Corresponding author: Desiree R. Robertson (
Academic editor: Christy Geraci
Systematics of the genus
The genus
Like other members of
Adult, lateral view,
A recent survey of the
To observe certain structural features of the male genitalia, soft tissues were cleared using a lactic acid method outlined in detail by
Pencil sketches of the male genitalia were completed using either an optical grid on a dissecting microscope, or
Females, with similar size and coloration as males that were collected at the same time and locality, are listed as paratypes under the material examined for some species. Previous experience has shown that having presumptively associated female specimens may be useful for future associative studies. However, since there is some uncertainty of association, we have deferred descriptions of females.
Morphological terminology for male genitalia was adapted from
Types and additional material examined for this study are deposited at the British Museum of Natural History, London, UK (BMNH); the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA (NMNH), the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenas Aires, Argentina (MACN), the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP), and the University of Minnesota Insect Collection, Saint Paul, USA (UMSP). All specimens or lot of alcohol specimens examined in this study were affixed with a barcode label with a unique 9 digit alphanumeric code starting with the prefix UMSP. This prefix indicates that the specimen has been databased at UMSP, but it is not meant to imply possession by UMSP. Specimen-level taxonomic, locality, and other information, are stored in the University of Minnesota Insect Collection Biota
Until recently, the generic status of
In a recent phylogenetic analysis of the entire protoptiline subfamily,
The genus
The forewing venation of
Forewings. (
Hind wings. (
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown, often intermingled with rufous or golden hairs, tibia and tarsi yellowish brown (
Male genitalia. Segment IX usually rather broad, anterior margin rounded, posterolateral margin without lateral process or lobes in lateral view; tergum IX usually not well developed, simple, and without processes; sternum IX without modification, except in
Female genitalia. (Females unknown for many species.) Truncate posteriorly, not extensible. Abdominal segment VIII short, synscleritous, posterolateral margin slightly incised. Segments IX and X closely associated, with pair of small digitate cerci dorsolaterally.
The 22 species of
This species is similar to
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages fuscous, intermingled with rufous or golden hairs, tibia and tarsi tawny brown. Wings with white transverse line along anastomosis. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex rounded, associated with oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin with single, downturned, elongate process; dorsolateral margin without processes; ventrolateral margin with paired, broad flange-like setose process consisting of upper subtriangular lobe and lower subquadrate lobe. Inferior appendages present as apically bifid, setose process produced mesally, broadest at base and fused to phallobase ventrobasally, with 2 pairs of small digitate lobes ventrolaterally, each bearing a seta. Parameres present, paired, inserted in membranous lobe, arising laterally from endotheca, sclerotized and rod-like, relatively short, sinuous, directed ventrolaterally, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath extending from phallobase, narrow and straight mesally, distal portion broad, curving dorsally. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with 1 upper and 1 lower lobe.
We are delighted to name this species for the senior author’s husband, Alexander Bishop Thompson, in gratitude of his patience, support, and encouragement as she worked to finish her dissertation.
This species is distinct in having a very elongate inferior appendage process, a rather simple tergum X, and sharply bent apical spines in the endophallus.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Forewing relatively narrow, with margins nearly parallel, apex subacute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem shorter than fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing narrow and slightly scalloped past anastomosis; apical fork III present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process short and digitate, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX relatively broad; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X completely fused to tergum IX, divided or bifid apicomesally, each half terminating in pointed process directed posteriorly; dorsolateral margin without processes; ventrolateral margin without processes. Inferior appendages present as single, elongate setose process produced mesally, broadest at base and fused to phallobase ventrobasally. Parameres present, paired, inserted in membranous lobe, arising laterally from endotheca, sclerotized and rod-like, slender and elongate, upturned, directed dorsally, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath extending from phallobase, bent sharply upward at middle, divided apicomesally, terminating in 2 pointed processes. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, receding anterior to apex of phallicata, ventrally bearing a pair of broad, tooth-like downturned processes, apically with pair of sharply bent sclerotized spines, pointing anteriorly.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Forewing relatively narrow, with margins nearly parallel, apex subacute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing narrow and slightly scalloped past anastomosis; apical fork II present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process short and digitate, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with strong oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin straight, without processes; dorsolateral margin with paired elongate, down-turned, finger-like process; ventrolateral margin with paired, broad flange-like setose process consisting of several small irregular lobes. Inferior appendages present as single, broad, irregular setose process, broadest basally, fused to phallobase ventrobasally, bearing a single pair of small digitate lobes ventrolaterally, each bearing a seta. Parameres present, paired, arising laterally from endotheca, strongly sclerotized, large bifid tooth-like process, curving ventrally and outward, apices pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized dorsally, laterally membranous, with 2 irregular and elongate sclerites arising basolaterally. Phallicata forming a short slerotized dorsal sheath with an elongate dorsomesal spine arising posteriorly to phallobase. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, apically bearing 3 small sclerotized spines.
