Holotype ♂ and paratypes 2♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Baise Prefecture, Lingyun County, Shuiyuan Cave, under rock and stone in caves (24.36656°N, 106.57775°E, 400 m), 27.III.2015, Y. Li & X. Chen leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

The new species is closely related to Nesticella nandanensis sp. n., N. songi and N. verticalis. It can be separated from N. nandanensis sp. n. by the longer tegular apophysis (Ta), the larger angle formed by the distal processes of the paracymbium (Dp-I, Dp-II) (Fig. 8A vs. Fig. 22A in N. nandanensis), by the narrower scape and the closer spermathecae (Fig. 9G vs. Fig. 23G in N. nandanensis); from N. songi by the stockier distal process I (Dp-I) (Fig. 8B vs. Fig. 33B in N. songi), the differently bifurcated distal processes (Dp-I, Dp-II) (Fig. 8D vs. Fig. 33D in N. songi) and the narrower scape (Sp) (Fig. 9E vs. Fig. 34E in N. songi); from N. verticalis (see Liu and Li 2013b: 522, figs 27–30) by the longer tegular apophysis (Tg), the thicker distal process I (Dp-I) (Fig. 8A–D vs. figs 27B, 28A, E, D, 29B) and the more coiled fertilization ducts (Fd) (Fig. 9G vs. figs 28C, 30C). The absence of a dorsal apophysis (Da), the different shape of the distal processes of the paracymbium, in particular the Dp-I, the shape of the tegular apophysis (Tg), and, for the females, the narrow scape without a lobe (Sp) clearly distinguish N. baiseensis sp. n. from all the other species of the group.

Figure 8. 

Nesticella baiseensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 9. 

Nesticella baiseensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 9A–D. Carapace uniformly pale yellow in males, yellowish with a “V”-shaped dark mark on the cephalic area in females. Ocular area with a long seta between AMEs. Cervical groove and fovea indistinct. Mouthparts brown yellow. Sternum orange in males, faintly dark in females, with sparse long setae in the center, thin and short near the margins. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker. Opisthosoma yellowish with faint dark areas.

Male palp (Fig. 8A–D): paracymbium with Va-I long and laminar, Va-II short and swollen (Fig. 8A, D), distal process wide and bifurcated, strongly sclerotized (Fig. 8B, D); dorsal apophysis absent. Terminal apophysis wide and blunt, finger-like, and granulated (Fig. 8A, C). Tegular apophysis well-developed, triangular, strongly sclerotized and rugose (Fig. 8A). Conductor with a short, sclerotized, finger-like process (Fig. 8A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 9E–G): light yellow (Fig. 9E). Scape arrow-shaped with a blunt tip and weakly sclerotized sides (Fig. 9E–G). Spermathecae small, ovoid, separate from each other by approximately 1.5 of their diameters (Fig. 9G). Fertilization ducts long and thin, reaching the spermathecae with 4.5 coils (Fig. 9F–G). Copulatory ducts short and thick, basally wider and narrower in the middle (Fig. 9F–G).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.97. Carapace 1.47 long, 1.31 wide. Opisthosoma 1.72 long, 1.27 wide. Clypeus height 0.25. Sternum 0.90 long, 0.83 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.28. Carapace 1.37 long, 1.19 wide. Opisthosoma 2.09 long, 1.72 wide. Clypeus height 0.25. Sternum 0.84 long, 0.79 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Males of Nesticella brevipes are distinguished from those of all the other species belonging to the brevipes-group by the well-developed and protruding dorsal apophysis (missing or only slightly protruding in the other species) and by the single, thin and sharp distal process of the paracymbium (usually bifurcated or, if single, thinner or blunt in the other species of the brevipes-group) (see Yaginuma 1970: 386 figs 1–2 and Kamura and Irie 2009: 353, figs 103–105). Females are recognized by the squared but usually well protruding scape and by the short and straight V-shaped copulatory ducts lacking undulations as in the other members of the group (see Kamura and Irie 2009: 353, figs 106–107).

See Yaginuma (1970).

Forest leaf litter, cave.

China (Zhejiang), Japan, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin, South Kuril Islands).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 2♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guizhou Province, Tianzhu County, Liuhe Village, Jinshanrongdong Cave (26.96115°N, 109.20617°E, 476 m), 24.III.2011, H. Chen & Z. Zha leg.

The epithet derives from the Latin word “caecus” = blind, referring to the vestigial eyes; adjective.

Males and females of Nesticella caeca sp. n. can be easily recognized from those of the other species belonging to the brevipes-group, with the exception of N. gazuida sp. n. (Fig. 15A–F), by the vestigial eyes (Fig. 11A, 11C); further differences can be found in the shape of the ventral (Va) and distal (Dp) processes of the paracymbium (Fig. 10A–B, D) and in the epigynal scape. Nesticella caeca sp. n. can be separated from N. gazuida sp. n. by the different configuration of the fertilization (Fd) and copulatory ducts (Cd) (straighter, thicker and shorter in N. caeca sp. n. than in N. gazuida sp. n.) (Fig. 11G vs. Fig. 15F).

Figure 10. 

Nesticella caeca sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 11. 

Nesticella caeca sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 11A–D. Carapace pale yellow. Six vestigial eyes, AME absent, the others strongly reduced. Cervical groove and fovea indistinct. Mouthparts pale yellow. Sternum pale yellowish with long setae. Legs with the same color of the carapace but slightly darker. Opisthosoma uniformly greyish with faint darker areas.

Male palp (Fig. 10A–D): paracymbium relatively small, with four or five dorsal setae (Fig. 10D), Va-I elongate, with a sharp tip, Va-II stocky and strongly reduced (Fig. 10A–B, D), distal process blunt and strongly sclerotized, unbranched (Fig. 10D). Terminal apophysis finger-like with a granulated surface, longer than the tegular apophysis. Tegular apophysis blunt and rugose (Fig. 10A). Conductor with a very short, sclerotized process near its apex (Fig. 10A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 11E–F): weakly sclerotized, with sparse long setae (Fig. 11E). Scape laminar, lobed, approximately two times wider than long (Fig. 11F). Spermathecae globular, separated from each other by about 1.4 of their diameters (Fig. 11F–G). Fertilization ducts long and thin, reaching the spermathecae with two to three coils (Fig. 11G). Copulatory ducts straight and thick (Fig. 11G).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.43. Carapace 1.19 long, 1.08 wide. Opisthosoma 1.30 long, 0.87 wide. Clypeus height 0.22. Sternum 0.74 long, 0.66 wdie. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 2.50. Carapace 1.14 long, 1.00 wide. Opisthosoma 1.66 long, 1.25 wide. Clypeus height 0.20. Sternum 0.69 long, 0.67 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

The molecular analysis shows that there are certain differences between Nesticella caeca sp. n. and the close related N. gazuida sp. n. (see Appendix B).

Holotype ♀ and paratype 1♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Chongqing Municipality, Beibei District, Dajiang Village, Xiaofang Cave (30.04050°N, 106.59263°E, 799 m), 30.IV.2014, Y. Lin, H. Zhao, Y. Li, J.Wu & F. Li leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality, the city of Chongqing; noun in apposition.

The new species is closely related to Nesticella odonta (see Figs 24A–D, 25A–G and Chen and Zhang 1991: 158, figs 1–6) and N. xiongmao sp. n. (Figs 35A–D, 36A–G). It can be separated from the former species by the more protruding and almost round scape (Sp) (Fig. 12D vs. Fig. 25E) and the narrower copulatory ducts (Cd) (Fig. 12F vs. Fig. 25G); it can be distinguished from the latter species by the less protruding, wider scape (Fig. 12D vs. Fig. 36E) and the larger distance between the copulatory ducts (Cd) (Fig. 12F vs. Fig. 36G). The short and slightly round scape and the straight and almost parallel copulatory (Cd) ducts allow the separaton of N. chongqing sp. n. from all the other species of the brevipes-group.

Figure 12. 

Nesticella chongqing sp. n., holotype (female). A Habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Ditto, lateral view D Epigyne, ventral view E Vulva, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C = 0.50 mm; D–F = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 12A–C. Carapace yellow with wide dark areas. Sternum dark grey. Cephalic area with several long setae around the ocular area and along the midline. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Mouthparts yellow. Sternum with sparse black setae. Legs and palps proximally yellowish, distally darker with dark rings around each tibia and metatarsus. Opisthosoma with a light background and pairs of dark areas partially merged into each other on the dorsal, lateral and ventral sides forming a light, double cross-like mark.

Epigyne (Fig. 12D–F): dark with a lighter mark in the center. Scape short, approximately two to three times wider than long. Posterior and lateral margin weakly sclerotized, slightly protruding beyond the epigynal posterior margin (Fig. 12D). Spermathecae nearly ovoid, separated by about 1.5 diameters (Fig. 12F). Fertilization ducts thin and long, reaching the spermathecae with 3.5 coils. Copulatory ducts short, slightly narrower at their distal end (Fig. 12E–F).

Female (holotype). Total length 2.75. Carapace 1.30 long, 1.13 wide. Opisthosoma 1.47 long, 1.41 wide. Clypeus height 0.23. Sternum 0.75 long, 0.72 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Male. Unknown.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 2♂2♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan Province, Tengchong County, Dazhuang Village (25.02670°N, 98.45563°E, 1600 m), 30.XI.2013, Y. Li & J. Liu leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

Males can be distinguished from those of the other species belonging to the brevipes-group by the stocky, unbranched distal process (Dp) of the paracymbium (Fig. 13A–B); by the thin and sharp tegular apophysis (Tg) (Fig. 13A) and by the narrower cymbium when observed in dorsal view (Fig. 13B). Diagnostic characters for the females are the remarkably wide spermathecae (S) (Fig. 14F) and the short, fertilization (Fd) and copulatory (Cd) ducts each with only a few coils (Fig. 14G) which are respectively smaller and longer/more coiled in the other species of the same group.

