and the editor for constructive comments. This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40872022, 31071964, 30800095), Nature Science Foundation of Beijing (No. 5082002), Beijing Talented Scholar Program Foundation (No. 20081D050160092) and the PHR20090509 Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education.
fore coxae (0); middle coxae (1); hind coxae (2). [Rostrum of Leptopodidae is very short, reaching to fore coxae at most. Rostrum of Saldidae is relatively long, reaching to middle coxae or hind coxae. Rostrum of