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Research Article
A new species of Aulacaspis Cockerell, 1893 from China with a key to Chinese species (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae)
expand article infoJiufeng Wei‡, Xiaopeng Jing‡, Hufang Zhang‡
‡ Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China

Corresponding author: Hufang Zhang ( zh_hufang@sohu.com )

Academic editor: Roger Blackman
© 2016 Jiufeng Wei, Xiaopeng Jing, Hufang Zhang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Wei J, Jing X, Zhang H (2016) A new species of Aulacaspis Cockerell, 1893 from China with a key to Chinese species (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae). ZooKeys 619: 13-24. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.619.9399
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3A35F45D-B6E9-4CEB-A367-FD1C5DDFACAF
Open Access

Abstract

A new species of armored scale insect, Aulacaspis zunyiensis sp. n. is described and illustrated from collections on cycads in China. A key to the Aulacaspis species known from China is provided.

Keywords

Aulacaspis , China, Diaspididae , Hemiptera , new species

Introduction

The scale insects or Coccoidea are small, sap-sucking insects with at least 30 families and approximately 8000 species (Andersen et al. 2010; Hodgson and Peronti 2012), sister to Aphidoidea in the suborder Sternorrhyncha. Together with Psylloidea and Aleyrodoidea, they comprise the hemipterous suborder Sternorrhyncha (Kondo et al. 2008).

Diaspididae is the largest family of scale insects with over 2650 described species in around 400 genera as currently known (García et al. 2016). Conventionally, new species of armored scales are diagnosed based on extreme modification of the adult females, with the complete loss of legs, reduction of the eyes and antennae, and modification in the terminal segments of abdomen (Andersen et al. 2010). Many armored scale insects are agricultural pests and invasive species (Miller et al. 2005). The higher classification within the family is inconsistent, but two of the major subfamilies are the Aspidiotinae and the Diaspidinae.

The genus Aulacaspis Cockerell, 1893 is a large group of Diaspididae that belongs to the subfamily Diaspidinae. The genus was originally established by Cockerell (1893) with Aspidiotus rosae Bouché, 1833 as the type species. Since the introduction of the generic name Aulacaspis, many additional species have been described (e.g., Chen 1983; Chou 1982; Tang 1986; Takagi 1961, 1967; 1970; 1988; 1998; 1999; 2009; 2010a; 2010b; 2012a; 2012b; 2013; 2014; 2015; Williams 1988; 2010; Rutherford 1915; Robinson 1917; Takahashi 1931). The genus currently comprises 120 species (García et al. 2016; Takagi. 2012b; 2013; 2015), which occur in almost all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica (Suh 2013) and most are found in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions (Suh 2013). The species of this genus are associated with diverse plants and mostly feed on woody angiosperms (Takagi 2015). Some species of Aulacaspis, such as A. rosae (Bouché) and A. yasumatsui Takagi, are considered to be serious pests of ornamental plants (Milek et al. 2008; Miller et al. 2005; Watson and Marler 2014). China is the largest distributional region according to records of Aulacaspis, with 55 species having been reported in this country.

Recently, a new species of Aulacaspis was discovered in China, and it is described and illustrated herein, bringing the number of species recorded in this genus to 121, of which 56 are recorded from China. A key to the Chinese species of Aulacaspis is provided.

Materials and methods

Infested plant samples were collected in the field. Permanent slide mounts of adult females from the samples were made according to Henderson (2011). The illustrations of the adult female are drawn from slide-mounted specimens, with the figure displaying the dorsal body surface on the left side and the ventral body surface on the right side. Enlargements of significant features are located around the body. The morphological terminology and measurements in the descriptions follows those of Miller and Davidson (2005). The abbreviations in the text refer to different pygidial lobes: L1 stands for the median lobes, L2 for the second pair of lobes, L3 for the third pair of lobes, and L4 for the fourth pair of lobes. All measurements are given in micrometres (µm). Measurements were made using the measurement tools NIT-Elements D.