The name
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown, often intermingled with rufous or golden hairs, tibia and tarsi tawny brown. Wings with conspicuous white spot at the arculus. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II sessile; fork III petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II, III, and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex rounded, associated with oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally and ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin with single, downturned, elongate process; dorsolateral margin irregular and setose; ventrolateral margin with paired, outwardly projecting flange-like setose process, and medially with paired digitate setose process. Parameres present, paired, arising ventrobasally from fused endotheca and phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, slender and elongate, upturned, with distal portion slightly broader, directed dorsally, apex pointed, ventrobasally with small patch of setae. Phallobase reduced, mostly membranous, ventromesally bearing pair of small sclerotized spines. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath, curving upward, dorsobasally with pair of short processes, ventrally, with lightly sclerotized lobe. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with lightly sclerotized lobe ventrally.
We are delighted to name this species for Dr. Roger Blahnik, in honor of his many contributions to the systematics of
This species is easily diagnosed by the presence of 2 pairs of extremely elongate, seta-like processes on sternum IX.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem shorter than fork; fork III petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II and V present; Sc and R1 converging near wing margin; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex rounded, associated with oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin relatively straight from dorsum to medial area, ventral portion rounded; posterolateral margin highly membranous, receding ventrally; sternum IX bearing 2 pairs of extremely elongate, seta-like processes. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin subtriangular, slightly upturned; dorsolateral margin slightly irregular, without processes; ventrolateral margin with 2 pairs of processes, the upper an elongate finger-like process slightly downturned, the lower a smaller lobe-like setose process. Parameres vestigial, consisting of a pair of small, digitate setose lobes arising ventrolaterally from endotheca. Phallobase apparently absent or entirely membranous. Phallicata forming a long, lightly sclerotized dorsal sheath, sinuous, broadest medially, narrowed distally. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated.
This species is only known from the male holotype.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Wings with conspicuous white spot at the arculus and faint transverse line along anastomosis. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem shorter than fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II, III, and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex rounded, often associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin slightly produced with several small irregular setose processes; dorsolateral margin with pair of large irregular, setose process and several smaller processes; ventrolateral margin without processes. Parameres present, paired, arising ventrobasally from fused endotheca and phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, slender and elongate, slightly downturned, curved basally, straight medially and distally, directed posteriorly, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long, lightly sclerotized dorsal sheath, slightly sinuous, medially with pair of slender lateral flanges projecting posteroventrally, apices pointed. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when evaginated, with pointed apical sclerite.
We are delighted to name this species for the senior author’s mother, Charlotte Ruth Robertson.
This species is known only from the male holotype.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages tawny brown (specimen missing hairs). Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex rounded, associated with oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin with large, blunt, dorsomesal process, in dorsal view, elongate, in lateral view, subtriangular; dorsolateral margin without processes; ventrolateral margin with paired, broad flange-like setose process consisting of small upper lobe and larger subtriangular lower lobe. Inferior appendages present as apically bifid, setose process produced mesally, broadest at base and fused to phallobase ventrobasally, with 2 pairs of small digitate lobes ventrolaterally, each bearing a seta. Parameres present, paired, inserted in membranous lobe, arising laterally from endotheca, sclerotized and rod-like, long, sinuous, directed inward and posteriorly, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath extending from phallobase, straight, broadest basally, distal portion narrow. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with 1 upper and 1 lower lobe.
This species is named in loving memory of the senior author’s paternal grandmother, Grace Emily Gardner Robertson.