Figure 13. 

Nesticella dazhuangensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 14. 

Nesticella dazhuangensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 14A–D. Carapace yellow, dark at margins and in the midline. Clypeal area yellowish. A single long seta present between AMEs. Cervical groove faintly visible, fovea distinct. Mouthparts orange. Sternum faintly dark, with sparse long setae. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker in each segment. Opisthosoma with a yellowish background and distinct dark pattern formed by transverse bands. Wide dark band between the epigastral furrow and spinnerets.

Male palp (Fig. 13A–D): cymbium approximately two times longer than wide (Fig. 13B). Both ventral processes of the paracymbium stocky and triangular (Fig. 13A), distal process wide and strongly sclerotized, lacking any branch (Fig. 13A–B, D). Dorsal apophysis flat and triangular (Fig. 13B). Terminal apophysis wide and membranous, wrinkled (Fig. 13A). Tegular apophysis sharp, with a wrinkled surface (Fig. 13A, C–D). Conductor ending with a sharp sclerotized process (Fig. 13A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 14E–G): dark, with a pale area in the center (Fig. 14E). Scape short, tongue-like, marginally sclerotized (Fig. 14E–G). Spermathecae broad, ovoid, separated by about 2/3 of their diameters (Fig. 14G). Fertilization ducts short and thin, reaching the spermathecae with only one coil (Fig. 14F–G). Copulatory ducts short and thick (Fig. 14F–G).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.56. Carapace 1.38 long, 1.25 wide. Opisthosoma 1.28 long, 1.00 wide. Clypeus height 0.23. Sternum 0.78 long, 0.75 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 2.59. Carapace 1.25 long, 1.09 wide. Opisthosoma 1.56 long, 1.16 wide. Clypeus height 0.19. Sternum 0.75 long, 0.68 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Forest leaf litter.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guizhou Province, Kaili City, Zhouxi Town, Gazuida Cave (27.48642°N, 107.92362°E, 680 m), 21.III.2011, H. Chen & Z. Zha leg.

The specific name is derived from the name of the cave where the species was collected; noun in apposition.

Females of Nesticella gazuida sp. n. are easily distinguished from those of the other species belonging to the brevipes-group, with the exception of N. caeca sp. n. (Fig. 11A–G), by their pale coloration and the reduced eyes (Fig. 15A). N. gazuida sp. n. can be separated from N. caeca sp. n. by the smaller spermathecae and especially by the longer fertilization (Fd) and copulatory (Cd) ducts, clearly bent in the middle, which are shorter, more compact and straighter in the latter species (Fig. 15F vs. Fig. 11G).

Figure 15. 

Nesticella gazuida sp. n., holotype (female). A Habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Ditto, lateral view D Epigyne, ventral view E Vulva, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C = 0.50 mm; D–F = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 15A–C. Carapace pale yellow. Cephalic area with several long setae along the midline and the cervical groove. Ocular area reduced to white eyespots. Six eyes grouped in two triads, AME absent. Cervical groove and fovea indistinct. Mouthparts and labium pale yellow. Sternum with sparse long setae (Fig. 15B). Legs and female palps pale yellowish, metatarsi and tarsi distally darker. Opisthosoma pale grey. Spinnerets and colulus pale yellow.

Epigyne (Fig. 15D–F): pale yellow, translucent (Fig. 15D). Scape short, translucent, slightly protruding at the epigastric groove (Fig. 15D), about two times wider than the diameters of the spermathecae (Fig. 15E). Spermathecae small, separated by at least 2.5 diameters (Fig. 15E–F). Fertilization ducts thin and long, coiling about 3.5 times before reaching the spermathecae (Fig. 15F). Copulatory ducts thick and short, curved in the middle (Fig. 15E).

Female (holotype). Total length 2.83. Carapace 1.17 long, 1.16 wide. Opisthosoma 1.75 long, 1.34 wide. Clypeus height 0.22. Sternum 0.68 long, 0.66 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Male unknown.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 1♂4♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan Province, Pingbian County, a mountain without name, close to Honghe River (22.99625°N, 103.65815°E, 1244 m), 20.V.2015, Z. Chen & Y. Li leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

Nesticella hongheensis sp. n. is easily distinguished from the majority of the species belonging to the brevipes-group, with the exception of N. semicircularis and N. lisu sp. n., by having a wide, triangular dorsal apophysis (Da) (Fig. 16B), a rectangular distal process on the paracymbium (Dp-I) (Fig. 16D) and, for the females, by the appearance of the short scape (Fig. 17E) and the thick copulatory ducts (Fig. 17F–G). Males can be separated from those of N. semicircularis (see Liu and Li 2013b: 521, figs 19–22) by the dark pattern, the wider dorsal apophysis (Da), by the wider distal process (Dp-I), and the stockier tegular apophysis (Tg) (Fig. 16A, 16D vs. figs 20A, 21A–C). Females of N. hongheensis sp. n. are recognized by the black marks on the opisthosoma, the wider and much shorter scape and the shape of the copulatory ducts (Cd), strongly bent in the middle (Fig. 17A–G vs. fig. 22A–E). Males can be separated from those of N. lisu sp. n. (see Figs 19A–D, 20A–G) by the wider tegular apophysis (Tg) and the smooth distal process (Dp-I) lacking a serrated margin and laterally compressed ranther than dorsoventrally compressed (Fig. 16A–B, D vs. Fig. 19A–B, D). Females are recognized from those of N. lisu sp. n. by the wider and shorter scape (Sp), the thick and strongly sclerotized copulatory ducts (Cd) and by the thinner and less coiled fertilization ducts (Fd) (Fig. 17F–G vs. Fig. 20F–G).

Figure 16. 

Nesticella hongheensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 17. 

Nesticella hongheensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Figure 18. 

Nesticella jingpo sp. n., holotype (female). A Habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Ditto, lateral view D Epigyne, ventral view E Vulva, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C = 0.50 mm; D–F = 0.10 mm.

Figure 19. 

Nesticella lisu sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 20. 

Nesticella lisu sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 17A–D. Carapace pale yellow in males, darker in females; dark in the midline, at margins and at the cephalic area. Cephalic area with several setae on the clypeus and along the cervical groove. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Mouthparts pale yellow. Sternum greysh in males, darker in females. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker in each segment. Opisthosoma black with a light mark followed by three pairs of spots on the dorsal and lateral sides. The whole pattern is more evident in females.

Male palp (Fig. 16A–D): cymbial surface finely reticulated, densely covered with thick, long setae (Fig. 16B). Paracymbium with the first ventral process wide with a sharp tip, the second smaller and blunt (Fig. 16A, D). Two compact distal processes laterally compressed, Dp-I wide and strongly sclerotized, Dp-II short and stocky. Dorsal apophysis triangular, broad and flat (Fig. 16B). Terminal apophysis blunt, translucent and fingerlike (Fig. 16A, C). Tegular apophysis short and stocky (Fig. 16A). Conductor with a thin process (Fig. 16A, C).

Epigyne (Fig. 17E–G): dark with sparse setae. Scape almost absent, wide and very short (Fig. 17E–G). Spermathecae small, globular, separated by approximately 1.8 diameters (Fig. 17F–G). Fertilization ducts thin, long, reaching the spermathecae with three coils (Fig. 17G). Copulatory ducts short, thick, curved in the middle (Fig. 17F–G).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.15. Carapace 1.13 long, 1.05 wide. Opisthosoma 1.05 long, 1.02 wide. Clypeus height 0.21. Sternum 0.66 long, 0.72 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 2.25. Carapace 1.18 long, 1.03 wide. Opisthosoma 1.28 long, 0.95 wide. Clypeus height 0.22. Sternum 0.72 long, 0.71 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

In humid and shaded areas, including anthropogenic habitats.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan Province, Tengchong County, Gaoligongshan Mountain National Park (24.82898°N, 98.76758°E, 2177 m), 3.XII.2013, Y. Li & J.C. Liu leg.

The species is named after the Jingpo people, an ethnic minority living in the Gaoligongshan region of Yunnan Province; noun in apposition.

This new species is closely related to N. lisu sp. n. (Fig. 20F–G), but can be distinguished from the latter species by the subglobular spermathecae (S) (piriform in N. lisu sp. n.), the more compact and less coiled fertilization ducts (Fd) and the wider copulatory openings (Co) (Fig. 18E–F vs. Fig. 20F–G). The strongly coiled fertilization ducts (Fd) and the general shape of scape (Sp) and copulatory ducts (Cd) allow the separation of N. jingpo sp. n. from all other species of the brevipes-group.

Habitus as in Fig. 18A–C. Carapace pale yellow, darker near the center and the margins. Ocular area with several setae. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Mouthparts pale yellow. Sternum dark greyish, bearing sparse setae. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker in metatarsi and tarsi. Opisthosoma with four pairs of pigmented marks on the dorsal side, the first pair extended to laterals. Ventral side with a wide median band.

Epigyne (Fig. 18D–F): reddish brown surrounded by an extensive dark area (Fig. 18D). Scape short, translucent, nearly as wide as the diameter of the spermathecae (Fig. 18E). Spermathecae ovoid, separated from each other by about 1.5 diameters (Fig. 18E–F). Fertilization ducts thin and long, coiling into 4.5 loops before reaching the spermathecae (Fig. 18E–F). Copulatory ducts thick, short, basally narrower (Fig. 18F).

Female (holotype). Total length 2.18. Carapace 0.98 long, 0.89 wide. Opisthosoma 1.30 long, 1.08 wide. Clypeus height 0.17. Sternum 0.65 long, 0.62 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Male. Unknown.

Forest leaf litter, under stone and rock.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratype 1♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan Province, Yongde County, Qingquan Cave (23.86933°N, 98.20697°E, 1841 m), 3.VIII.2010, C. Wang, Q. Zhao & L. Lin leg.

The species is named after the Lisu people, an ethnic minority living in Yunnan Province; noun in apposition.