The type series of the new species is deposited in the Insect Collection of Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, China.

Taxonomy

Aulacaspis Cockerell

Aulacaspis Cockerell, 1893: 180.

Type species

Aspidiotus rosae Bouché: by subsequent designation by Newstead, 1901: 168.

Generic diagnosis

Female scale. White, circular, exuviae located on front end.

Male scale. White, long and narrow, exuviae located on front end.

Adult female. Body shape varied, mushroom-shaped, fusiform or cuniform; derm membranous except for the margin of pygidium; prosoma swollen or wider than metathorax and abdomen, slightly squared in most species. Cephalothorax. Antennae each with a seta. Anterior spiracles each usually with a cluster of trilocular pores, posterior spiracles each with or without associated trilocular pores. Dorsal ducts present or absent on prosoma, scattered. Pygidium. Usually with three pairs of lobes (rarely with two or four pairs). Median lobes (L1) well-developed, much larger than lobules of lateral lobes, zygotic basally, without marginal setae between lobes. In general, L1 are divided into two types depending on feeding site: bark-type, where individuals occur on bark and L1 protrudes at the end of the pygidium; and leaf-type, on leaves and L1 is sunken into the end of pygidium. Second lobes (L2) much smaller than L1, bilobed, divided into inner lobule and outer lobule, outer lobule usually smaller than inner. Third lobes (L3) smaller than L2, bilobed, outer lobule smaller than inner. Fourth lobes (L4) present in some species and usually represented by serrations along the body margin. Gland spines. Marginal gland spines developed, present on lateral of abdominal segment II and III; usually single on abdominal segments V-VIII, but in some species there are two or more. Marginal gland spines becoming shorter to conical on anterior segments; in some species they are called gland tubercles. Ducts. Dorsum with double-barred ducts. Marginal macroducts of pygidium usually larger than dorsal macroducts. Dorsal macroducts forming submedial and submarginal rows on abdominal and pygidium, sometimes occurring in two sizes. Ventral microducts scattered. Anal opening situated at the center of the pygidium, small. Perivulvar disc pores in five groups.

Remarks

Members of this genus, like other members of the subfamily Diaspidinae, have a pygidium with macroducts of the two-barred type, the second pygidial lobe bilobulate, and fringed plates absent between the lobes, but Aulacaspis is distinguished from other genera, especially Chionaspis Signoret, 1868 by having a remarkably swollen prosoma. Moreover, Aulacaspis lacks lateral macroducts and gland spines on abdominal segment I and on the thorax, present in these locations on Chionaspis. Furthermore, Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, 1921 is similar in features of the body, but can be distinguished by the presence of a pair of setae between the L1, which are absent in Aulacaspis.

Aulacaspis zunyiensis sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/D255B8CB-9DCB-4902-BBD1-2B12486EF0CF
Figures 1–9

Material examined

Holotype and 11 paratypes, adult female. China: Guizhou Province. Zunyi city, longitude 106.9122, latitude: 27.7087, on Cycas revoluta Thunb, 17.vii. 2015, leg. Weijiufeng and Niu Minmin.

Description

Female scale. Adult female cover convex, circular white; exuvia on front end. Male scale. Not recorded.

