Research Article |
Corresponding author: Vitor C. Pacheco da Silva ( vitorcezar@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Roger Blackman
© 2016 Vitor C. Pacheco da Silva, Mehmet Bora Kaydan, Jean-François Germain, Thibaut Malausa, Marcos Botton.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Pacheco da Silva VC, Kaydan MB, Germain J-F, Malausa T, Botton M (2016) Three new species of mealybug (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Pseudococcidae) on persimmon fruit trees (Diospyros kaki) in southern Brazil. ZooKeys 584: 61-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.584.8065
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Brazil has the greatest insect diversity in the world; however, little is known about its scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha). Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) have been found in at least 50% of persimmon orchards Diospyros kaki L. in the southern part of the country. In this study three new mealybug species on persimmon trees located in the Serra Gaúcha Region, RS, Brazil, namely, Anisococcus granarae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n., Ferrisia kaki Kaydan & Pacheco da Silva, sp. n. and Pseudococcus rosangelae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n. are described. In addition, an identification key for the genera occurring on fruit orchards and vineyards in Brazil is provided, together with illustrations and molecular data for the new species.
Distribution, Neotropical Region, scale insects, taxonomy
Southern Brazil is the third largest fruit-producing region in the country. It produces large amounts of temperate fruits, such as grape, apple, stone fruits and persimmon (
Ten mealybug species have been recorded in association with persimmon trees worldwide: Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), Hippeococcus wegneri Reyne, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Ph. pergandei Cockerell, Planococcus citri (Risso), Pl. kraunhiae (Kuwana), Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, Ps. longispinus Targioni Tozzetti and Ps. viburni (Signoret) (
Live mealybugs are small soft-bodied, sap-sucking insects with an oval, elongated to rounded body, often dorsoventrally compressed, pinkish to grayish in color, covered with a white powdery wax (the source of their common name) (
Pseudococcidae can be divided into two subfamilies: Pseudococcinae, characterized by the presence of: (i) apically knobbed tarsal digitules; (ii) claws without a denticle; (iii) antennae generally with eight or fewer segments; (iv) anal ring with setose-like spinules; and (v) absence of quinquelocular pores; and Phenacoccinae, characterized by: (i) setose tarsal digitules; (ii) claws with a denticle; (iii) antennae usually nine-segmented; (iv) anal ring with dome-shaped spinules on the outer ring; and (v) presence of quinquelocular pores (
In total, 153 species of Pseudococcus (Westwood) have been identified worldwide, 30 of which have been recorded in the Neotropical Region. It can be subdivided into two informal groups according to the presence or absence of simple pores associated with each eye (
The genus Ferrisia Fullaway, which is of New World origin, includes 18 species, most (12 species) of which occur in the Neotropics (
The genus Anisococcus Ferris is also believed to have originated from New World and to be closely related to Ferrisia on the basis of both molecular phylogenetic studies (
Brazil has the greatest biodiversity of any country worldwide and 13% of all species (including animals, plants, fungi and other organisms) are found only in Brazil (
In Brazil, 530 species, from 20 families of the infraorder Coccomorpha have been recorded (
Three new species of mealybugs sampled from persimmon orchards located in the Serra Gaúcha Region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil are described, and an identification key for the genera occurring in fruit orchards and vineyards in Brazil is provided, together with illustrations, molecular data and an identification key for the new species of Anisococcus, Ferrisia and Pseudococcus described here.
Mealybugs were collected from persimmon orchards during the harvest period in the years 2013–2015. Specimens were collected on fruits and leaves of the trees. Insects at all stages of development were collected (nymphs and adult females) and taken to the laboratory for examination. Nymphs were reared until adulthood on persimmon fruits. Labeled specimens were stored in 95% ethyl alcohol.