This species is known only from the male holotype. It is diagnosed by a unique combination of male genitalic characters and can be recognized by the shape of the phallicata process.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Forewing relatively narrow, with margins nearly parallel, apex subacute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I petiolate, but with extremely short stem; fork II petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing narrow and slightly scalloped past anastomosis; apical forks II and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex rounded, associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally narrow, broad ventrally; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin with single, downturned, elongate process; dorsolateral margin irregular and setose; ventrolateral margin with 2 pairs of processes, the upper a small lobe-like setose process, the lower an elongate finger-like process bearing a few elongate setae. Parameres present, paired, arising ventrobasally from fused endotheca and phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, slender and elongate, downturned, curved basally, straight medially and distally, directed ventrally and inward, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long, lightly sclerotized dorsal sheath, slightly sinuous, medially with pair of lightly sclerotized rounded lateral flanges projecting posteroventrally, ventrally with several sclerotized points, thorn-like apices directed inward. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with 1 large upper lobe and 1 smaller lower lobe.
We are delighted to name this species for Dr. Oliver Flint, Jr. in honor of his numerous important contributions to Neotropical caddisfly taxonomy.
This species can be recognized by the very broad, lateral flanges on the phallicata. The phallicata of
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I petiolate, but with extremely short stem; fork II petiolate, stem shorter than fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 incomplete, not reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II and III present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process short and digitate, apex rounded, associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally narrow, broad ventrally; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin with single, downturned, elongate process; dorsolateral margin irregular and setose; ventrolateral margin with paired subtriangular setose process directed posteriorly. Parameres present, paired, arising ventrobasally and fused to phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, slender and elongate, sinuous, strongly downturned basally, distal portion slightly upturned and broader, directed posteriorly, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata sinuous, with lightly sclerotized base, distal portion membranous, with pair of broad, sclerotized wing-like lateral flanges. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with 3 upper lobes and 1 large lower lobe.
The genitalia of the holotype and allotype were reported missing (E. Angrisano,
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Forewing narrow past anastomosis, apex acute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing narrow and slightly scalloped past anastomosis; apical fork II present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,3,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process short and digitate, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with strong oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally narrow, broad medially and ventrally; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin with single, downturned, elongate process; dorsolateral margin with paired small, down-turned, finger-like process; ventrolateral margin with an outer pair of subquadrate setose processes directed posteriorly, and an inner pair of subtriangular processes directed posteroventrally. Inferior appendages present as single thumb-like setose process, broadest at base and fused to phallobase ventrobasally. Parameres present, paired, inserted in membranous lobe, arising laterally from endotheca, sclerotized and rod-like, extremely sinuous, corkscrew-shaped, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized with phallic shield. Phallicata forming a rather short sclerotized dorsal sheath extending from phallobase, straight basally and medially, bent sharply upward, medially with pair of lightly slerotized lateral flanges with pointed apices projecting posteriorly. Endophallus membranous, apically with sclerotized bifid process.
This species is named for the country of Guyana, where the specimens were collected.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown, often intermingled with rufous or golden hairs, tibia and tarsi tawny brown. Wings with conspicuous white spot at the arculus and faint transverse line along anastomosis. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex subacute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem shorter than fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex rounded, associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally and ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin bifid and slightly produced, each half small, setose, with a rounded apex; dorsolateral margin without processes; ventrolateral margin with paired, broad, semi-circular setose flange-like process. Inferior appendages present as single, broad, subtriangular setose process, fused to phallobase ventrobasally, bearing small digitate lobes ventrolaterally, each bearing a seta. Parameres present, paired, inserted in membranous lobe, arising laterally from endotheca, sclerotized and rod-like, extremely sinuous, seemingly asymmetrical, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized with phallic shield. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath extending from phallobase, broadest basally, bent upward at middle, with paired sclerotized concave discs arising basodorsally and forming a connection with posterior margin of segment IX. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated.
We are delighted to name this species for the senior author’s father, James Gardner Robertson.
This species is distinct in having a curved, spatulate ventral process in the endophallus and having a phallicata that is not continuous with the phallobase. The parameres of
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown, often intermingled with rufous or golden hairs, tibia and tarsi tawny brown. Wings with conspicuous white spot at the arculus. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. With apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II sessile; fork III petiolate, stem shorter than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II, III, and V present; Sc and R1 converging near wing margin; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally narrow, broad ventrally; anterior margin relatively straight from dorsum to medial area, ventral portion blunt; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin straight, without processes; dorsolateral margin with several small irregular setose processes; ventrolateral margin with paired subquadrate setose process projecting ventrally. Parameres present, paired, arising ventrobasally and fused to phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, slender and elongate, strongly bent upward basally, apex pointed and downturned, ventrobasally with a small patch of setae. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath, mostly straight, broadest basally, apex with apicomesal point and 2 lateral downturned points. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, ventrally with a curved spatulate process.