Males of Nesticella lisu sp. n. can be easily distinguished from those of the other species belonging to the brevipes-group by the squared, dorso-ventrally flat distal process of the paracymbium (Dp) with serrated margin (Fig. 19A–B, D). Females are recognized by the thick and strongly coiled fertilization ducts (Fd) and the piriform spermathecae (S) (Fig. 20F–G). Furthermore, females can be separated from those of the closely related species N. jingpo sp. n. (see Fig. 18E–F) by the weakly sclerotized vulva, the piriform spermathecae (S), the less compact but more coiled fertilization ducts (Fd) and the smaller copulatory openings (Co) (Fig. 20F–G vs. Fig. 18E–F).

Habitus as in Fig. 20A–D. Carapace pale yellow and faintly pigmented near the cervical groove, the midline and the margins. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Mouthparts yellow. Sternum with sparse long setae. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker in the metatarsi and tarsi. Opisthosoma light yellow with paired dorsal dark marks, the anterior pair extended to the sides as a large, round spot. Ventral side dark near the hypogastric area.

Male palp (Fig. 19A–D): paracymbium with seven dorsal setae (Fig. 19D), dorsal apophysis triangular, translucent, (Fig. 19B), ventral processes flat, Va-I wide and triangular, Va-II shorter and more pointed (Fig. 19A, D). Distal process strongly sclerotized, dorso-ventrally flattened, with a serration on the margin and lacking any ramifications. (Fig. 19A–B). Terminal apophysis fingerlike with a wrinkled surface. Tegular apophysis strongly sclerotized, small and triangular, with a textured surface (Fig. 19A, C). Conductor ending with a short process (Fig. 19A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 20E–G): weakly sclerotized, covered with sparse long setae (Fig. 20E). Scape short and translucent, about three times wider than long (Fig. 20F–G). Copulatory openings small and translucent (Fig. 20G). Spermathecae piriform, dorsally pointed and separated from each other by nearly 0.8 their width (Fig. 20G). Fertilization ducts long and thick, basally constricted, reaching the spermathecae with at least four coils (Fig. 20F–G). Copulatory ducts short and translucent, distally swollen (Fig. 20G).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.14. Carapace 1.08 long, 0.97 wide. Opisthosoma 1.08 long, 1.00 wide. Clypeus height 0.18. Sternum 0.68 long, 0.62 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.03. Carapace 1.16 long, 1.00 wide. Opisthosoma 2.09 long, 1.43 wide. Clypeus height 0.21. Sternum 0.73 long, 0.68 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♀ and paratype 1♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nandan County, Longli Village, near the Dixia River, subterranean river cave (25.27530°N, 107.44731°E, 880 m), 29.I.2015, Y. Li & X. Chen leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

The new species can be easily distinguished from all the others belonging to the brevipes-group by the very large and squared short scape, the flat posterior margin and the nearly straight copulatory ducts visible through the transparent tegument which give the epigyne a U-shape. Nesticella robusta sp. n. (Fig. 30E–G) and N. machadoi from Angola (see Hubert, 1971: 75, figs 1–5) are morphologically similar to N. liuzhaiensis sp. n. The new species can be separated from N. robusta sp. n. by the straighter and less tortuous copulatory ducts (Cd) (Fig. 21F vs. Fig. 30G) and from N. machadoi by the smaller spermathecae (S), the more widely separated copulatory ducts (Cd) and the straight rather than concave posterior margin of the scape (Fig. 21G vs. fig. 3). Furthermore, in N. liuzhaiensis sp. n., the PME are equal to ALE in size while the PME are larger than the ALE in N. machadoi (Fig. 21A vs. fig. 1).

Figure 21. 

Nesticella liuzhaiensis sp. n., holotype (female). A Habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Ditto, lateral view D Epigyne, ventral view E Vulva, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C = 0.50 mm; D–F = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 21A–C. Carapace dark yellow, with extended dark areas near the center and the margins. Cephalic area with several long setae at the midline and along the cervical groove. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Thoracic area with faint radial furrows. Mouthparts brown-yellowish. Sternum dark, with long setae. Legs and female palps yellowish, tarsus distally darker. Opisthosoma light yellow with paired dark spots on the dorsal side, often merged with each other and forming a lighter cross-shaped mark on the background.

Epigyne (Fig. 21D–F): dark, posterior margin truncated and straight (Fig. 21D). Scape strongly squared, wide and short (Fig. 21E–F). Copulatory openings near the posterior margin of the epigyne, separated from each other by about two times the spermathecal diameters (Fig. 21D–E). Spermathecae small and ovoid, separated from each other by about two diameters (Fig. 21F). Fertilization ducts thin and long, reaching the spermathecae with 3.5 coils (Fig. 21F). Copulatory ducts thick and short, swollen and nearly straight (Fig. 21E).

Female (holotype). Total length 2.13. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.87 wide. Opisthosoma 1.36 long, 1.11 wide. Clypeus height 0.15. Sternum 0.64 long, 0.49 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Male. Unknown.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

The authors had the opportunity to see photos of the type material of Nesticella mollicula from Myanmar preserved in the collection of the Museo di Storia Naturale di Genova, Italy. The morphology of the species is comparable with N. inthanoni described from Thailand by Lehtinen and Saaristo (1980) on the basis of a single female; the specimens have the very short and wide, squared scape, rarely seen in the Nesticella species of the brevipes-group. The small, almost round spermathecae and the long copulatory ducts that are slightly curved outward and visible through the tegument are also the same. Although described from two different countries, the type localities are close to the common border between Myanmar and Thailand and are approximately 200 km apart. Based on the evidence mentioned above, we propose the synonymy of N. inthanoni Lehtinen & Saaristo, 1980 with N. mollicula (Thorell, 1898).

Myanmar, Thailand.

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 1♂4♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hechi Prefecture, Nandan County, Encun Village, Encun Cave (25.08342°N, 107.59106°E, 635 m), 30.I.2015, X. Chen & Y. Li leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

Nesticella nandanensis is closely related to N. baiseensis sp. n., N. songi, and N. verticalis. It can be separated from N. baiseensis sp. n. by the shorter, stockier tegular apophysis (Tg), the smaller angle formed by the distal processes (Dp) of the paracymbium (Fig. 22A vs. Fig. 8A) and by the larger scape (Sp) and the wider space between the spermathecae (S) (Fig. 23G vs. Fig. 9G). It is recognized from N. songi by the wider triangular tegular apophysis (Tg) bearing a sharper tip, the smaller process of the conductor (Cp), the shorter process I of the ventral apophysis (Va-I), the more pointed ventral process II (Va-II) (Fig. 22A, D vs. Fig. 33A, D), the wider distance between the spermathecae (S) and the ducts (Cd and Fd) oriented outward rather than almost parallel (Fig. 23G vs. Fig. 34G). The new species can be distinguished from N. verticalis (see Liu and Li 2013b: 522, figs 27–30) by the sharper tegular apophysis (Tg), the wider and more squared distal process I of the paracymbium (Dp-I) when observed dorsally, the shorter and more compact copulatory ducts (Cd), the shorter scape (Sp) and the spermathecae (S) being more oriented outward (Figs 22A, D, 23G vs. figs 27B, 29B, D, 28A, D, 30C). The absence of a dorsal apophysis (Da), the different shape of the distal processes of the paracymbim (Dp) (especially the Dp-I) and the shape of the tegular apophysis (Tg) help to distinguish males of N. nandanensis sp. n. from those of all the other species of the group.

Figure 22. 

Nesticella nandanensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 23. 

Nesticella nandanensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 23A–D. Carapace pale yellow to beige, with faint dark areas around the cervical furrow, the fovea and near the margins. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Mouthparts yellow. Sternum yellowish with sparse setae. Leg uniformly yellowish, distally darker tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi. Opisthosoma pale greyish, faintly darker on the dorsal and posterior side and around the spinnerets.

Male palp (Fig. 22A–D): paracymbium with laminar, weakly sclerotized ventral processes, Va-I long and sharp, Va-II shorter and blunt (Fig. 22A). Distal process strongly sclerotized divided into two sharp branches (Fig. 22A–B, D). Tegular apophysis triangular, strongly sclerotized, with a rugose surface (Fig. 22A). Conductor distally twisted, ending with a sclerotized short and thin process (Fig. 22A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 23E–G): yellowish. Scape broad, translucent with a convex posterior margin and slightly protruding outside the epigynal posterior margin (Fig. 23F–G). Spermathecae small, globular, separated by approximately 2.5 diameters (Fig. 23F–G). Fertilization ducts thin, reaching the spermathecae with several coils (Fig. 23G), copulatory ducts thick, bent in the middle.

Male (holotype). Total length 2.56. Carapace 1.34 long, 1.25 wide. Opisthosoma 1.30 long, 1.06 wide. Clypeus height 0.21. Sternum 0.80 long, 0.76 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 2.91. Carapace 1.44 long, 1.30 wide. Opisthosoma 1.65 long, 1.28 wide. Clypeus height 0.23. Sternum 0.86 long, 0.84 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Paratypes of Nesticella odonta 1♂ and 2♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou City, Qixialing Hill, Huanglong Cave, 18.V.1981, Z. Chen leg.

This species can be easily recognized from the others belonging to the brevipes-group, with the exception of N. xiongmao sp. n. (Fig. 35A–D, 36A–G) and N. chongqing sp. n. (Fig. 12A–F) by the sharp, hook-like distal process I of the paracymbium (Dp-I) that is bent downward (Fig. 24A, D), the lobed distal process II (Dp-II) (Fig. 24D) and the sharp tegular apophysis (Tg) (Fig. 24A, C–D). Females can be distinguished by the short scape (Sp) with a flat posterior margin (Fig. 25E) and by the compact, almost straight ducts (Fd and Cd) (Fig. 25F–G). Males of N. odonta can be separated from those of N. xiongmao sp. n. by the wider distal process I of the paracymbium (Dp-I) (Fig. 24A vs. Fig. 35A) and the broader and more lobed distal process II (Dp-II) (Fig. 24D vs. Fig. 35D). Females are distinguished by the shorter, squared scape (Sp) with a flat rather than rounded posterior margin (Fig. 25E vs. Fig. 36E), the folded rather than straight copulatory ducts (Cd) and the greater distance between the spermathecae (S) (Fig. 25F–G vs. Fig. 36F–G). The same combination of characters allows females of N. odonta to be distinguished from those of N. chongqing sp. n.