Adult female. Slide-mounted adult female 1150–1301 µm long (holotype 1246 µm long); widest part of body 901–950 µm wide (holotype 922 µm wide). Body outline fusiform, derm membranous except for pygidium. Usually widest at mesothorax, lateral abdominal and thoracic lobes well-developed; prosomatic tubercles slightly produced. Cephalothorax. Antennae each with one seta. Anterior spiracles each with 14–16 trilocular pores in a cluster, posterior spiracles without trilocular pores. Pygidial lobes. With three pairs of lobes; L1 well-developed, zygotic basally, much larger than lateral lobes; protruding from pygidial margin, with one deep notch and small serrations on outer margin and one obvious notch on apex. Without setae between median lobes; L2 bilobate, inner lobule rounded, much larger than outer lobule, outer lobule very small, smaller than L3, a pair of obvious paraphyses arising from the mesal margin of the L2 lobes. L3 bilobate, slightly smaller than L2. Gland spines. One present between L1 and L2, one present between L2 and L3, two present on abdominal segment VI, 3–5 on abdominal segment III, 4–5 on abdominal segment IV, 5–6 on abdominal segment V, 1–2 on abdominal segment II, 0–1 on abdominal segment I. Gland spines on segment I and II shorter than those on other segments. Ventral gland tubercles present on submargins of metathorax and abdominal segments I and II. Ducts. Marginal macroducts, of two-barred type, 12.8–16.3 µm long (holotype 16.0 µm long), absent between L1, one present between L1 and L2, two present between L2 and L3, two present on the abdominal segment V. Dorsal macroducts on pygidium and abdominal segments shorter than marginal macroducts; 8.5–10.2 µm long (9.6 µm long), of two-barred type, arranged segmentally in submedian and submarginal rows; submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II to V: 10–11 on segment II, 8–9 on segment III, 5–6 on segment IV, 4–7 on segment V; submedian dorsal macroducts present on segment II to V: 4–6 on segment II, 5–6 on segment III, 4–5 on segment IV, 3–6 on segment V. Lateral macroducts few, 5–7 in total, present between abdominal II and III, of which, 2–3 on segment II, 3–4 on segment III, smaller than dorsal ducts present on abdominal and pygidium. Ventral microducts scattered on pygidium, few. Anal opening small, in holotype posterior margin of anal opening is situated 155 µm from base of L1. Perivulvar pores in five groups, 13–16 in the median group, 30–35 in each of the anteriolateral and 29–30 in each of the posteriolateral groups.

Figure 1–9. 

Aulacaspis zunyiensis Wei & Jing, sp. n., adult female; 1 habitus 2 antennae 3 anterior spiracle 4 detail of dorsal gland macroduct 5 gland tubercles 6 paraphyses 7 detail of end of pygidium 8 pygidium 9 quinquelocular pores.

Remarks

This species is very similar to A. maesae (Takagi, 1970) in body shape. But differs in having (character-states on A. maesae in brackets): (i) posterior spiracle without trilocular pores (posterior spiracle with trilocular pores); (ii) dorsal macroducts absent from submedial region of abdominal segment VI (present); (iii) dorsal macroducts absent from submedial region of abdominal segment II (present).

Host plant

Cycas revoluta Thunb.

Etymology

The specific epithet is named after Zunyi, the type locality.

Distribution

China (Guizhou).

Key to adult female Aulacaspis Cockerell from China

(The descriptions of three species, A. aceris Takahashi, A. formosana Takahashi, and A. depressa Zehntner are inadequate for inclusion in this key)