We are delighted to name this species for Julie Martinez, who rendered the beautiful color plate of this species.
This species is similar to
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages fuscous, intermingled with rufous or golden hairs, tibia and tarsi tawny brown. Wings with white transverse line along anastomosis. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex subacute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally narrow, broad medially and ventrally; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin with single, downturned, elongate process; dorsolateral margin without processes; ventrolateral margin with paired, broad flange-like setose process with small upper lobe and larger subquadrate lower lobe. Inferior appendages present as single, broad, subquadrate setose process, broadest basally, fused to phallobase ventrobasally, with 2 pairs of small digitate lobes ventrolaterally, each bearing a seta. Parameres present, paired, inserted in membranous lobe, arising laterally from endotheca, sclerotized and rod-like, bifid, with short lower process and longer, slightly medially bent upper process, directed posteriorly, apices pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long, straight sclerotized dorsal sheath extending from phallobase. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with 1 upper and 1 lower lobe.
We are delighted to name this species for the senior author’s daughter, Lucinda Grace Thompson.
Perhaps the most notable feature of this species is the extremely curved, ram-like shaped parameres.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages fuscous, intermingled with rufous or golden hairs, tibia and tarsi tawny brown. Wings often with a few pale cream-colored or white hairs at arculus. Forewing relatively narrow, with margins nearly parallel, apex subacute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing narrow and slightly scalloped past anastomosis; apical forks II and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process short and digitate, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with strong oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin subtriangular, slightly produced with small cleft; dorsolateral margin without processes; ventrolateral margin with an outer pair of subtriangular setose processes directed ventrally, and an inner pair of subtriangular processes directed posteroventrally. Inferior appendages present as single, rather elongate setose process produced mesally, apex broad and slightly irregular, fused to phallobase ventrobasally. Parameres present, paired, inserted in membranous lobe, arising laterally from endotheca, sclerotized and rod-like, ram-like, curving 360 degrees at base, distal portion straight, directed posteriorly, apex pointed. Phallobase extremely reduced and difficult to discern. Phallicata forming a saddle-shaped sclerotized dorsal sheath, with dorsal hump basally, distal portion curving upward. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when evaginated, with pair of elongate lateral sclerites ventrally.
The name
This species is distinct in having a lightly sclerotized endophallus. Ventrally, the endophallus is membranous, but in lateral view, it has the appearance of being entirely sclerotized. Another unique feature is the prominent bifid dorsomesal process of tergum X.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Forewing narrow past anastomosis, apex acute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing narrow and slightly scalloped past anastomosis; apical fork II present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process short and digitate, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with strong oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin with bifid process, each half with a pointed apex; dorsolateral margin slightly irregular, without processes; ventrolateral margin with paired subtriangular setose process directed ventrally. Inferior appendages present as single, narrow, rather short setose process produced mesally, fused to phallobase ventrobasally. Parameres present, paired, arising laterally from anterior portion of phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, slender and elongate, straight, very slightly downturned, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath, mostly straight, broadest basally, distal portion very slightly upturned. Endophallus lightly sclerotized tubular structure, ventrally with membranous folds, apically with small phallotremal sclerite.
This species is named for the country of Peru, where the specimens were collected.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem shorter than fork; fork III petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II, III, and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process short and digitate, apex attenuate and pointed.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX relatively broad; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin slightly produced as small irregular point; dorsolateral margin with 2 pairs of processes, the upper an elongate subtriangular process slightly downturned, the lower a small lobe-like setose process; ventrolateral margin without processes. Parameres present, paired, arising ventrobasally and fused to phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, slender and elongate, sinuous, downturned basally, distal portion slightly upturned, directed posteriorly and inward, apex pointed, ventrobasally with small patch of setae. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath, slightly bent upward medially, with pair of irregular lobe-like lateral flanges projecting posteroventrally. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with lightly sclerotized lobe ventrally and laterally, containing 2 small sclerites.
Additional material examined:
This species is very similar to
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Wings with conspicuous white spot at the arculus. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex subacute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem shorter than fork; fork III petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; Cu1 incomplete, not reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II, III, and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex rounded, associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX relatively broad; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin subtriangular, very slightly downturned; dorsolateral margin with paired small, slightly down-turned, setose process; ventrolateral margin with an outer and inner pair of small setose processes directed posteriorly. Parameres present, paired, arising ventrobasally from fused endotheca and phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, tusk-like, strongly curving upward, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized with phallic shield. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath extending from phallobase, strongly curving upward with apex directed dorsally, with pair of broad, sclerotized wing-like lateral flanges with rounded or subquadrate ventral margins. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with 1 tubular upper lobe and 3 smaller lower lobes.
