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Breadth of diversity of Aptostichus species habitat types in the California Floristic Province. 1 alpine habitat, Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, Fresno County 2 northern coastal dunes, Humboldt County 3 chaparral, Riverside County 4 Joshua Tree National Park, Riverside County 5 Panamint Valley, Inyo County 6 Pisgah Crater, San Bernardino County.
Diagrammatic representation of quantitative measurements of morphological features and leg articles. 11, 12 carapace, labium, sternum length and width 13 lengths of leg I femur, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, metatarsal proximal/ventral excavated region, number of tibia distal retrolateral spines 14 lengths of leg IV femur and tarsus 15 male palpal tibia length and width 16 male copulatory bulb length.
Box plots for quantitative measurements used in phylogenetic analysis and species diagnosis; ratios are given in values multiplied by 100 (y-axis); characters states are indicated above and below horizontal line bisecting graph; species abbreviations (x-axis) defined in Table 1. 17 sternum length to width 18 labium length to width 19 leg IV tarsus length to femur length 20 leg I tibia length to femur length.
Box plots for quantitative measurements used in phylogenetic analysis and species diagnosis; ratios are given in values multiplied by 100 (y-axis); characters states are indicated above and below horizontal line bisecting graph; species abbreviations (x-axis) defined in Table 1. 21 leg I metatarsus length to femur length 22 leg I tarsus length to femur length 23 male palpal tibia width to length 24 palpal tibia length to carapace length.
Box plot and counts for quantitative and meristic measurements used in phylogenetic analysis and species diagnosis; ratio given in values multiplied by 100 (y-axis); characters states are indicated above and below horizontal line bisecting graph; species abbreviations (x-axis) defined in Table 1. 25 male copulatory bulb length to carapace length 26 number of male, leg I tibia retrolateral spines 27 number of male, leg I tibia prolateral spines.
Summary tree based on an analysis of 337 individuals scored for the 12S-tRNA valine-16S mtDNA gene region comprising 1618 base pairs. Solid dots on internal branches denote strong posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap support (BS); half-shaded dots are nodes with bootstrap values < 74%.
Preferred tree topology based on the analysis of 72 morphological characters employing implied weights (k = 7). The inferred tree recovers four monophyletic species groups: Atomarius, Hesperus, Simus, and Sierra clades. Inset figures illustrate exemplar mating clasper and pedipalp morphologies for each of the four major clades.
Scanning electron micrographs of Aptostichus simus specimens (female AP097, 39–47; male AP819, 48–50). 39 palpal endite, arrow indicates cuspule pattern 40 left pedipalp claw, retrolateral aspect 41 leg I, tarsal claws, retrolateral aspect 42 leg I, tarsus, dorsal aspect, tarsal organ (arrow) 43 leg I, tarsus, dorsal aspect, trichobothrial base (arrow) 44 leg I, tarsal scopulae 45 leg IV, ventral junction of tarsus and metatarsus, preening comb 46, 47 cleared spermathecae and close up of left spermathecal lobe 48 leg I, retrolateral distal aspect of tibia 49 pedipalp, ventral aspect 50 serrated edge of palpal embolus.
Scanning electron micrographs of Aptostichus atomarius specimens (female MY3432, 57–67; male MY2979 68). 57 left chelicerae, anterior ventral aspect 58 left pedipalp claw, retrolateral aspect 59 leg I, tarsal claw, retrolateral aspect 60 tarsal scopulae, leg I 61 leg IV tarsal claws, retrolateral aspect 62 leg IV preening comb, tarsus/metatarsus junction 63 leg I, tarsus, dorsal aspect, tarsal organ 64 spinnerets 65 spinning field, distal aspect of PLS 66, 67 cleared spermathecae and close-up of left lobe 68 pedipalp, retrolateral aspect, arrow indicates position of spines on cymbium.
Aptostichus atomarius Simon, 1891. 69–72 Specimen AP357 from San Bernardino Co., San Bernardino; scale bar = 1.0mm 69 retrolateral aspect leg I [805733] 70 prolateral aspect leg I [805737] 71 retrolateral aspect pedipalp [805743] 72 ventral aspect palpal bulb [805745] 73–75 line drawings of spination patterns on metatarsus and tibia, leg I, retrolateral aspect 73 Los Angeles Co., Baldwin Hills (AP181) 74 San Luis Obispo Co., San Luis Obispo (AP172) 75 Los Angeles Co., Eaton Canyon Park (AP157).