1 Trilocular pores absent near each posterior spiracle 2
– Trilocular pores present near each posterior spiracle 9
2 Dorsal microducts present on abdominal segment I , II, III A. vitis (Green)
– Dorsal microducts present on abdominal segment I, II, III 3
3 Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment II 4
– Dorsal macroducts absent from submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment II 5
4 Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI A. yunnanensis (Feng)
– Dorsal macroducts absent from submedial area of abdominal segment VI A. zunyiensis sp. n.
5 Dorsal macroducts absent from submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment II 6
– Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal and submedial area of abdominal segment II A. pudica (Ferris)
6 With two or three dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI A. fagraeae (Green)
– With one or no dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment I 7
7 Dorsal macroducts absent from submedial area of abdominal segment VI A. oblonga (Chen)
– Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI 8
8 With spur present on each of abdominal segment IV and V, submedian dorsal microducts present on abdominal II and III A. calcarata Takagi
– Without spur on abdominal segment IV and V, submedian dorsal microducts present on abdominal segment III, absent from abdominal II A. schizosoma (Takagi)
9 Dorsal macroducts present on submarginal area of abdominal segment VI 10
– Dorsal macroducts absent from submarginal area of abdominal segment VI 11
10 Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II, forming double row; dorsal submarginal macroducts present on abdominal segment II A. difficilis (Cockerell)
– Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II, forming single row; dorsal submarginal macroducts absent from abdominal segment II A. altiplagae Chen
11 Submedial dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment II A. litzeae (Green)
– Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment III 12
12 Dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment II 13
– Dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II 34
13 Dorsal microducts present on submedial of abdominal segment I, II 14
– Dorsal microducts absent from submedial of abdominal segment I and II 15
14 With four pairs of lobes on pygidium A. madiunensis (Zehntner)
– With three pairs of lobes on pygidium A. ferrisi Scott
15 Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment V and VI, forming double row 16
– Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment V and VI, forming single row 17
16 With four pairs of lobes on pygidium; L1 protrude the end of pygidium A. wakayamaensis (Kuwana)
– With three pairs of lobes on pygidium; L1 sunken into the apex of the pygidium A. saigusai Takagi
17 Submedial dorsal macroducts forming double row on abdominal segment IV 18
– Submedial dorsal macroducts forming single row on abdominal segment IV 21
18 Prosomatic tubercles robust; only 1 dorsal macroduct on abdominal segment VI 19
– Prosomatic tubercles not discernible; with more than 2 dorsal macroducts on abdominal segment VI 20
19 Postsoma robust, with abdominal segment II strongly lobed out laterally; basal zygosis of L1 distinct A. yabunikkei (Kuwana)
– Postsoma slender, with the pygidium rather narrow; basal zygosis of L1 unconspicuous A. alisiana (Takagi)
20 Anterior spiracles with about 20 trilocular pores; with 3 pairs of lobes on pygidium A. sassafras Chen, Wu & Su
– Anterior spiracles with about 70 trilocular pores; with 4 pairs of lobes on pygidium A. tegalensis (Zehntner)
21 Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment III, forming double row 22
– Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment III, forming single row 24
22 Dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal VI A. robusta Takahashi
– Dorsal macroducts present on abdominal VI 23
23 With more than three dorsal submedial macroducts on abdominal VI; anterior spiracles with 19 trilocular pores; the widest of body present on head A. amamiana Takagi
– With only one dorsal submedial macroducts on abdominal VI; anterior spiracles With 10 trilocular pores; the widest of body present on prothorax A. ima Scott
24 Gland spines present on abdominal segment II A. nitida Scott
– Gland spines absent from abdominal segment II 25
25 Submedial dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment VI 26
– Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment VI 28
26 Prosoma well swollen; with more than 11 gland spines on abdominal segment III A. sirodamo Takagi
– Prosoma not swollen; with less than ten gland spines on abdominal segment III 27
27 Posterior spiracles with 4–5 trilocular pores; with slender paraphyses placed at base of L1 A. fuzhouensis Tang
– Posterior spiracles with 2–3 trilocular pores; without slender paraphyses placed at base of L1 A. latissima (Cockerell)
28 Prosomatic tubercles robust 29
– Prosomatic tubercles not discernible 30
29 With a pair of elongate scleroses on the base of L1; only 1 dorsal macroduct present on abdominal segment VI; anterior spiracles each with 4–5 trilocular pores A. tubercularis (Newstead)
– Without a pair of elongate scleroses on the base of L1 ; with 2–3 dorsal macroducts on abdominal segment VI; anterior spiracles each with 8–13 trilocular pores A. rosae (Bouché)