DNA characterization was performed using the nondestructive method described in
The DNA results are shown for each species after the morphological descriptions. Additionally, all sequence data are available as Suppl. material
The DNA voucher specimens plus other preserved adult females were slide-mounted and identified by light microscopy in the Plant Protection Department of Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey and ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France, according to a slightly modified version of the method of
The slides are stored in the
Mealybugs were measured and the main taxonomic characters evaluated and quantified under the Leica microscope. Measurements were taken from all the available material. The morphological terms used here are those used by
Illustrations are provided for each species. Each figure represents a generalized individual based on several of the specimens used for description. Each illustration is split longitudinally, with the left half representing the dorsum and the right half the venter. Structural details are shown as enlargements around the central drawing, and are not drawn to the same scale. The translucent pores on the hind legs are mostly found on the dorsal surface, but they are illustrated ventrally on the main figure for convenience. The illustrations and description were prepared by MBK and VCPS.
Key to identification of Pseudococcinae genera occurring on fruit trees and in vineyards in Brazil, adapted from
1 | Dorsal tubular ducts large, each with an orifice surrounded by a round, sclerotized area containing 1 or more setae within its borders, or with the setae adjacent to the rim | Ferrisia Fullaway |
– | Dorsal tubular ducts, if present, without this combination of characters | 2 |
2 | Dorsal tubular ducts each with a small adventitious pore or cell adjoining the main orifice; anal lobe cerarii each with 7-20 conical setae on a sclerotized area; multilocular disc pores always absent | Anisococcus Ferris |
– | Not with this combination of characters; if there are any pores next to tubular ducts, then each anal lobe cerarius usually with only 2 conical setae; multilocular disc pores present or absent | 3 |
3 | Oral rim tubular ducts present somewhere on the body | 4 |
– | Oral rim tubular ducts absent | 6 |
4 | Dorsal surface with setae on posterior segments at least, each broadly lanceolate or conical in shape, sometimes subequal in size and shape to posterior cerarian setae. | Nipaecoccus Sulc |
– | Dorsal surface with all setae flagellate, normally much thinner than cerarian setae | 5 |
5 | Cerarii anterior to the anal lobe pair mostly with auxiliary setae; with 12–17 distinct pairs of marginal cerarii | Pseudococcus Westwood |
– | Cerarii anterior to the anal lobe pair without auxiliary setae; with 1–7 distinct pairs of marginal cerarii | Maconellicoccus Ezzat |
6 | With 18 distinct pairs of marginal cerarii; anal lobe bars present | Planococcus Ferris |
– | With 6 to 17 pairs pairs of marginal cerarii; anal lobe bars present or absent | Dysmicoccus Ferris |
Anisococcus Ferris, 1950
Dactylopius crawii Coquillet by original designation.
(adapted from
Dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts with or without a rim, each orifice associated with one or more minute discoidal pores. Cerarii 13–17 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii, each with 7–20 conical setae on a sclerotized area, often with 3–7 auxiliary setae, remaining cerarii smaller, each with two or more conical setae plus an associated cluster of trilocular pores. Preocular cerarius always absent. Dorsal setae, slender and flagellate. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Discoidal pores scattered and associated with tubular ducts, each smaller than trilocular pores. Multilocular disc pores absent.
Venter. Body setae flagellate. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Discoidal pores scattered or associated with tubular ducts. Multilocular disc pores absent. Oral collar tubular ducts of one or more sizes, of various lengths and widths, with largest ducts, when present, on body margin, often associated with minute discoidal pores.
(adapted from Williams and Granada de Willink (1992)).
1 | Dorsal oral collar tubular ducts of one size, all large, each about twice the diameter of a trilocular pore, always with a rim | A. milleri Williams & Granara de Willink |
– | Dorsal oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes, the large ducts with a rim, smaller ducts without a rim | 2 |
2 | Ventral oral collar tubular ducts present in rows across medial areas of abdominal segments | 3 |
– | Ventral oral collar tubular ducts on abdomen represented by only 1 or 2, restricted to medially on abdominal segments | A. parasitus Williams & Granara de Willink |
3 | Oral collar tubular ducts on venter of one size; smaller oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum without a sclerotized area next to duct opening | A. erbi Williams & Granara de Willink |
– | Oral collar tubular ducts on venter of two sizes; smaller oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum with a sclerotized area next to duct opening | A. granarae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n. |
Brazil, Farroupilha – Rio Grande do Sul, on fruits in persimmon orchards, Diospyros kaki, Apr 2015, VC Pacheco da Silva leg.
