Corresponding author: Hui Xiao (
Academic editor: J. Fernandez-Triana
Twelve species of
Jiao T-y, Yao Q-y, Xiao H (2017) Review of
Based on differences in mandibular formula and fore wing marginal fringe,
Only four species of
A total of 943 specimens was examined from the museum of
Morphological terminology mostly follows that of
Abbreviations of morphological terms used are:
funicular segment number
posterior ocellar distance
ocellocular distance
gastral tergum number
1 | Left mandible with three teeth and right mandible with four teeth (Fig. |
|
– | Both mandibles with four teeth (Fig. |
|
2 | Head in frontal view with gena almost straight and with lower angle of gena protruding beyond clypeal margin (Fig. |
|
– | Head in frontal view with gena evenly curved and with lower angle of gena not exceeding clypeal margin (Figs |
|
3 | Stigmal vein longer than postmarginal vein; gaster 1.5 times as long as broad |
|
– | Stigmal vein shorter than or at most as long as postmarginal vein; gaster at most 1.3 times as long as broad |
|
4 | Lower margin of clypeus not protruded, slightly emarginate in middle and without tooth (Fig. |
|
– | Lower margin slightly protruded, emarginate in middle and with two obtuse teeth; head in dorsal view with |
|
5 | Marginal vein 1.5 times as long as stigmal vein; propodeum with plica complete and median carina only distinct basally |
|
– | Marginal vein 1.91 times as long as stigmal vein; propodeum with plica only conspicuous basally, median carina absent |
|
6 | Antennae with three anelli; postmarginal vein very shorter than stigmal vein, at most half length of stigmal vein |
|
– | Antennae with two anelli; postmarginal vein longer or slightly shorter than stigmal vein |
|
7 | Lower margin of clypeus broadly emarginate, without tooth; gaster 1.37 times as long as broad |
|
– | Lower margin of clypeus slightly protruding, emarginate in middle and with two blunt or sharp teeth; gaster at least 1.8 times as long as broad |
|
8 | Antennal insertion slightly above lower ocular line, antennal scape reaching lower margin of anterior ocellus |
|
– | Antennal insertion place on lower ocular line, antennal scape not reaching lower margin of anterior ocellus |
|
9 | Fore wing with a yellowish-brown infumation behind marginal vein; propodeum with incomplete median carina; stigmal vein slightly longer than postmarginal vein; gaster slightly broader than thorax width |
|
– | Fore wing immaculate, without any infumation; propodeum with complete median carina; stigmal vein as long as postmarginal vein; gaster narrower than thorax width |
|
10 | Antennal scape as long as eye height; head in frontal view 1.27 times as wide as high |
|
– | Antennal scape distinctly shorter than eye height; head in frontal view 1.15 times as wide as high |
|
11 | Lower margin of clypeus emarginate in middle and with two sharp teeth (Fig. |
|
– | Lower margin of clypeus emarginate in middle and with two blunt teeth (Figs |
|
Body dark green. Head in frontal view round; antennal insertion placed on lower ocular line and face not protuberant at antennal insertion; antennal formula 11263 (rarely 11353); lower margin of clypeus with two sinuate teeth; both mandibles with four teeth or right mandible with four teeth and left mandible with three teeth; head in dorsal view with occiput margined by blunt or sharp, transverse ridge. Mesosoma slightly convex; pronotal collar not margined or slightly carinate medially; notauli incomplete and inconspicuous; scutellum without frenal groove; propodeum with plica complete, median carina developed or not. Fore wing without marginal fringe or at least bare between postmarginal vein and wing apex; postmarginal vein short, only inconspicuously longer than stigmal vein. Hind tibia with one spur. Gaster ovate.
Widespread world-wide distribution, see
The subgenus have the left mandible with three teeth and right mandible with four teeth; occipital carina transverse, closer to foramen than vertex; fore wing with marginal fringe except between marginal vein and wing apex; gaster mostly ovate, slightly longer than broad.