Aptostichus stephencolberti Bond, 2008. 82 male habitus from San Francisco Co. (AP156) [805762] 83–85 male holotype from San Mateo Co., Pescadero State Beach (MY3515); scale bar = 1.0mm 83 retrolateral aspect leg I [805751] 84 prolateral aspect leg I [805747] 85 retrolateral aspect pedipalp [805753] 86 female habitus from Santa Cruz Co., Waddell Creek Beach (MY3508) [805758] 87 cleared spermathecae, from San Luis Obispo Co., Wilder Ranch State Beach (MY3500) [805754]; scale bar = 0.25mm.
Aptostichus angelinajolieae Bond, 2008. 91–93 male paratype from Monterey Co., Carmel (AP167); scale bars = 1.0mm 91 retrolateral aspect right leg I [805766] 92 prolateral aspect right leg I [805770] 93 retrolateral aspect pedipalp [805772] 94 cleared spermathecae, female holotype from Monterey Co., Carmel Valley (MY3310) [805773]; scale bar = 0.25mm.
Aptostichus miwok Bond, 2008. 98 male habitus from Mendocino Co., Inglenook Dunes (AP1270) [805812] 99–101 male paratype (AP149) from San Francisco Co., Farallon Islands; scale bars = 1.0mm 99 retrolateral aspect, leg I [805801] 100 prolateral aspect, leg I [805797] 101 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [805803] 102 female habitus from Mendocino Co., Inglenook Dunes (AP520) [805808] 103 spermathecae, female holotype (MY301) [805804]; scale bar = 0.10mm.
Aptostichus stanfordianus Smith, 1908.106–109 male specimen from Contra Costa Co., Orinda Village (AP162); scale bars = 1.0mm 106 male habitus [805794] 107 retrolateral aspect, right leg I [805784] 108 prolateral aspect, right leg I [805780] 109 retrolateral aspect, right pedipalp [805786] 110, 111 female habitus and cleared spermathecae from Santa Cruz Co. (MY3100) [805790, 805795] 112 cleared spermathecae from Alameda Co., Alameda (AP296) [805776]; scale bars = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus dantrippi sp. n. specimens from Kern Co., Bakersfield. 115–118 male holotype (AP179); scale bars = 1.0mm 115 retrolateral aspect, leg I [805816] 116 prolateral aspect, leg I [805820] 117 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [805822] 118 male habitus [805824] 119 cleared spermathecae of paratype specimen (AP173) [806570]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus pennjillettei sp. n. from Nevada, Clark Co., Mercury, Nuclear Test Site; scale bars = 1.0mm. 120 habitus, male holotype (AP413) [805830] 121–122 male paratype (AP412), leg I 121 retrolateral aspect [805838] 122 prolateral aspect [805834] 123–125 line drawings of spination patterns on leg I, retrolateral aspect, tibia and metatarsus 126 retrolateral aspect, holotype pedipalp [805832].
Aptostichus asmodaeus sp. n. from Contra Costa Co., Mt. Diablo. 127–132 male holotype (AP428); scale bars = 1.0mm 127 habitus [805850] 128–130 leg I 128 retrolateral aspect [805844] 129 prolateral aspect [805848] 130 line drawing of spination patterns on leg I, retrolateral aspect, tibia and metatarsus 131–132 pedipalp, retrolateral aspect of photograph [805852] and line drawing 133 cleared spermathecae (AP551) [806573]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus nateevansi sp. n. from Los Angeles Co., Santa Catalina Island (holotype) and San Clemente Island (paratype). 134–136, 139, 140 male holotype (AP420); scale bars = 1.0mm 134 habitus [805860] 135 retrolateral aspect, leg I [805854] 136 prolateral aspect, leg I [808858] 137, 138 male paratype (AP429) 137 retrolateral aspect, leg I 138 prolateral aspect, leg I 139 line drawings of leg I spination patterns, retrolateral aspect of patella, tibia and metatarsus and prolateral aspect of patella and tibia 140 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [805864] 141 cleared spermathecae (AP543) [806576]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus chiricahua sp. n. holotype specimen from Arizona, Cochise Co., Portal Arizona; scale bars = 1.0mm. 142–144 leg I 142 retrolateral aspect [806094] 143 prolateral aspect [806090] 144 line drawings of leg I retrolateral and prolateral aspects 145 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806096].