30 Without dorsal microducts on prosoma 31
– With dorsal microducts on prosoma 33
31 L1 almost parallel on inner basal margins, then strongly divergent to their apices; gland tubercles absent from segment I 32
– L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium, forming a large notch at the apex of the pygidium; gland tubercles present on segment I A. actinodaphnes Takagi
32 Only one submedial macroduct present on abdominal segment III; prosoma as broad as or slightly wider than postsoma A. hedyotidis (Green)
– With 2–8 submedial macroducts on abdominal segment III; prosoma swollen, distinctly wider than postsoma A. ericacearum Takagi
33 L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium, forming a large notch at the apex of the pygidium; anterior spiracles each with 16 trilocular pores; only one submedial macroducts on abdominal segment VI A. yasumatsui Takagi
– L1 almost parallel on inner basal margins, then strongly divergent to their apices; anterior spiracles each with 30–50 trilocular pores; with 2-4 submedial macroducts on abdominal segment VI A. machili (Takahashi)
34 Submedial dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I, forming a double row 35
– Submedial dorsal macroducts present or absent on abdominal segment I; if present, forming single row 41
35 Submedial dorsal macroducts present on segment VI, forming double or triple row A. murrayae (Takahashi)
– Submedial dorsal macroducts present or absent on segment VI; if present, forming a single row 36
36 Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II, forming a double row 37
– Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II, forming a single row 38
37 Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I A. actinidiae Takagi
– Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment I A. spinosa (Maskell)
38 Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I A. citri Chen
– Submarginal dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment I 39
39 Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II and III, forming double row, gland tubercles present on segment I A. intermedius (Chen, Wu & Su)
– Submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment II and III, forming single row, gland tubercles absent from segment I 40
40 L1 projecting beyond apex of pygidium; anterior spiracles each with 40–60 trilocular pores, posterior spiracles each with 20–30 trilocular pores A. projecta Takagi
– L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium; anterior spiracles each with less than 30 trilocular pores, posterior spiracles each with 2–7 trilocular pores A. crawii (Cockerell)
41 Dorsal macroducts forming a double row on submedial area of abdominal segment I 42
– Dorsal macroducts forming a single row on submedial area of abdominal segment I 46
42 Dorsal macroducts forming a double row on submedial area of abdominal segment IV 43
– Dorsal macroducts forming a single row on submedial area of abdominal segment IV 44
43 Prosomatic tubercles robust; L1 parallel on inner basal margins, then strongly divergent to their apices A. rosarum (Borchsenius)
– Prosomatic tubercles not discernible; L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium, forming a large notch at the apex of the pygidium A. megaloba Scott
44 L1 sunken into the apex of pygidium, forming a large notch at the apex of the pygidium A. litseae Tang
– L1 almost parallel on inner basal margins, then strongly divergent to their apices 45
45 Prosomatic tubercles robust; with 4–5 dorsal macroducts on submarginal area of abdominal segment V A. guangdongensis Chen, Wu & Su
– Prosomatic tubercles not discernible; with 1 dorsal macroduct on submarginal area of abdominal segment V A. longanae Chen, Wu & Su
46 Dorsal macroducts forming a double row on submedial area of abdominal segment III 47
– Dorsal macroducts forming a single row on submedial area of abdominal segment III 50
47 Dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I 48
– Dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment I 49
48 Prosomatic tubercles robust; marginal macroducts between L1 and L2 longer than the length of L1; inner margin of L1 slightly serrate A. greeni Takahashi
– Prosomatic tubercles not discernible; marginal macroducts between L1 and L2 equal or shorter than the length of L1; inner margin of L1 not serrate A. phoebicola Takahashi
49 Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment II, forming double row; anterior spiracles with 30 trilocular pores A. acronychiae Takagi & Martin
– Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment II and IV, forming single row; anterior spiracles with 15 trilocular pores A. thoracica (Robinson)
50 Dorsal macroducts present on submedial area of abdominal segment VI 51
– Dorsal macroducts absent from submedial area of abdominal segment VI A. neospinosa Tang
51 Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts present on abdominal segment I A. divergens (Takahashi)
– Both submedial and submarginal dorsal macroducts absent from abdominal segment I A. maesae Takagi

Acknowledgements

This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31301899) and Shanxi Agricultural University of Science and Technology Innovation fund projects (2015YJ03).

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