We are delighted to name this species for Dr. James Rodman, the NSF program director who initiated the Partnership for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy (PEET) program. The PEET program provides funding for the training of taxonomists of little known organisms. The senior author is grateful for the wonderful experience she had while participating in the PEET program as a doctoral student and the opportunity to study
This species can be recognized by its rather simple genitalic capsule. Tergum X is produced dorsomesally into a broad, elongate plate and has just one small ventrolateral process. The parameres are relatively short, straight basally, but slightly bent downward distally. The phallicata is short and very lightly sclerotized, and the endophallus is large and membranous, with 2 lateral patches or elongate setae apically.
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages fuscous, intermingled with rufous or golden hairs. Wings with conspicuous white spot at the arculus. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex subacute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I petiolate, but with extremely short stem; fork II petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate; stem longer than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical fork II present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex rounded, associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally narrow, broad medially and ventrally; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin produced into a single broad, plate-like process; dorsolateral margin slightly irregular, without processes; ventrolateral margin with small, irregular, paired setose process. Parameres present, paired, arising ventrobasally from fused endotheca and phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, slender and elongate, straight medially and basally, curving downward distally, directed posteroventrally, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized with phallic shield. Phallicata short, with lightly sclerotized base, rugous medially, becoming membranous distally. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with1 upper lobe and 2 lower lobes, with paired patch of elongate setae laterally.
This species is so named for the rather simple structure of the phallic apparatus and genital capsule.
This species is distinct in having a sclerotized, tubular phallicata, and an elongate, laterally compressed, dorsomesal spine. The phallicata in other species are less tubular, appearing as a dorsal sheath. This dorsal sheath was identified as a synapomorphy for the genus in a previous phylogenetic study of
Adult. The only specimen of this species is in very poor condition. Therefore, head, thoracic, and wing characters could not be observed. However, the genitalia are intact.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin straight, shallowly excavate; dorsolateral margin with paired elongate, down-turned, finger-like process; ventrolateral margin with paired, very broad flange-like setose process consisting of several small irregular lobes. Inferior appendages present as apically bifid, setose process produced mesally, broadest at base and fused to phallobase ventrobasally. Parameres present, paired, arising laterally from endotheca, spiral-shaped, curving 360 degrees at base with curve continuing to apex, directed posteroventrally, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a short slerotized dorsal tube extending from phallobase, with a long, broad dorsomesal spine arising posteriorly to phallobase. Endophallus membranous, rather small, apically sharply bent downward, pointing anteroventrally.
The name
This species is associated with
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Wings with white transverse line along anastomosis. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; stem about the same length as fork; fork III petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin with single, downturned, elongate process; dorsolateral margin irregular and setose; ventrolateral margin with paired, broad flange-like setose process consisting of small upper lobe and larger subtriangular lower lobe. Inferior appendages present as apically bifid, setose process produced mesally, broadest at base and fused to phallobase ventrobasally, with 2 pairs of small digitate lobes ventrolaterally, each bearing a seta. Parameres present, paired, inserted in membranous lobe, arising laterally from endotheca, sclerotized and rod-like, long, sinuous, directed outward and posteriorly, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized. Phallicata forming a long sclerotized dorsal sheath extending from phallobase, broadest basally, narrowed slightly, distal portion curving dorsally. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with 1 tubular upper lobe and 1 smaller lower lobe.
We are delighted to name this species for the senior author’s daughter, Stella Claire Thompson.
This species is very similar to
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown, often intermingled with rufous or golden hairs, tibia and tarsi tawny brown. Wings with conspicuous white spot at the arculus. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex rounded. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, and III present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II petiolate, stem shorter than fork; fork III petiolate, stem about the same length as fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing margins nearly parallel, tapering only slightly past anastomosis; apical forks II, III, and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process thumb-like, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with weak oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal and inferior appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally narrow, broad medially and ventrally; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin slightly produced with several small irregular setose processes; dorsolateral margin with paired small, slightly down-turned, setose process; ventrolateral margin with 2 pairs of processes, the upper a small lobe-like process, the lower an elongate finger-like process bearing a few setae. Parameres present, paired, arising ventrobasally from fused endotheca and phallobase, sclerotized and rod-like, tusk-like, strongly curving upward, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized with phallic shield. Phallicata forming a long lightly sclerotized dorsal sheath extending from phallobase, rugous distally, strongly curving upward with apex directed anterodorsally, with pair of broad, sclerotized blade-like lateral flanges, apex pointed and directed posteriorly. Endophallus membranous, enlarged and convoluted when invaginated, with 1 upper and 1 lower lobe.