Figure 24. 

Nesticella odonta, paratype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 25. 

Nesticella odonta, paratypes (male and female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view G Vulva, ventral. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

See Chen (1984).

Forest leaf litter, cave.

South China (Fig. 82).

The type material of Nesticella taiwan Tso & Yoshida, 2000 was not found in the Department of Biology at Tung Hai University, Taichung. However, the drawings of the male holotype by Tso & Yoshida clearly show the diagnostic characters of the species: the hook-like, pointed distal process I, the lobed distal process II, the general shape of the paracymbium when viewed ventrally and the pointed, sclerotized tegular apophysis. All these characters are compatible with the the palpal morphology of N. odonta from mainland China (compare Fig. 24A–D and Tso and Yoshida 2000: 14, figs 4–6). Furthermore, N. odonta seems to be a widely distributed species in throughout southern China, and its presence in Taiwan is very likely. In addition, the in progress morphological and molecular analysis of newly collected male and female specimens from the type locality of N. taiwan demonstrate that the females illustrated by Tso & Yoshida as N. taiwan were mismatched, belonging instead to a different species, N. kaohsiungensis sp. n.. Based on the above mentioned evidence, we propose the synonymy of N. taiwan Tso & Yoshida, 2000 with N. odonta (Chen, 1984).

Holotype ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Sichuan Province, Baoxing County, Qiaoqi Town, Zeyin Village (30.73852°N, 102.74850°E, 2247 m), cave without a name, 7.V.2015, Y. Li & X. Chen leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

This new species is similar to Nesticella gracilenta (see Liu and Li 2013b: 512, figs 13–16), N. xixia sp. n. (Figs 37A–D, 38E–G), N. semicircularis (see Liu and Li 2013b: 521, figs 19–22) and N. shanlinensis (see Liu and Li 2013b: 521–522, figs 23–26) for the general shape of vulva. It can be separated from the first three species by the wider and longer scape (Sp) (Fig. 26D), the longer and straighter ducts (Fd and Cd) (Fig. 26F), the more coiled fertilization ducts (Fd) (Fig. 26F) and the darker carapace (Fig. 26A, C). N. qiaoqiiensis sp. n. can be distinguished from N. shanlinensis by the longer ducts provided with more coils (Fig. 26F vs. figs 24C, 26D). The wide, lobed scape, the short copulatory ducts and the general shape of the strongly coiled fertilization ducts (Fd) (Fig. 26E–F) easily separate the new species from all other species of the brevipes-group.

Figure 26. 

Nesticella qiaoqiensis sp. n., holotype (female). A Prosoma, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Ditto, lateral view D Epigyne, ventral view E Vulva, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C = 0.50 mm; D–F = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 26A–C. Carapace pale yellow, dark at margins and in the center. Cervical groove and fovea indistinct. Mouthparts yellowish brown. Sternum yellow, strongly pigmented, with sparse long setae. Female palps and legs yellow, proximally lighter in femora. Opisthosoma greyish with irregular dark marks.

Epigyne (Fig. 26D–F): weakly sclerotized, translucent. Reddish brown vulva (Fig. 26D). Scape short, flat and lobed, with almost round margins, translucent, laterally sclerotized, protruding beyond the epigynal posterior margin (Fig. 26D). Spermathecae ovate, separated by about 1.6 diameters (Fig. 26F). Fertilization ducts long and strongly coiled, reaching the spermathecae with four loops. Copulatory ducts short, mesially swollen and basally narrower (Fig. 26E–F).

Female (holotype). Total length 2.77. Carapace 1.09 long, 0.96 wide. Opisthosoma 1.76 long, 1.55 wide. Clypeus height 0.19. Sternum 0.58 long, 0.65 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Male. Unknown.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 2♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Hainan Province, Diaoluoshan Mountain National Nature Reserve, Diaoluoshan Holiday Village (18.72943°N, 109.86358°E, 1010 m), 15.VIII.2007, S. Li leg.

The specific name derives from the Chinese pinyin for “Qiong”, and refers to an alias name of Hainan Island where the species was collected; adjective.

Nesticella qiongensis sp. n. can be distinguished from the majority of the species belonging to the brevipes-group, with the exception of N. falcata, N. liuzhaiensis sp. n. and N. robusta sp. n., by the absence of a dorsal apophysis (Da) (Fig. 27B) and the stocky, hooked distal process I (Dp-I) (Fig. 27D) in the males; by the wide and short scape (Sp) with a convex posterior margin and the almost straight ducts (Fd and Cd) in the females (Fig. 28G). It can be differentiated from N. falcata (see Liu and Li 2013b: 511, figs 9–12) by the shorter and blunt distal process II (Dp-II), the stockier distal process I (Dp-I) (Fig. 27D vs. figs 9B, 11D), the wider, triangular tegular apophysis (Fig. 27A vs. figs 9A, 11B), and by the wider spermathecae and the straighter, tubular ducts (Fig. 28F–G vs. figs 10B–C, 12B–C). It can be separated from N. liuzhaiensis sp. n. by the narrower scape with a convex posterior margin (straight in N. liuzhaiensis sp. n.) and by the shorter distance between the spermathecae and the copulatory ducts (Fig. 28G vs. Fig. 21F). It can be distinguished from N. robusta sp. n. by the thicker distal process I (Dp-I), the longer ventral process II (Va-II), strongly reduced in N. robusta sp. n. (Fig. 27A–B, D vs. Fig. 29A–B, D), and by the straighter copulatory ducts (Fig. 28G vs. Fig. 30G).

Figure 27. 

Nesticella qiongensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 28. 

Nesticella qiongensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Figure 29. 

Nesticella robusta sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 30. 

Nesticella robusta sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 28A–D. Carapace pale yellow in males, darker in females, with a dark color around the margins and at the cephalic area. Thoracic area marginally pigmented. Several sparse setae present at the ocular area and along the cervical groove. Cervical groove distinct. Fovea deep. Mouthparts pale yellow in the male, darker in the female. Sternum lighter in the male than in the female. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker in tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi. Opisthosoma yellowish with paired black marks on the dorsal side, partially merged each other; the dark spots are extended to the lateral and ventral sides. Darker and more evident pattern in females. Spinnerets and colulus pale yellow in males, darker in females.

Male palp (Fig. 27A–D): paracymbium with Va-I broad and laminar, ending in a rounded tip, Va-II stout and nodular (Fig. 27A). Two distal processes, Dp-I massive, strongly sclerotized and bent downward, Dp-II short and fingerlike (Fig. 27A–B, D). Terminal apophysis blunt, finger-shaped (Fig. 27A, C). Tegular apophysis wide, triangular and strongly sclerotized (Fig. 27A). Conductor distally twisted, surrounding a small, spur-shaped, sclerotized process (Fig. 27A, C).

Epigyne (Fig. 28E–G): strongly sclerotized (Fig. 28E). Scape very short and wide, marginally sclerotized, with a convex posterior margin (Fig. 28E). Spermathecae ovate, separated by about 1.7 diameters (Fig. 28F–G). Fertilization ducts thin and long, with approximately four coils before reaching the spermathecae (Fig. 28G). Copulatory ducts short and thick, almost straight and only slightly bent outward (Fig. 28F).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.88. Carapace 1.04 long, 0.92 wide. Opisthosoma 0.84 long, 0.79 wide. Clypeus height 0.17. Sternum 0.60 long, 0.59 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 2.18. Carapace 1.09 long, 0.94 wide. Opisthosoma 1.16 long, 0.92 wide. Clypeus height 0.18. Sternum 0.63 long, 0.63 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Forest leaf litter.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratype 1♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Hunan Province, Yuanling County, Qixian Cave (28.44029°N, 110.56210°E, 243 m), 31.III.2016, Y. Li & Z. Chen leg.

The specific name is derived from the Latin word “robustus” = robust, sturdy, and refers to the strong distal process of the paracymbium in the male; adjective.

Males of Nesticella robusta sp. n. can be easily recognized by the single, thick and sturdy distal process of the paracymbium (Dp) with a beak-like shape and the very short ventral process II (Va-II) that has no similarities to any other species of the brevipes-group. The morphologically closest species is N. qiongensis sp. n. from which N. robusta sp. n. can be separated by the slimmer and sharper distal process of the paracymbium (Dp) and the shorter ventral process II (Va-II) (Fig. 29A, B, D). Females are distinguished from those of all the other species, with the exception of N. liuzhaiensis sp. n. and N. qiongensis sp. n., by the short and squared scape with a flat posterior border. N. robusta sp. n. is separated from the two closely related species by the less straight copulatory ducts (Cd) (Fig. 30G vs. Fig. 21F vs. Fig. 28G).

Habitus as in Fig. 30A–D. Carapace pale yellow, dark around the margin, the median line and the cervical groove. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Mouthparts light brown-yellowish. Sternum yellowish with light dark pigmentation, darker in the male. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker in tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi. Opisthosoma yellowish with paired black marks on the dorsal side, partially extended to the lateral and ventral sides and merged to each other near the spinnerets. Ventrally with a wide, dark area in the middle.