Holotype female, Brazil, Farroupilha – Rio Grande do Sul, on Diospyros kaki, on fruits, Apr 2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva, MRGC: 2263. Paratypes: Brazil, 3 ♀♀ (85, 84, 89) - Farroupilha – Rio Grande do Sul, on D. kaki ‘Fuyu’, Apr 2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva and ECW Galzer; 1 ♀ (65) - Bento Gonçalves – Rio Grande do Sul, on D. kaki, May 2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva; 2 ♀♀ (112, 114) - Farroupilha – Rio Grande do Sul, on D. kaki ‘Kioto’, Apr 2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva and ECW Galzer; 2 ♀♀ (129, 131) - Caxias do Sul – Rio Grande do Sul, on D. kaki ‘Fuyu’, Apr 2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva and ECW Galzer; 1 ♀ (142) - Farroupilha – Rio Grande do Sul, on D. kaki ‘Kioto’, Apr 2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva and ECW Galzer; 1 ♀ (166) - Farroupilha – Rio Grande do Sul, on D. kaki ‘Kioto’, Apr 2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva and ECW Galzer; 3 ♀♀ (190, 191, 192) - Farroupilha – Rio Grande do Sul, on D. kaki ‘Kioto’, Apr 2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva and ECW Galzer. ANSES/LSV 3 slides, MBK 2 slide and MRGC 2 slides (2264 and 2265).
Anisococcus granarae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n. is characterized by the following combination of features: (i) dorsal oral collar tubular ducts of 2 sizes, the large type with an indistinct rim, the small type without a rim (but with a sclerotized area next to the ducts opening); (ii) ventral oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes, smaller ducts present in rows across medial areas of abdominal segments, and larger ducts in body margin.
Adult female.
Appearance in life.
Body oval, up to 4 mm long at maturity, covered in a layer of white wax; with two longitudinal lines of dorsal patches without wax on the intersegmental areas of the abdomen, exposing areas of dark gray-to-black subcutaneous pigment (Fig.
Body oval, 2.08–3.28 mm long, 1.06–1.82 mm wide. Eye marginal, 60–80 μm wide. Antennae, 8-segmented, 630–730 μm long, with 4 fleshy setae, each 35–70 μm long; apical segment 120–125 μm long, 35 μm wide, with apical setae 60 μm long. Tentorium 190–200 μm long, 175–210 μm wide. Labium 3-segmented, 220–260 μm long, 135–145 μm wide. Anterior spiracles 95–105 μm long, 50–65 μm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles 115–130 μm long, 70–90 μm wide across atrium. Circulus 145–200 μm wide. Legs well-developed; lengths for posterior legs: coxa 280–330 μm, trochanter + femur 490–560 μm, tibia + tarsus 550–590 μm, claw 35–45 μm. Ratio of length of tibia + tarsus to trochanter + femur, 1.03–1.15:1; ratio of length of tibia to tarsus, 3.00–3.38:1; ratio of length of hind trochanter + femur to greatest width of femur, 3.25–3.77:1. Tarsal digitules capitate, each 60.0–72.5 μm long. Claw digitules capitate, each 45–50 μm. Both pairs of ostioles present; anterior ostioles each with a total for both lips of 55–69 trilocular pores and 25–30 setae; posterior ostioles each with a total for both lips of 49–69 trilocular pores and 17–22 setae. Anal ring 120–125 μm wide, with 6 setae, each setae 260–305 μm long.