Body length 1.6-2.0 mm (Figs
China: 3♀, Heilongjiang: Yichun, 13.VII.1962, ex.
China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Beijing); Palearctic and Nearctic regions.
Body length 2.5–3.2 mm (Figs
China: 2♂, 16♀, Beijing: Miyun Reservoir, 10-20.VII.1983, ex. pupae of
China (Beijing, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet); Japan.
Body length 2.5–2.7 mm; gaster long ovate. Head in frontal view 1.25× as wide as high; antennal scrobe extending upwards and reaching anterior ocellus; lower face slightly convex; antennal insertion placed on lower ocular line; clypeus with longitudinal striation and lower margin slightly protruded, emarginate, and with two blunt teeth; lower angle of gena not exceeding clypeal margin. Antennal scape slightly shorter than eye height (0.87×); length of pedicel and flagellum shorter than head width (0.8×); anelli transverse; Fu1 and Fu2 slightly longer than broad, Fu3 and Fu4 quadrate, Fu4 and Fu6 slightly transverse. Head in dorsal view 1.88× as wide as long; eye length 2× temple length;
China: 1♀, Heilongjiang: Yichun, 3.VII.1972, leg. Ding-xi Liao; 1♀, Heilongjiang: Hailin, VI.1975, leg. Gui-you Zhang.
China (Heilongjiang).
The species belongs to
Holotype.
Head in frontal view (Fig.
Head 1.19× as broad as thorax. Mesosoma 1.37× as long as broad. Propodeum with short collar, collar subhorizontal and not margined, posterior margin smooth. Mesoscutum 2× as broad as long, reticulation on posterior area bigger than that on anterior area. Scutellum slightly convex medially, width 1.22× length, frenal line absent; reticulation shallower than that on mesoscutum posteriorly. Median length of propodeum half that of scutellum; median area flat, with deep, fine, dense reticulation; median carina absent; plica incomplete, visible anteriorly; plicae separated by 1.68× median length of propodeum; short nucha hemispheric and smooth; spiracles elongate, 2× as long as broad, separated from hind margin of metanotum by width of spiracle. Fore wing (Fig.
Petiole quadrate, as long as broad. Gaster (Fig.
Holotype. ♀, China: Yunnan: Kunming,
Named after the location of the type material.
Unknown.
China (Yunnan).
Body squat, length 2.0–2.4 mm. Head in front view 1.3× as wide as high; antennal scrobe shallow, extending upwards and reaching anterior ocellus; antennal insertion placed on the lower ocular line; clypeus with longitudinal sculpture; lower margin of clypeus slightly protruded, median emarginate and with 2 sinuate teeth; gena evenly curved, lower angle of gena not exceeding clypeal margin. Antennal scape slightly shorter than eye height, length of flagellum and pedicel combined less than head width (0.74×); pedicel in lateral view 2.2× as long as broad; both anelli transverse; Fu1 and Fu5 quadrate, Fu6 distinctly transverse. Head in dorsal view, 1.9× as wide as long, eye length 1.79× temple length;
China: 1♀, Yunnan: Nanjian, 2.VI.1980, leg. Ding-Xi Liao.
This species parasitized on larvae and pupae of
China (Yunnan).
Both mandibles with four teeth; occipital carina curving, closer to vertex than foramen; fore wing without marginal fringe; gaster spindle-shaped, distinctly longer than broad.
Body slender, length 2.0–2.9 mm (Figs
China: 30♂, 29♀, Sichuan: Xichang, V.1992, ex.
The species mainly parasitizes
China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet); Palearctic and Nearctic regions. This is the first record from the Oriental region.
Body slightly slender (Figs
China: 3♀, Beijing: Yuanmingyuan Imperial Garden, 2.VI.1984, ex. larvae of
China (Beijing); Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropical regions.
The new species belongs to
Holotype.