Male palp (Fig. 29A–D): paracymbium well-developed, Va-I long and finger-like, Va-II strongly reduced (Fig. 29A, D). Distal process sturdy, strongly sclerotized and ending in a sharp tip (Fig. 29B, D). Terminal apophysis short and blunt (Fig. 29A, C). Tegular apophysis strongly sclerotized, triangular, with a rugose surface (Fig. 29A). Conductor distally twisted with a tiny, pointed process (Fig. 29A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 30E–G): darkish (Fig. 30E). Scape wide and squared with a translucent posterior margin (Fig. 30F–G). Spermathecae small, ovate, separated from each other by about 1.5 times their diameters (Fig. 30G). Fertilization ducts long and thin, reaching the spermathecae with approximately 2.5 loops (Fig. 30F–G). Copulatory ducts short and thick, slightly bent outward (Fig. 30F–G).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.98. Carapace 1.14 long, 1.02 wide. Opisthosoma 0.90 long, 0.88 wide. Clypeus height 0.17. Sternum 0.61 long, 0.58 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 2.16. Carapace 1.07 long, 0.96 wide. Opisthosoma 1.15 long, 0.96 wide. Clypeus height 0.18. Sternum 0.60 long, 0.58 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 3♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guizhou Province, Libo County, Jialiang Town, Sanchahe Village, Sanchahe Cave (25.53333°N, 107.70000°E, 877 m), 16.III.2011, C. Wang & L. Lin leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

The new species is closely related to Nesticella gazuida sp. n. (see Fig. 15A–F), N. xixia sp. n. (see Figs 37A–D, 38E–G) and N. semicircularis (see Liu and Li 2013b: 521, figs 19–22). It can be easily separated from the first species by the presence of fully developed eyes (Fig. 32C vs. Fig. 15A), the wider spermathecae (S) and the thicker ducts (Fd and Cd) (Fig. 32G vs. Fig. 15F). Males can be recognized from those of N. xixia sp. n. by the much wider ventral process I (Va-I), the shorter and thicker distal process I (Dp-I), the blunter tegular apophysis (Tg) (Fig. 31A, D vs. Fig. 37A, D); females are distinguished by the straight posterior margin and the longer and slimmer ducts (Fd and Cd) (Fig. 32G vs. Fig. 38G). N. sanchaheensis sp. n. can be distinguished from N. semicircularis by the wider tegular apophysis (Tg), the wider ventral process I (Va-I), the different shape of the distal process I (Dp-I) when viewed dorsally (Fig. 31A–B, D vs. figs 19B, 20A–B, 21A–B, D) for the males; by the wider scape (Sp) with a straight posterior margin (almost round in N. semicircularis) and the rounder spermathecae (S) for the females (Fig. 32G vs. figs 20E, 22E).

Figure 31. 

Nesticella sanchaheensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 32. 

Nesticella sanchaheensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 32A–D. Carapace pale yellow. Cervical groove faint, fovea indistinct. Mouthparts darker than the carapace. Sternum yellowish covered with sparse long setae. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker in each tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi. Opisthosoma uniformly grey, darker in females.

Male palp (Fig. 31A–D): paracymbium with two wide ventral processes, Va-I flat, wide and sharp, Va-II short, narrow and blunt (Fig. 31A, D); distal process strongly sclerotized with two branches (Fig. 31B), Dp-I small and stumpy, Dp-II bigger and pointed. Triangular dorsal apophysis laminar and wide (Fig. 31B). Terminal apophysis blunt, horn-like, translucent, and with a granulated surface. Tegular apophysis triangular, weakly sclerotized (Fig. 31A). Conductor ending with a short, spout-shaped, sclerotized process (Fig. 31A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 32E–G): weakly sclerotized. Scape translucent, lobed and protruding beyond the epigynal posterior margin, with a straight posterior margin (Fig. 32E–F). Spermathecae small, globular, separated by about 1.8 diameters (Fig. 32F–G). Fertilization ducts long and thin, reaching the spermathecae with three or four coils (Fig. 32G). Copulatory ducts short, constricted at the base and slightly bent in the middle (Fig. 32F–G).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.78. Carapace 1.31 long, 1.18 wide. Opisthosoma 1.56 long, 1.15 wide. Clypeus height 0.23. Sternum 0.80 long, 0.78 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 2.81. Carapace 1.31 long, 1.16 wide. Opisthosoma 1.66 long, 1.38 wide. Clypeus height 0.22. Sternum 0.81 long, 0.75 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 1♂2♀ (MHBU), CHINA: Guizhou Province, Libo County, Maolan National Nature Reserve, Shuipa Village, Shuipashui Cave (25.40000°N, 107.80000°E), 7.VII.2001, H. Chen leg.

Nesticella songi is closely related to N. nandanensis sp. n., N. baiseensis sp. n. and N. yao sp. n. Males of the new species can be separated from those of N. nandanensis sp. n. by the blunter tip of the tegular apophysis (Tg) (Fig. 33A vs. Fig. 22A), by the narrower distal process I of the paracymbium (Dp-I) in dorsal view (Fig. 33B vs. Fig. 22B), by the shorter ventral process I (Va-I) and the blunter ventral process II (Va-II) (Fig. 33A, D vs. Fig. 22A, D). They can be separated from males of N. baiseensis sp. n. by the shorter and thicker tegular apophysis (Tg), by the more squared distal process I (Dp-I), by the longer ventral process I (Va-I) and the thicker ventral process II (Va-II) (Fig. 33A–B, D vs. Fig. 8A–B, D). Females of N. songi can be recognized from those of N. nandanensis sp. n. by the narrower space between the spermathecae (S) and the more parallel ducts (Fd and Cd) rather than ducts that are oriented outward (Fig. 34F–G vs. Fig. 23F–G). They are distinguished from females of N. baiseensis sp. n. by the wider scape (Sp) and the narrower and more twisted ducts (Fd and Cd) (Fig. 34G vs. Fig. 9G). Females of N. songi are distinguished from those of N. yao sp. n. by the almost round scape (Sp) with a convex and smooth posterior margin rather than an almost flat and wrinkled scape, by less straight ducts (Fd and Cd) (Fig. 34E–G vs. Fig. 39D–F).

Figure 33. 

Nesticella songi, paratype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 34. 

Nesticella songi, paratypes (male and female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

See Figs 33A–D, 34A–G and Chen and Zhu (2004).

Cave.

China (Guizhou) (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 8♂5♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Sichuan Province, Baoxing County, Longdong Town (30.47382°N, 102.70562°E, 1180 m), 28.VI.2004, S. Li leg.

The specific name derives from the Chinese pinyin “xióng māo” = panda, and refers to the type locality of the new spider species, located in the type locality of the giant panda; noun in apposition.

The new species can be easily distinguished from all the species belonging to the brevipes-group, with the exception of Nesticella odonta and N. chongqing sp. n., by the sharp, hook-like distal process I of the paracymbium (Dp-I) that is bent downward (Fig. 35D), the lobed distal process II (Dp-II) (Fig. 35D) and the triangular tegular apophysis (Tg) with a sharp tip (Fig. 35A). Females can be distinguished by the tongue-like, protruding scape (Sp) with an almost round posterior margin (Fig. 36F) and by the compact, straight ducts that are almost parallel to each other (Fig. 36G). N. xiongmao sp. n. can be recognized from N. odonta by the thinner distal process I of the paracymbium (Dp-I) (Fig. 35A, D vs. Fig. 24A, D) and the shorter and less lobed distal process II (Dp-II) (Fig. 35D vs. Fig. 24D); females are distinguished by the longer, tongue-like scape (Sp) with an almost round posterior margin rather than a flat scape (Fig. 36E–F vs. Fig. 25E–F), by the more compact and straighter ducts (Fd and Cd) and by the shorter distance between the spermathecae (S) (Fig. 36F–G vs. Fig. 25F–G). Females of N. xiongmao sp. n. can be separated from those of N. chongqing sp. n. by the more protruding and narrower scape and by the narrower space between the copulatory ducts (Cd) (Fig. 36F–G vs. Fig. 12E–F).

Figure 35. 

Nesticella xiongmao sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 36. 

Nesticella xiongmao sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 36A–D. Carapace pale yellow, dark at margins and near the cephalic area; darker in females. Ocular area dark. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Mouthparts brown-yellowish. Sternum pigmented, darker in female. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker and with a dark ring at each tibia and metatarsus. Opisthosoma covered with long setae, greyish, with paired black marks on the dorsal, lateral and ventral sides, partially fused to each other. The whole pattern is more evident in males.

Male palp (Fig. 35A–D): Va-I long and laminar, Va-II short and stockier (Fig. 35A). Two sclerotized distal processes, Dp-I hook-like, long and sharp, Dp-II short and lobed, bent downward (Fig. 35D). Terminal apophysis blunt, finger-like, translucent and with a textured surface (Fig. 35C). Tegular apophysis strongly sclerotized, triangular, with a sharp tip (Fig. 35A, C–D). Conductor with a small, tooth-like process (Fig. 35A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 36E–G): greyish. Scape lobed and protruding out of the epigynal posterior margin, tongue-like, about two times longer than wide, and showing an almost round posterior margin (Fig. 36F). Spermathecae small, ovate, separated each other by about 1.3 diameters (Fig. 36F–G). Ducts compact and straight, almost parallel to each other. Fertilization ducts thick and long, reaching the spermathecae with 2.5 loops (Fig. 36G). Copulatory ducts thick and short (Fig. 36F).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.45. Carapace 1.18 long, 1.09 wide. Opisthosoma 1.45 long, 1.06 wide. Clypeus height 0.23. Sternum 0.75 long, 0.70 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 2.91. Carapace 1.17 long, 0.99 wide. Opisthosoma 1.84 long, 1.64 wide. Clypeus height 0.23. Sternum 0.71 long, 0.66 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Forest leaf litter.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 3♂5♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Henan Province, Xixia County, Baihe Village, Yunhuabianfu Cave (33.30330°N, 111.42917°E, 373 m), 29.V.2014, Y. Li & J.C. Liu leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

This new species is closely related to Nesticella sanchaheensis sp. n. and N. semicircularis. It can be separated from the former species by the sharper tip of the tegular apophysis (Tg), the much thinner and sharp ventral process I (Va-I) and the smaller and narrower distal process I of the paracymbium (Dp-I) when observed in retrolateral view (Fig. 37A, D vs. Fig. 31A, D); females are separated by the shorter ducts (Fd and Cd), the smaller spermathecae (S) and the almost round posterior margin of the scape (Sp) (Fig. 38G vs. Fig. 32G) which is flat in N. sanchaheensis sp. n.. N. xixia sp. n. can be distinguished from N. semicircularis (see Liu and Li 2013b: 521, figs 19–22) by the slimmer ventral process I of the paracymbium (Va-I), the sharper tegular apophysis (Tg) and the different shape of the distal processes (Dp-I, Dp-II) (Fig. 37A, D vs. figs 19A, 20A–B, 21A–B, D) for the males; females instead are recognized by the wider scape (Sp), the smaller spermathecae (S) and the larger distance between the copulatory ducts (Cd) (Fig. 38E–G vs. figs 20C–E, 22C–E). The general shape of the ventral and distal processes of the paracymbium (Dp-I and Dp-II), the short copulatory ducts (Cd) and the lobed scape (Sp) allow easy separation from all the other species of the brevipes-group.