The name
This species can be diagnosed by its large, tooth-like paramere process, and broad inferior appendage process. It is most similar to
Adult. Body, wings, and appendages pale or tawny brown in alcohol. Forewing slightly broader past anastomosis, but with margins nearly parallel, apex subacute. Forewing venation incomplete, with apical forks I, II, III, and IV present; Sc and R1 distinct along their entire lengths; fork I sessile; fork II sessile; fork III petiolate, stem longer than fork; fork IV petiolate, stem slightly shorter than fork; Cu1 complete, reaching wing margin; Cu1 and Cu2 intersecting near anastomosis; row of erect setae present along Cu2; A3 absent; crossveins forming a relatively linear transverse cord; discoidal cell longer than Rs vein. Hind wing narrow and slightly scalloped past anastomosis; apical forks II and V present; Sc and R1 fused basally; A2 absent. Tibial spurs 1,4,4, foretibial spur extremely reduced and hairlike. Sixth sternal process short and digitate, apex attenuate and pointed, associated with strong oblique apodeme posteriorly.
Male genitalia. Preanal appendages absent. Segment IX dorsally and ventrally narrow, broad medially; anterior margin rounded; posterolateral margin membranous or very lightly sclerotized; sternum IX without modification. Tergum X incompletely fused to tergum IX with membrane or lightly sclerotized region ventrolaterally; dorsomesal margin straight, without processes; dorsolateral margin with paired elongate, down-turned, finger-like process; ventrolateral margin with paired, broad flange-like setose process consisting of several small irregular lobes. Inferior appendages present as single, broad, irregular setose process, broadest basally, fused to phallobase ventrobasally, bearing a single pair of small digitate lobes ventrolaterally, each bearing a seta. Parameres present, paired, arising laterally from endotheca, strongly sclerotized, large tooth-like process, curving ventrally and outward, apex pointed. Phallobase reduced, lightly sclerotized dorsally, laterally membranous, with 2 irregular and elongate sclerites arising basolaterally. Phallicata forming a short slerotized dorsal sheath with an elongate dorsomesal spine arising posteriorly to phallobase.
The name
In most cases, it should be possible to identify most species by simple comparisons to illustrations and reference to the species diagnoses and descriptions. The following key is meant to help the user focus on male genitalic features most useful in identifying species and should be used in conjunction with the provided illustrations and descriptions.
1 | Inferior appendages present as single, sometimes apically bifid, setose process, fused to phallobase ventrobasally ( |
2 |
– | Inferior appendages absent ( |
13 |
2(1) | Inferior appendage process relatively short and broad ( |
3 |
– | Inferior appendage process relatively narrow and elongate ( |
9 |
3(2) | Tergum X dorsolateral margin with paired, very long, finger-like processes; phallicata with elongate dorsomesal spine ( |
4 |
– | Tergum X dorsolateral margin without paired long, finger-like processes; phallicata without dorsomesal spine ( |
6 |
4(3) | Inferior appendage process bifid apically; endophallus without apical sclerites; parameres rather elongate, spiral-shaped, curving nearly 360 degrees ( |
|
– | Inferior appendage process not bifid; endophallus with apical sclerites; parameres rather broad and tooth-like, not spiral-shaped ( |
5 |
5(4) | Parameres bifid ( |
|
– | Parameres not bifid ( |
|
6(3) | Tergum X with elongate, attenuate, downturned dorsomesal process ( |
7 |
– | Tergum X dorsomesal margin bifid ( |
|
7(6) | Inferior appendage process bifid apically ( |
|
– | Inferior appendage process not bifid ( |
8 |
8(7) | Parameres extremely sinuous, not forked; endophallus with large, bifid apical processes; tergum X ventrolateral margin with small, subtriangular setose process ( |
|
– | Parameres forked, not sinuous; endophallus entirely membranous without apical processes or sclerites; tergum X ventrolateral margin with broad, irregular, flange-like setose process ( |
|
9(2) | Tergum X dorsomesal margin divided apicomesally, slightly notched, or with large, prominent bifid process; inferior appendage process not bifid ( |
10 |