Aptostichus icenoglei sp. n.; scale bars = 1.0mm. 146–148, 150 male holotype from Riverside Co., Winchester (AP391) 146 habitus [805874] 147 retrolateral aspect, leg I [805866] 148 prolateral aspect, leg I [805870] 149 line drawings of leg I article spination patterns of holotype and additional specimens from the type locality 150 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [805872].
Aptostichus icenoglei sp. n. female. 151 habitus, female paratype from Riverside Co., Winchester (AP391) [805876] 152–155 cleared spermathecae of specimens (MY0718, 2465, 2467, 2505) from Riverside and San Diego Counties [806579, 806582, 806585, 806588]; scale bars = 0.1mm. 156 live photograph of specimen (MY3759) from Los Angeles Co.
Aptostichus cabrillo female from San Diego Co., type locality. 162, 163 habitus and cleared spermathecae of paratype (MY3800) [806605]; scale bar = 0.1mm 164 live photograph (MY3801).
Aptostichus muiri sp. n. from Mariposa Co. 169–172 male holotype (AP409); scale bars = 1.0mm 169 habitus [805918] 170 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [805916] 171 retrolateral aspect, leg I [805910] 172 prolateral aspect, leg I [805914] 173 female paratype (AP1263), cleared spermathecae [805906]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus barackobamai sp. n. 174–176 male holotype from Mendocino Co. (AP411) 174 habitus [806630] 175 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806634] 176 prolateral aspect, leg I [806636] 177–179 male paratype from Tehama Co. (MY3805) 177 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806638] 178 prolateral aspect, leg I [806642] 179 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806644] 180 line drawings of leg I holotype and paratype specimens; retrolateral aspect of holotype pedipalp. Scale bars = 1.0mm.
Aptostichus hesperus (Chamberlin, 1919). 188 sternal sigilla pattern (indicated by circled area, labium at top of photograph; MY2526)) [805941] 189 line drawing of rastellar spine pattern for Aptostichus hesperus and other Hesperus group species 190 cleared spermathecae, specimen from San Bernardino Co., Yucaipa (MY2526) [805942]; scale bar = 0.1mm 191 photograph of live specimen from Riverside Co., Winchester(MY2496).
Aptostichus hesperus male, photographs of specimen from Riverside Co., Winchester (AP098). 192–194 leg I; scale bars = 1.0mm. 192 retrolateral aspect [805929] 193 prolateral aspect [805925] 194 line drawings of spination pattern variation of leg I 195–196 pedipalp; scale bars = 1.0mm 195 ventral view [805935] 196 retrolateral aspect 805933].
Aptostichus hedinorum sp. n. 197–200 male holotype (MY3779); scale bars = 1.0mm 197 habitus [806056] 198 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806048] 199 prolateral aspect, leg I [806052] 200 pedipalp, leg I [806054] 201 female habitus (MY3781), from type locality [806058] 202, 203 cleared spermathecae, female paratype (AP675) [806608] and additional specimen from type locality (MY3781) [806702]; scale bars = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus cahuilla sp. n. 204–207 male holotype from Riverside County, Winchester (AP392); scale bars = 1.0mm 204 habitus [805952] 205 retrolateral aspect, leg I [805944] 206 prolateral aspect, leg I [805948] 207 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [805950] 208 line drawings of male leg I tibia and metatarsus spination pattern variation 209 cleared spermathecae, female paratype (AP221) [806626]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus killerdana sp. n. (AP432) from Orange County. 210–212 male paratype; scale bars = 1.0mm 210 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806062] 211 prolateral aspect, leg I [806066] 212 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806068] 213, 214 female holotype 213 habitus [806070] 214 cleared spermathecae [806703]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus killerdana sp. n. (filled square), Aptostichus serrano sp. n. (filled circles), Aptostichus chemehuevi sp. n. (filled triangles). 25 known distributions 26 predicted distribution of Aptostichus serrano; cooler colors–blue shades–represent areas of high probability of occurrence, warmer colors–yellow and orange shades–represent areas of low probability of occurrence.