Figure 37. 

Nesticella xixia sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 38. 

Nesticella xixia sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 38A–D. Carapace pale yellow. Cervical groove faint, fovea distinct. Mouthparts slightly darker than the carapace. Legs uniformly pale yellow. Female palpal femur and patella yellowish, tibia and tarsus darker yellow. Opisthosoma uniformly greyish with faint dark marks. Dorsum darker than venter.

Male palp (Fig. 37A–D): paracymbium with Va-I long, very thin and sharp, Va-II shorter and with a blunt tip (Fig. 37A, D); distal process strongly sclerotized, bifurcated (Fig. 37B, D). Dorsal apophysis wide and blunt (Fig. 37B). Terminal apophysis blunt, wrinkled and with a thick protuberance (Fig. 37C). Tegular apophysis short, strongly sclerotized with a sharp tip (Fig. 37A). Conductor with a short, spout-shaped, sclerotized process at the apex (Fig. 37A, D).

Epigyne (Fig. 38E–G): wrinkled and translucent (Fig. 38E). Scape short, translucent, lobed with an almost round posterior margin, about two times wider than long (Fig. 38E). Spermathecae approximately round, separated by about their diameter (Fig. 38F). Fertilization ducts thin and long, reaching the spermathecae with more than three coils (Fig. 38F–G). Copulatory ducts thick and short, basally constricted (Fig. 38G).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.84. Carapace 1.48 long, 1.33 wide. Opisthosoma 1.50 long, 1.06 wide. Clypeus height 0.26. Sternum 0.88 long, 0.82 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 2.97. Carapace 1.42 long, 1.25 wide. Opisthosoma 1.88 long, 1.56 wide. Clypeus height 0.27. Sternum 0.84 long, 0.80 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♀ and paratype 1♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Gongcheng County, Songlin Village, Houyan Cave (24.96742°N, 110.88112°E, 221 m), 28.VIII.2009, Z. Yao leg.

The name derives from the Yao people, an ethnic minority living in the type locality; noun in apposition.

The new species is closely related to Nesticella songi Chen & Zhu, 2004 (see Fig. 34E–G, and Chen and Zhu 2004: 87, figs 6–7) and N. nandanensis sp. n. (see Fig. 23E–G). It can be separated from the former species by the squarer scape (Sp) with a flat and furrowed posterior margin, by the straighter and more compact ducts (Fd and Cd) and by the lack of a clear constriction around the coils of the fertilization ducts (Fd) (Fig. 39D–F vs. Fig. 34E–G). It can be recognized from N. nandanensis sp. n. by the squarer scape (Sp) with a flat rather than convex posterior margin, by the straighter copulatory ducts (Cd) (bent outward in N. nandanensis sp. n.) and the spermathecae (S) closer to each other (Fig. 39D–F vs. Fig. 23E–G).

Figure 39. 

Nesticella yao sp. n., holotype (female). A Habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Ditto, lateral view D Epigyne, ventral view E Vulva, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C = 0.50 mm; D–F = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 39A–C. Carapace yellowish, with several setae along the cervical groove. Cervical groove and fovea indistinct. Mouthparts yellow. Sternum yellow. Female palps and legs yellowish, distally darker in metatarsi and tarsi. Opisthosoma uniformly yellowish with three paired, greyish dorsal marks.

Epigyne (Fig. 39D–F): slightly wrinkled and translucent (Fig. 39D). Scape short and wide, laminar, and laterally sclerotized, with a flat and furrowed posterior margin (Fig. 39D). Spermathecae small and globular, separated by about 1.4 diameters (Fig. 39F). Fertilization ducts thin, reaching the spermathecae with three coils. Copulatory ducts short, swollen in the central part, about as wide as the spermathecae (Fig. 39E–F).

Female (holotype). Total length 2.84. Carapace 1.36 long, 1.14 wide. Opisthosoma 1.72 long, 1.13 wide. Clypeus height 0.22. Sternum 0.80 long, 0.78 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Male. Unknown.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 82).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 2♂6♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Jiangxi Province, Fuliang County, Shouan Town, Zhuxian Cave (29.21353°N, 117.30285°E, 191 m), 22.V.2013, Y. Luo & J. Liu leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

This new species is closely related to Nesticella huomachongensis sp. n. (Figs 42A–D, 43A–G) and N. yanbeiensis sp. n. (Figs 47A–D, 48A–G). Males can be distinguished from those of the other two species by the smaller and slimmer process of the conductor (Cp) and by the narrower distal process of the paracymbium (Dp) (Fig. 40A, D vs. Fig. 42A, D vs. Fig. 47A, D). Females can be separated from those of N. huomachongensis sp. n. by the different shape of the posterior margin of scape (convex in N. fuliangensis sp. n., straight in N. huomachongensis sp. n.) (Fig. 41E–G vs. Fig. 43E–G); from those of N. yanbeiensis sp. n. by the shorter and wider scape (Sp) and by the greater distance between the copulatory ducts (Cd) (Fig. 41E–G vs. Figs 48E–G). The same combination of characters allows an easy separation from all the other species of the group.

Figure 40. 

Nesticella fuliangensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 41. 

Nesticella fuliangensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Figure 42. 

Nesticella huomachongensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 43. 

Nesticella huomachongensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 41A–D. Carapace yellowish. Cervical groove and fovea indistinct. Mouthparts yellow in males, brown-yellowish in females. Sternum yellow, brighter in females. Legs yellowish, metatarsi and tarsi distally darker. Female palpal femur pale yellow, tibia and tarsus brownish. Opisthosoma uniformly faint grey, pigmented epigastric area in males, grey-yellowish in females.

Male palp (Fig. 40A–D): paracymbium with a row of short setae (Fig. 40D), ventral apophysis sharp and triangular, distal process stumpy, strongly sclerotized (Fig. 40A–B, D). Terminal apophysis flat, well-developed and distinctly sclerotized, basally broad and granulate (Fig. 40A, C). Conductor, ending with a sharp, horn-like, sclerotized apophysis (Fig. 40A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 41E–G): posterior margin of the scape weakly sclerotized and straight (Fig. 41E). Scape short and squared, wider than the spermathecae, with a convex posterior margin (Fig. 41F). Copulatory ducts straight and swollen (Fig. 41G), fertilization ducts twisted into two or three loops before reaching the spermathecae (Fig. 41G). Spermathecae approximately globular, as wide as the copulatory ducts, separated by about 1.5 diameters (Fig. 41F–G).

Male (holotype). Total length 3.16. Carapace 1.47 long, 1.28 wide. Opisthosoma 1.91 long, 1.34 wide. Clypeus height 0.23. Sternum 0.91 long, 0.80 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.56. Carapace 1.56 long, 1.31 wide. Opisthosoma 2.28 long, 1.69 wide. Clypeus height 0.22. Sternum 0.97 long, 0.81 wide. Leg measurements: See Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 83).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 2♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Hunan Province, Chenxi County, Huomachong Town, Yanzi Cave (27.85746°N, 110.26079°E, 439 m), 3.V.2011, Z. Zha leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

Nesticella huomachongensis sp. n. is closely related to N. wanzaiensis sp. n. (see Figs 45A–D, 46A–G) and N. fuliangensis sp. n. (see Figs 40A–D, 41A–G). Males can be separated from those of N. wanzaiensis sp. n. by the shorter and more ovate cymbium (Fig. 42B vs. Fig. 45B), the shorter process of the conductor (Cp) (Fig. 42D vs. Fig. 45D) and the different shape of the distal process of the paracymbium (Dp) which appears stockier in N. wanzaiensis sp. n. (Fig. 42A vs. Fig. 45A). The wider process of the conductor (Cp) and the more squared distal process of the paracymbium (Dp) (Fig. 42A, D vs. Fig. 40A, D) allow the separation of males of the new species from those of N. fuliangensis sp. n. Females can be recognized by the wider and squarer scape (Sp) (narrower in N. wanzaiensis sp. n.) and by the truncate posterior margin (curved in N. fuliangensis sp. n.) (Fig. 43F–G vs. Fig. 46F–G vs. Fig. 41F–G). The same combination of characters allows easy separation of N. huomachongensis sp. n. from the other species of the mogera-group.

Habitus as in Fig. 43A–D. Carapace yellowish. Ocular area slightly protruding in males. Cervical groove and fovea indistinct. Mouthparts yellowish, darker in females than in males. Sternum pale yellow. Legs uniformly yellowish. Female palpal femur pale yellow, tibia and tarsus brown-yellowish. Opisthosoma grey in males, grey-yellowish in females.