– | Tergum X dorsomesal margin not divided apicomesally, bifid, slightly notched, or with large, prominent bifid process; inferior appendage process bifid apically ( |
12 |
10(9) | Parameres curving upward or tusk-like; phallicata with elongate, apically bifid, dorsomesal spine ( |
|
– | Parameres not curving upward or tusk-like; phallicata without dorsomesal spine ( |
11 |
11(10) | Parameres spiral-shaped or ram-like, curving nearly 360 degrees; endophallus largely membranous, without apical sclerite ( |
|
– | Parameres nearly straight; endophallus lightly sclerotized, with small apical sclerite ( |
Itauara peruensis sp. n. |
12(9) | Tergum X with elongate, attenuate, downturned dorsomesal process ( |
|
– | Tergum X with large, blunt, dorsomesal process, elongate in dorsal view, subtriangular in lateral view ( |
|
13(1) | Phallicata with paired lateral flanges or processes ( |
14 |
– | Phallicata without paired lateral flanges or processes ( |
19 |
14(13) | Tergum X dorsomesal margin irregular, with several small setose processes ( |
15 |
– | Tergum X dorsomesal margin not irregular ( |
16 |
15(14) | Parameres curving upward, tusk-like; endophallus without apical processes or sclerites ( |
|
– | Parameres arcuate, curving downward; endophallus with tooth-like apical sclerite ( |
|
16(14) | Tergum X with elongate, attenuate, downturned dorsomesal process ( |
17 |
– | Tergum X without elongate dorsomesal processes ( |
18 |
17(16) | Parameres sinuous; phallicata very lightly sclerotized basally, rugous or membranous distally ( |
|
– | Parameres arcuate, curving downward; phallicata entirely sclerotized ( |
|
18(16) | Parameres curving upward, tusk-like; phallicata strongly curved medially, directed anterodorsally ( |
|
– | Parameres sinuous; phallicata nearly straight, distal portion slightly upturned ( |
|
19(13) | Sternum IX bearing 2 pairs of extremely elongate, seta-like processes; parameres vestigial, consisting only of a pair of small, digitate setose lobes arising ventrolaterally from endotheca ( |
|
– | Sternum IX without modification; parameres prominently present ( |
20 |
20(19) | Tergum X with elongate, attenuate, slightly downturned dorsomesal process; parameres curving upward, tusk-like ( |
|
– | Tergum X without elongate dorsomesal processes; parameres not curving upward or tusk-like ( |
21 |
21(20) | Tergum X dorsomesal margin blunt; parameres bent basally at nearly 90 degree angle, directed dorsally; phallicata sclerotized, not continuous from phallobase ( |
|
– | Tergum X dorsomesal margin roof-like, strongly produced; parameres arcuate, curving downward; phallicata very lightly sclerotized basally, more membranous and rugous distally, continuous from phallobase ( |
We are thankful to Len Ferrington, George Weiblen, and Susan Weller (University of Minnesota) for helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this manuscript. We thank Roger Blahnik (U. of MN) for his valuable insight regarding protoptiline morphology, systematics, and evolution. We express our appreciation to Ivalio Stoyanov,
We are grateful to the many curators, colleagues, and staff at several natural history collections around the world who loaned material: Elisa Angrisano (MACN), David Goodger (BMNH), and Oliver Flint (NMNH). We are particularly grateful for the assistance provided by Oliver Flint, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Many of the new species described here were collected by Dr. Flint and other researchers at the NMNH.
DRR is grateful for the following funding sources received as a graduate student: Alexander and Lydia P. Anderson Fellowship (University of Minnesota, Graduate School), Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship (U. of MN, Graduate School), Dayton & Wilkie Natural History Fund (U. of MN, Bell Museum), Boesel-Sanderson Natural History Award (North American Benthological Society), Student Conservation Award (North American Benthological Society), NSF GK-12 Fellowship (U. of MN, Bell Museum), Morris & Elaine Soffer Rockstein Fellowship (Dept. of Entomology, U. of MN), MN Futures grant (to D. Andow), Walter Judd International Fellowship (U. of MN, Graduate School), and U. of MN, Graduate School Block travel grants. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. DEB 0117772 and 9971885 (to RWH).