Aptostichus aguacaliente sp. n. female specimens. 224 paratype (AP393) habitus [805972] 225–227 cleared spermathecae of specimens from the type locality, Windy Point, Riverside Co. (AP393, 230, MY2508) [806704, 806614, 806617]; scale bars = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus chemehuevi sp. n. male specimens; scale bars = 1.0mm. 228–231 holotype (AP398) 228 habitus 229 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [805982] 230 retrolateral aspect, leg I [805978] 231 prolateral aspect, leg I [805980] 232, 233 paratype (AP397) retrolateral and prolateral aspects, leg I [805984, 805988] 234, 235 line drawings of leg I tibia and metatarsus spination variation.
Aptostichus sarlacc sp. n.; scale bars = 1.0mm. 236–238 male paratype (AP416) from Kern Co. 236 habitus [806006] 237 retrolateral aspect, right leg I [806000] 238 prolateral aspect, right leg I [806004] 239–242 male holotype (AP417) 239 retrolateral aspect, leg I [805992] 240 prolateral aspect, leg I [805996] 241 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [805998] 242 line drawings (in descending order) of holotype leg I metatarsus and tibia spination pattern (retro and prolateral views), pedipalp (retrolateral view), lower inset, line drawing of paratype TSrd spination pattern.
Aptostichus derhamgiulianii sp. n.; scale bars = 1.0mm. 243–246 male holotype (AP 415) Inyo County 243 habitus [806016] 244 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806010] 245 prolateral aspect, leg I [806014] 246 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806018] 247 male paratype (AP424) from Mono County, retrolateral aspect, leg I [806020] 248 line drawings, spination pattern, leg I tibia and metatarsus of holotype and paratype; retrolateral view, holotype pedipalp.
Aptostichus mikeradtkei sp. n. 249–252 male holotype (AP1085), from San Diego Co.; scale bars = 1.0mm. 249 habitus [806034] 250 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806032] 251 prolateral aspect, leg I [806028] 252 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806036] 253–255 cleared spermathecae; scale bars = 0.1mm 253 female paratype (AP1148) [806705] 254, 255 additional specimens from vicinity of type locality (AP1155, 1247) [806620, 806623] 256 sternum of paratype female (AP1148) [806038].
Aptostichus sinnombre sp. n., Aptostichus anzaborrego sp. n., Aptostichus mikeradtkei sp. n. 30 known distributions 31 predicted distribution of Aptostichus mikeradtkei; cooler colors–blue shades–represent areas of high probability of occurrence, warmer colors–yellow and orange shades–represent areas of low probability of occurrence.
Aptostichus edwardabbeyi sp. n. 257, 258 habitus and cleared spermathecae of female paratype from Santa Cruz Co., Arizona (MY2279); scale bar = 0.1mm [806086] 259–261 male holotype (AP402) [806706]; scale bar = 1.0mm 259 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806078] 260 prolateral aspect, leg I [806076] 261 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806072].
Aptostichus sinnombre sp. n., male specimens from San Diego County; scale bars = 1.0mm. 266–268 male holotype (MY3761) 266 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806546] 267 prolateral aspect, leg I [806550] 268 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806552] 269–271 male paratype (MY3823) 269 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806554] 270 prolateral aspect, leg I [806558] 271 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806560] 272 line drawing, spination pattern, leg I tibia and metatarsus of holotype.
Aptostichus simus Chamberlin, 1917 male specimens from San Diego County; scale bars = 1.0mm. 274 habitus (AP1209) [806521] 275–278 secondary sexual characteristics (AP819) 275 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806525] 276 prolateral aspect, leg I [806529] 277 ventral view, pedipalp bulb [806531] 278 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806533] 279, 280 line drawings, leg I articles 279 retrolateral and prolateral aspect of specimen from San Diego County, Imperial Beach 280 retrolateral aspect, tibia and patella, in descending from San Diego County, Imperial Beach and Santa Barbara County, Carpinteria State Beach.
Aptostichus satleri sp. n. holotype (MY3825) and paratype (MY3826) males from Kern County; scale bars = 1.0mm. 285 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806495] 286 prolateral aspect, leg I [806499] 287 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806501] 288 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806503] 289 prolateral aspect, leg I [806507] 290 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806509] 291 line drawings of leg I spination pattern; retrolateral aspect of patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus; prolateral aspect of patella and tibia.