Male palp (Fig. 42A–D): cymbium relatively shorter and rounder then usual, paracymbium strongly sclerotized, with a row of short setae (Fig. 42D), a sharp ventral apophysis and a stout, broad, distinctly sclerotized distal process (Fig. 42A, D). Terminal apophysis broad and distinctly sclerotized, with a granulate surface (Fig. 42A, C). Conductor ending with a strongly sclerotized, horn-like process (Fig. 42A, C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 43E–G): brown-reddish (Fig. 43D–E). Scape very short and stumpy, posterior margin straight, about as wide as the spermathecae (Fig. 43F). Spermathecae globular, separated by about 1.2 diameters (Fig. 43F–G). Fertilization ducts short, swollen. Copulatory ducts long and coiled (Fig. 43G).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.66. Carapace 1.38 long, 1.21 wide. Opisthosoma 1.44 long, 1.02 wide. Clypeus height 0.18. Sternum 0.71 long, 0.75 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.28. Carapace 1.44 long, 1.22 wide. Opisthosoma 1.88 long, 1.43 wide. Clypeus height 0.24. Sternum 0.81 long, 0.78 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 83).

Males of Nesticella mogera are recognized from those of the other species belonging to the mogera-group, with the exception of N. rongtangensis sp. n., by the very thin ventral apophysis and the blunter distal process of the paracymbium (see Marusik and Guseinov 2003: 38, figs 17, 18, 20 and Liu and Li 2013b: 521, fig. 17B–C). Females are distinguished by the well-developed, protruding scape, which is shorter and stockier in the other species (see Marusik and Guseinov 2003: 38, fig. 21 and Liu and Li 2013b: 521, fig. 18C–D). Nesticella mogera can be easily separated from N. rongtangensis sp. n. by the presence of eyes which are missing in the other species (see Liu and Li 2013b: 521, fig. 18A–B vs. Fig. 44E).

Figure 44. 

Nesticella rongtangensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view E Habitus, dorsal view F Ditto, ventral view G Ditto, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

See Marusik and Guseinov (2003).

A wide range of different habitats, like forest leaf litter, fields, caves, including greenhouses and city parks.

Azerbaijan, China, Korea, Japan, Hawaii, Fiji and Europe (introduced).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS), CHINA: Hainan Province, Haikou City, Xiuying District, Rongtang Village, nearby Volcano Geological Park, Wolong Cave (19.92847°N, 110.21794°E, 143 m), 16.III.2005, collector unknown.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

The lack of eyes is a clear, diagnostic character that allows the distinction of N. rongtangensis sp. n. from all other species of the mogera-group (Fig. 44E, G). Furthermore, the new species can be recognized by the shorter and stockier distal process of the paracymbium (Dp), by the different shape of the process of the conductor (Cp) and the terminal apophysis (Ta) and by the narrower ventral apophysis (Va) (Fig. 44A–D).

Habitus as in Fig. 44E–G. Carapace pale yellow, with sparse short setae. Ocular area with few long setae, eyes completely lacking (Fig. 44E, G). Cervical furrow and fovea indistinct. Mouthparts pale yellow. Sternum pale yellow. Legs uniformly pale yellowish. Opisthosoma grey with long setae.

Male palp (Fig. 44A–D): paracymbium with a sharp, straight, ventral apophysis and a blunt, strongly sclerotized distal process (Fig. 44A–B, D). Terminal apophysis well-developed with granulate surface (Fig. 44A). Conductor ending with a strongly sclerotized, finger-like process (Fig. 44A, C–D).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.60. Carapace 0.92 long, 0.88 wide. Opisthosoma 0.70 long, 0.64 wide. Clypeus height 0.15. Sternum 0.62 long, 0.45 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female. Unknown.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 83).

Holotype ♂ (IZCAS), CHINA: Jiangxi Province, Wanzai County, Dongkou Village, Zhushan Cave (28.04813°N, 114.36958°E, 125 m), 14.V.2013, Y. Luo & J. Liu leg. Paratypes 5♀ (IZCAS), Jiangxi Province, Wanzai County, Dongkou Village, Shihu Cave (27.03603°N, 114.35468°E), 19.IX.2015, G. Zhou & Z. Chen leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

This new species is closely related to Nesticella huomachongensis sp. n. (see Figs 42A–D, 43A–G) and N. fuliangensis sp. n. (see Figs 40A–D, 41 A–G). Males can be separated from those of the former species by the longer cymbium (shorter and rounder in N. huomachongensis sp. n.), by the different shape of the process of the conductor (Cp) and by the narrower distal process of the paracymbium (Dp) (Fig. 45A, D vs. Fig. 42A, D). N. wanzaiensis sp. n. can be easily distinguished from N. fuliangensis sp. n. by the stockier and thicker process of the conductor (Cp) (Fig. 45A, D vs. Fig. 40A, D). Females are distinguished by the narrower and protruding scape, which is shorter and stockier in females of the other two species, and by the narrower part of where the fertilization ducts (Fd) coils reach the spermathecae, much slimmer than the copulatory ducts (Cd) (almost of the same diameter in females of the other species) (Fig. 46E–G vs. Fig. 43E–G vs. Fig. 41E–G).

Figure 45. 

Nesticella wanzaiensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 46. 

Nesticella wanzaiensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 46A–D. Carapace yellowish. Cervical furrow and fovea indistinct. Mouthparts uniformly yellowish, darker in females. Sternum yellowish. Legs uniformly pale yellow. Opisthosoma uniformly grey in males, with a longitudinal lighter strip and two pairs of black dots in females.

Male palp (Fig. 45A–D): paracymbium with several sparse setae, ventral apophysis elongate and sharp, distal process broad, strongly sclerotized with a blunt tip (Fig. 45A–B, D). Terminal apophysis well-developed, nearly square and with a granulate surface (Fig. 45A). Conductor with a triangular stocky process, strongly sclerotized, with a tiny furcation at the tip (Fig. 45C–D).

Epigyne (Fig. 46E–G): posterior margin of the scape weakly sclerotized (Fig. 46E). Scape short and narrow, lightly protruding out of the epigynal posterior margin, about as wide as the diameter of the spermathecae (Fig. 46E). Fertilization ducts short and swollen, reaching the spermathecae with two loops; this area considerably narrower than the copulatory ducts (Fig. 46G). Copulatory ducts short and swollen, strongly sclerotized (Fig. 46G). Spermathecae small and globular, as wide as the copulatory ducts, separated by about two diameters.

Male (holotype). Total length 2.66. Carapace 1.27 long, 1.19 wide. Opisthosoma 1.50 long, 0.94 wide. Clypeus height 0.22. Sternum 0.83 long, 0.71 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.15. Carapace 1.34 long, 1.25 wide. Opisthosoma 1.82 long, 1.63 wide. Clypeus height 0.21. Sternum 0.76 long, 0.73 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Jiangxi, China (Fig. 83).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 3♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Lingchuan County, Yanbei Village, Yanbei Cave (25.51294°N, 110.24344°E, 175 m), 7.XII.2012, Z. Chen & Z. Zhao leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

Males can be separated from other species of the mogera-group by the relatively slim and wavy shape of the process of the conductor (Cp) and by the solid, rectangular distal process of the paracymbium (Dp) (Fig. 47A, D); diagnostic characters for the females are the short, lightly protruding scape (Sp) and the copulatory ducts (Cd) close to each other (Fig. 48E–G). N. fuliangensis sp. n. (see Figs 40A–D, 41A–G) seems to be more closely related to N. yangbeiensis sp. n., but the males can be distinguished by the thicker and more undulate process of the conductor (Cp) and by the wider and rectangular distal process of the paracymbium (Dp) (slimmer in males of N. fuliangensis sp. n.) (Fig. 47A, D vs. Fig. 40A, D). Females of the new species can be recognized by the relatively narrower and more protruding scape (Sp) and by the copulatory ducts which are closer to each other (Cd) (Fig. 48E–G vs. Fig. 41E–G).

Figure 47. 

Nesticella yanbeiensis sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 48. 

Nesticella yanbeiensis sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 48A–D. Carapace pale yellow in the male, yellow in females. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Mouthparts brown-yellowish in males, brownish in females. Sternum pale in males, yellowish in females. Legs uniformly pale yellow. Female tibia and tarsus brown. Opisthosoma greyish, covered with long setae, with four faint greyish dorsal marks. Epigastric area pigmented in males.

Male palp (Fig. 47A–D): paracymbium with a sharp ventral apophysis and a rectangular, stumpy, strongly sclerotized distal process (Fig. 47A–B, D). Well-developed terminal apophysis weakly sclerotized, with a granulate surface (Fig. 47A, C). Conductor with a short and thick, horn-like, strongly sclerotized apophysis at the tip (Fig. 47A, D).

Epigyne (Fig. 48E–G): posterior margin of the scape weakly sclerotized (Fig. 48E). Scape short and square, with a straight posterior margin (Fig. 48F). Fertilization ducts short and swollen, (Fig. 48G). Copulatory ducts wide and twisted, strongly sclerotized and close to each other (Fig. 48G). Spermathecae nearly globular, about as wide as the copulatory ducts and separated by about one diameter (Fig. 48F–G).

Male (holotype). Total length 2.94. Carapace 1.38 long, 1.25 wide. Opisthosoma 1.66 long, 1.17 wide. Clypeus height 0.21. Sternum 0.86 long, 0.79 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female (one of the paratypes). Total length 3.36. Carapace 1.49 long, 1.31 wide. Opisthosoma 2.00 long, 1.41 wide. Clypeus height 0.22. Sternum 0.90 long, 0.82 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Cave.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 83).

Holotype ♂ and paratype 1♂ (CASC), MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 3.6 km West of Ranomafana, primary montane rain forest (21.23738°S, 47.39737°E, 1150 m), 13–14.I.2009, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo & H. Wood leg.

The specific name is derived from from the word “baobab”, the common name for trees of the genus Adansonia which are common in Madagascar; noun in apposition.