Head in frontal view (Fig.
Head 1.24× as broad as thorax. Mesosoma 1.6× as long as broad. Pronotum 0.65× as broad as mesoscutum, collar rounded, posterior band smooth. Mesoscutum 1.57× as broad as long, with regular reticulation, in anterior half weakly reticulate and posterior half with deep reticulation; notauli distinct but not complete. Scutellum convex, 1.07× as broad as long, frenal line absent; reticulation smaller than on mesoscutum, but regular and shallow. Propodeum medially ½ as long as scutellum, with fine, deep, dense reticulation; plica weak (Fig.
Gaster spindle-shaped with apex pointed (Fig.
Holotype. ♀, China: Qinghai: Golmud, Guolemude, 2880m,
Named after the location where the holotype was collection.
Specimens from Inner Mongolia were reared from
China (Inner Mongolia, Qinghai).
The new species belongs to
Holotype.
Head in frontal view (Fig.
Head 1.31× as broad as thorax. Mesosoma 1.38 × as long as broad. Pronotum with raised reticulation, pronotal collar slightly narrower than mesoscutum (0.86×); middle length of pronotum almost 1/9 as long as length of mesoscutum; collar not margined anteriorly, posterior margin of collar with a smooth band. Mesoscutum 1.86× as broad as long, with regular and dense reticulation; notauli incomplete and unconspicuous. Scutellum convex, 1.09× as broad as long, frenal line absent; reticulation same as on mesoscutum but slightly large on posterior part of scutellum. Propodeum (Fig.
Petiole invisible dorsally. Gaster (Fig.
Male. Body length 2.1 mm; head and thorax blue-green; antenna light brownish except clava slightly dark, other segments yellow; legs yellow to yellowish brown except coxae concolorous with body; fore wing yellowish brown; gaster brown, with a yellow transverse bright ribbon at 1/3 base of gaster.
Holotype: China: ♀, Beijing: Miyun Reservoir,
In memory of professor Ding-xi Liao in China.
Larvae of
China (Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Gansu, Qinghai).
Body slender (Figs
China: 2♀, Beijing, V1967; 1♀, Shaanxi: Hangzhou, X.1959, ex.
Recorded hosts of the species were
China (Beijing, Shaanxi, Zhejiang); Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropic regions.
Body slender (Figs
China: 3♂, 7♀, Heilongjiang: Hailin, VI.1975, ex. pupae of
Hosts of
China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shangdong, Henan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan, Tibet); widespread world-wide distribution (Noyes, 2016).
The new species belongs to
Holotype.
Head in frontal view, 1.27× as wide as high (Fig.
Head width 1.31× as broad as thorax. Mesosoma 1.43× as long as broad. Pronotum with coarse reticulation, 0.87× as broad as thorax; pronotum with middle length 0.23× as long as mesoscutum, collar subhorizontal and not margined, posterior margin smooth. Mesoscutum 2× as broad as long, with finely dense reticulation (Fig.
Petiole invisible dorsally. Gaster long ovate, 2× as long as broad; 0.89× as broad as thorax width, 1.33× as long as length of mesosoma; surface of each tergite coriaceous; Gt1 covering 1/3 of gaster, posterior margin straight and with small hollow in middle; posterior margin of other tergites straight; terminal acute.
Male. Body length 1.3-1.9 mm, head and mesosoma black, with yellow-green shine; antennae yellow; legs yellow except coxae concolorous with body. Antennae with long hair, each funicular segment longer than its broad, with long hair on antenna. Gaster ovate, with an oval pale spot between Gt1 and Gt2.
Holotype. China: ♀, Qinghai: Golmud, Guolemude, 2880m,
The specific name is consist of the spelling of the type locality “qinghai” and the suffix “-
Unknown.
China (Qinghai, Yunnan).
Thanks are due to the Royal Society KC Wong Fellowship for offering a postdoctoral position in the