Aptostichus elisabethae sp. n. 292–295 male holotype (AP389) from San Bernardino County; scale bars = 1.0mm 292 habitus [806425] 293 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806429] 294 prolateral aspect, leg I [806431] 295 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806433] 296 line drawings of leg I spination pattern; retrolateral aspect patella, tibia, and metatarsus; prolateral aspect, patella and tibia 297 female paratype (AP1254), cleared spermathecae [806434]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus fornax sp. n. 298–302 male holotype (AP418) from Inyo County; scale bars = 1.0mm 298 habitus [806456] 299 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806460] 300 prolateral aspect, leg I [806462] 301 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806464] 302 line drawings of leg I spination pattern and pedipalp; retrolateral aspect patella, tibia, metatarsus; prolateral aspect patella and tibia; retrolateral aspect, pedipalp 303 female paratype (AP578), cleared spermathecae [806465]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus lucerne sp. n. from San Bernardino County. 304–307 male holotype (AP434); scale bars = 1.0mm and 0.5mm (306) 304 retrolateral aspect, of right leg, leg I [806479] 305 prolateral aspect, of right leg, leg I [806483] 306 oblique, ventral/retrolateral aspect of palpal bulb [806485] 307 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806487] 308, 309 male paratype 308 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806489] 309 prolateral aspect, leg I [806493] 310 line drawings of leg I spination pattern; retrolateral aspect tibia and metatarsus; prolateral aspect of tibia.
Aptostichus bonoi sp. n. 311–314 male holotype (AP399) from San Bernardino County; scale bars = 1.0mm 311 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806371] 312 prolateral aspect, leg I [806375] 313 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806377] 314 line drawings of leg I spination pattern and pedipalp; retrolateral aspect, leg I patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus; prolateral aspect tibia and patella; retrolateral aspect, pedipalp 315 female paratype (AP901) from San Bernardino County, cleared spermathecae [806378]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus fisheri sp. n. from Kern County; scale bars = 1.0mm. 316 habitus of male paratype (AP954) [806438] 317–319 male holotype (AP955) 317 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806442] 318 prolateral aspect, leg I [806446] 319 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806448] 320, 321 male paratype (AP407) 320 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806450] 321 prolateral aspect, leg I [806454] 322 line drawings of leg I spination pattern and pedipalp; retrolateral aspect, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus; prolateral aspect, tibia and patella; retrolateral aspect, pedipalp.
Aptostichus cajalco sp. n. male holotype (MY3778) from Riverside County; scale bars = 1.0mm. 323 habitus [806393] 324 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806395] 325 prolateral aspect, leg I [806397] 326 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806399] 327 line drawings of leg I spination pattern; retrolateral aspect, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus; tibia.
Aptostichus sierra sp. n. male holotype (AP400) from Fresno County; scale bars = 1.0mm. 332 habitus [806511] 333 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806515] 334 prolateral aspect, leg I [806517] 335 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806519] 336 line drawings of leg I tibia and patella spination patterns; retrolateral aspect; prolateral aspect.
Distribution of Sierra group species. 34 known distribution of Aptostichus dorothealangeae, Aptostichus chavezi, Aptostichus huntington, and Aptostichus sierra 35 predicted distribution of Aptostichus chavezi; cooler colors–blue shades–represent areas of high probability of occurrence, warmer colors–yellow and orange shades–represent areas of low probability of occurrence.
Aptostichus huntington sp. n. male holotype (AP408) from Fresno County; scale bars = 1.0mm. 337 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806469] 338 prolateral aspect, leg I [806473] 339 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806475] 340 sternum [806477] 341 line drawings of leg I and pedipalp spination patterns; retrolateral aspect patella, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus; prolateral aspect tibia and patella; retrolateral aspect, pedipalp.
Aptostichus dorothealangeae sp. n. from Kern County. 342–345 male holotype (AP426); scale bars = 1.0mm 342 habitus [806412] 343 retrolateral aspect, leg I [806416] 344 prolateral aspect, leg I [806418] 345 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806420] 346 cleared spermathecae (AP732) [806421]; scale bar = 0.1mm.
Aptostichus chavezi sp. n. from Tulare County. 347–349 male holotype (AP562); scale bars = 1.0mm 347 retrolateral aspect, right leg I [806401] 348 prolateral aspect, right leg I [806405] 349 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [806407] 350 cleared spermathecae (AP1248) [806408]; scale bar = 0.1mm 351 female paratype (MY3774) from Tulare County, photographed in life.