The new species is similar to Nesticella benoiti (see Hubert 1970: 364, figs 5–8) and N. griswoldi sp. n. (Figs 53A–D, 54A–B), although the barcode can be used to separate the latter species (see Appendix B). It can be distinguished from N. benoiti by the longer terminal apophysis (Ta), the absence of a clearly serrated tegular apophysis (Tg) and the different shape of the distal processes of the paracymbium (Dp-I, Dp-II) (Fig. 49C–D vs. fig. 6). Nesticella baobab sp. n. can be distinguished from N. griswoldi sp. n. by the slightly protruding process II of the ventral apophysis (Va-II) and the slightly shorter distal process II (Dp-II) (Fig. 49C–D vs. Fig. 53C–D). The same combination of characters allows separation of this species from all the others of the nepalensis-group.

Figure 49. 

Nesticella baobab sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view E Habitus, dorsal view F Ditto, ventral view G Ditto, lateral view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.10 mm; E–G = 0.50 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 49E–G. Carapace pale yellow. Cervical groove indistinct, fovea deep. Thoracic area faintly pigmented around the radial furrows. Mouthparts pale yellow. Sternum faintly pigmented, grey, with sparse setae. Legs uniformly yellowish. Opisthosoma greyish, covered with long setae.

Male palp (Fig. 49A–D): paracymbium strongly sclerotized, Va-I elongate with an almost round tip, Va-II short and triangular. Bifurcated distal process with two branches, Dp-I blunt and stocky, Dp-II elongate and sharp (Fig. 49A, B). Terminal apophysis long and sharp, wrinkled and mesially curved (Fig. 49C), basally wide and gradually thinning (Fig. 49A). Tegular apophysis short and strongly sclerotized, located at the base of terminal apophysis and protruding outward (Fig. 49A, C–D); Tg-II barely visible (Fig. 49D). Conductor distally with a sclerotized, short beak-shaped process (Fig. 49A, D).

Male (holotype). Total length 1.96. Carapace 1.03 long, 0.96 wide. Opisthosoma 1.02 long, 0.80 wide. Clypeus height 0.18. Sternum 0.60 long, 0.57 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female. Unknown.

Rain forest leaf litter.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 83).

1♂2♀ (IZCAS), THAILAND: Satun Province, Trang District, Beating Cave, Cave A, short wet branch with mud and vegetal remains (07.15965°N, 99.80058°E, 11 m), 03.XII.2013, F. Ballarin leg; 4♀ (IZCAS), Phang Nga Province, Tap pud District, Tharn Lod Cave (08.51897°N, 98.565251°E, 116 m), 27.X.2014, H. Zhao, Y. Li & Z. Chen leg.

This species is similar to Nesticella tibetana sp. n. (see Figs 59A–D, 60A–G), N. nepalensis (see Figs 55A–D, 56A–G) and N. potala sp. n. (see Figs 57A–F). Males can be distinguished by the prominent additional tegular apophysis (Tg-II) which is reduced in males of the other two species, by the longer and sharper terminal apophysis (Ta) and by the different shape of the ventral process I (Va-I) which is more bent in males of N. tibetana sp. n. and slimmer in those of N. nepalensis (Fig. 50A, C–D vs. Fig. 59A, 59C–D vs. Fig. 55A, C–D). Females can be separated from those of N. tibetana sp. n. by the less coiled fertilization ducts (Fd) and the longer copulatory ducts (Cd) (Fig. 51G vs. Fig. 60G), from those of N. nepalensis by the more prominent scape (Sp) (Fig. 51G vs. Fig. 56G) and from those of N. potala sp. n. by the more convoluted copulatory ducts (Cd) and the rounder spermathecae (S) (Fig. 51G vs. Fig. 57G).

Figure 50. 

Nesticella connectens, male from Beating Cave. A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 51. 

Nesticella connectens, male and female from Beating Cave. A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 51A–D. Carapace yellow, faintly pigmented around the radial furrows and the margins. Cervical groove distinct. Fovea shallow. Thoracic area with distinct radial furrows. Mouthparts yellow in males, brown-yellowish in females. Sternum light yellow, with sparse long setae. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker in tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi. Opisthosoma light yellow with dark marks in the posterior half and around the spinnerets, darker pigmentation in males.

Male palp (Fig. 50A–D): paracymbium strongly sclerotized, Va-I elongate, ending with an almost round tip, Va-II short and rectangular; bifurcated distal process with two branches, Dp-I blunt, stocky and swollen, Dp-II elongate and sharper (Fig. 50A–B, D). Terminal apophysis long and sharp, wrinkled, basally wide and distally narrow and curved, located behind the process of the conductor (Fig. 50A, C). Tegular apophysis sclerotized and nodular, secondary tegular apophysis well developed, protruding outward from the tegulum. (Fig. 50A, C–D). Conductor with a sclerotized, short, beak-shaped process (Fig. 50A).

Epigyne (Fig. 51E–G): weakly wrinkled and faintly pigmented. Scape square, about as wide as long and weakly sclerotized (Fig. 51E–F). Spermathecae nearly globular, separated by about 2/3 of their diameter (Fig. 51F–G). Fertilization ducts long, reaching the spermathecae with two loops (Fig. 51G). Copulatory ducts thick and straight, distally as wide as the spermathecal diameter (Fig. 51F–G).

Male. Total length 1.93. Carapace 1.05 long, 0.98 wide. Opisthosoma 1.00 long, 0.76 wide. Clypeus height 0.19. Sternum 0.65 long, 0.63 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Female. Total length 2.00. Carapace 1.06 long, 0.90 wide. Opisthosoma 1.18 long, 0.90 wide. Clypeus height 0.18. Sternum 0.65 long, 0.59 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Forest leaf litter, cave.

Malaysia, Thailand (first record) (Fig. 83).

Nesticella connectens was described by Wunderlich (1995) from Peninsular Malaysia based only on males. The collection of both sexes on the Thai side of the Malay Peninsula (approximately 300 km north of the type locality) allows a detailed analysis of this species and the description of the male for the first time.

Holotype ♀ (IZCAS), CHINA: Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Langdang Village, beside Dulongjiang River, collected by sieving the leaf litter (27.68844°N, 98.27773°E, 1300 m), 31.VIII.2006, J.A. Miller & D.H. Kavanaugh leg.

The specific name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

This new species is closely related to Nesticella yui (see Fig. 62A–F), but can be distinguished from the latter by the narrower scape (Sp), the narrower space between the copulatory openings (Co) and the different shape of copulatory ducts (Cd) (Fig. 52F vs. Fig. 62F). The small scape (Sp), only faintly visible, and the V-shaped copulatory ducts (Cd) allow the separation of this species from all the others belonging to the nepalensis-group.

Figure 52. 

Nesticella gongshanensis sp. n., holotype (female). A Habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Ditto, lateral view D Epigyne, ventral view E Vulva, ventral view F Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C = 0.50 mm; D–F = 0.10 mm.

Habitus as in Fig. 52A–C. Carapace yellow, faintly pigmented in the cephalic area and at margins. Cervical groove and fovea distinct. Mouthparts yellowish. Sternum yellow with sparse long setae and additional thin setae at margins. Legs and female palps yellowish, distally darker in metatarsi and tarsi. Opisthosoma pale yellowish, and with paired dark marks, partially connected each other in the dorsal area, bordering a light, cross-shaped mark in center. Other dark markings present laterally, at the epigastric and hypogastric area and around the spinnerets.

Epigyne (Fig. 52D–F): wrinkled and translucent, scape strongly reduced and barely visible (Fig. 52D–F). Copulatory openings close to each other near the posteromargin of the epigyne (Fig. 52F–G). Spermathecae almost round, separated by about 1.3 diameters. Fertilization ducts thin and long, coiled into 2.5 loops until reaching the spermathecae (Fig. 52F). Copulatory ducts thick (Fig. 52E–F).

Female (holotype). Total length 2.38. Carapace 1.24 long, 1.07 wide. Opisthosoma 1.22 long, 1.10 wide. Clypeus height 0.23. Sternum 0.73 long, 0.66 wide. Leg measurements: see Appendix A.

Male. Unknown.

Forest leaf litter.

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 83).

Holotype ♂ and paratypes 1♂1♀ (CASC), MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province, Forest Classee Tsitongambarika, Cascade hiking trail, 7.5 km Northwest of Taolagnaro, primary montane rain forest (24.98664°S, 46.92631°E, 100 m), 24.XII.2008, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood leg.

The new species is named after Dr. Charles Griswold, a leading spider taxonomist from the USA; noun (name) in genitive case.

The new species is similar to Nesticella benoiti (see Hubert 1970: 364, figs 5–8), N. baobab sp. n. (see Fig. 49A–G) and N. vanlang sp. n. (see Fig. 61A–F). Males can be distinguished from those of N. benoiti by the longer terminal apophysis (Ta), the shorter tegular apophysis (Tg) lack of a deep serration, and by the longer, sharper distal process II of the paracymbium (Dp-II) (Fig. 53A–B, D vs. fig. 6). Males of N. griswoldi sp. n. can be separated from those of N. baobab sp. n. by the slightly wider process II of the ventral apophysis (Va-II) and the slightly longer distal process II (Dp-II) (Fig. 53A–B, D vs. Fig. 49A–B, D). Females can be recognized from those of N. benoiti and N. vanlang sp. n. by the short, rectangular scape (Sp) (narrower and pointed in N. benoiti, shorter and less evident in N. vanlang sp. n.) and by the distance between the spermathecae (S) (close to each other in N. vanlang sp. n.) (Fig. 54E–G vs. figs 7–8 vs. Fig. 61D–F). The same combination of characters allows separating this species from all the others belonging to the nepalensis-group.

Figure 53. 

Nesticella griswoldi sp. n., holotype (male). A Palp, ventral view B Ditto, dorsal view C Ditto, prolateral view D Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 54. 

Nesticella griswoldi sp. n., holotype (male) and paratype (female). A Male habitus, dorsal view B Ditto, ventral view C Female habitus, dorsal view D Ditto, ventral view E Epigyne, ventral view F Vulva, ventral view G Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.50 mm; E–G = 0.10 mm.