Dorsum. Derm membranous, with 16 pairs of cerarii around body margin, each cerarius with 1–6 cerarian setae, each 20.0–22.5 μm long, plus 15–20 trilocular pores between cerarian setae and 3–5 spine-like auxiliary setae. Anal lobe cerarii each with about 12–16 conical setae, each 25.0–32.5 μm long, plus 42–54 trilocular pores and 3–5 spine-like auxiliary setae, all on a sclerotized area about the same size as the anal ring. Dorsal body setae of two kinds, (i) short spine-like slightly flagellate setae, each 20–25 μm long, present in middle of body segments, and (ii) hair-like flagellate setae, each 20–50 μm long, scattered on head and thorax and in single rows on abdominal segments. Trilocular pores each 4–5 μm in diameter, scattered over entire body. Minute discoidal pores, each 2.0–2.5 μm in diameter, also scattered throughout the dorsum and associated with oral collar tubular ducts. Oral collar tubular ducts of two kinds, always with at least 1 minute discoidal pore: (i) larger ducts each 20–25 μm long, 9–10 μm wide at mid-width and with an indistinct rim of duct opening 15 μm wide; totaling 14–21 on the dorsum, with 4 on head, 4 or 5 on thorax and on abdominal segments as follows: II 0–2, III 0–2, IV 0–2, V 2, VI 2, VII 2 and (ii) smaller ducts, each duct 10–15 μm long, 4–5 μm wide at mid-width, with sclerotized area next to duct opening 7.0–7.5 μm wide; scattered throughout on head and thorax, and on abdominal segments as follows: I 12–25, II 12–18, III 14–21, IV 11–21, V 9–13, VI 2–6, VII 25–29, VIII 10–14.
Venter. Setae flagellate, each 12.5–225 μm long, longest setae medially on head. Apical setae of anal lobe each 295–360 μm long. Trilocular pores, each 3–4 μm in diameter, frequent throughout the venter. Minute discoidal pores scattered throughout the venter, generally associated with oral collar tubular ducts, each 2–2.5 μm. Oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes: (i) larger ducts concentrated on body margin (same size those on smaller oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum) (2–5 on each side), and (ii) small ducts, each 10.0–12.5 μm long, 2.5–3.0 μm wide, present on head and thorax, and across abdominal segments as follows: I–III 22–31, IV 7–14, V 12–14, VI 6–12, VII 8–10, VIII + IX 0–2.
Anisococcus granarae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan sp. n. is most similar to A. erbi Williams & Granara de Willink and A. parasitus Williams & Granara de Willink in having oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes on the dorsum. However, A. granarae can be readily distinguished from A. erbi in having: (i) oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes on the venter, and (ii) 16 cerarii on body margins (13 –15), and from A. parasitus in having: (i) oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes on the venter (A. parasitus has oral collar tubular ducts of only one size), and (ii) ventral oral collar tubular ducts present in rows across medial areas of the abdominal segments (not in rows on A. parasitius).
This species is named after Dr. Maria Cristina Granara de Willink who carried out the most valuable studies on the systematics and taxonomy of mealybugs in Central and South America.
Diospyros kaki.
Brazil (Bento Gonçalves, Caxias do Sul and Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul).
No intraspecific variation was observed at COI (35 replicates). No BLAST hit with high similarity (> 95%) was obtained with GenBank.
Ferrisia Fullaway, 1923
Ferrisiana Takahashi, 1929
Dactylopius virgatus Cockerell, by monotypy and original designation.
(adapted from
Dorsum. With long enlarged ducts, each with the orifice surrounded by a circular sclerotized rim, either containing short setae or with setae just outside border. In living insects, these ducts secrete long glassy filaments typical of the genus. Cerarii confined to anal lobes; each anal lobe usually with 2 enlarged conical setae (more on some specimens of F. dasylirii Cockerell and F. virgata (Cockerell)) plus an associated cluster of trilocular pores and a few auxiliary setae. Body setae slender and flagellate, bluntly tipped to slightly capitate, and of various sizes. Trilocular pores each 3–5 μm in diameter, often slightly larger (4–5 μm diameter) than ventral trilocular pores (typically 3–5 μm), scattered over the dorsum. Minute discoidal pores on the dorsal submargin of the head at base of antennal segment I, usually in a small tight cluster of 3–8 pores (often difficult to see), and also associated with enlarged tubular ducts (generally present within sclerotized area surrounding duct rim). Enlarged tubular ducts present mostly on body margin and submargin in segmental clusters, but often also present medially and submedially; duct opening of each tubular duct with a sclerotized rim surrounded by a circular sclerotized area bearing 0–3 (generally 1 or 2) minute discoidal pores (appearing as clear areas in the cuticle) and with 1–7 (generally 3–5) blunt-tipped to slightly capitated setae. Oral-collar tubular ducts and multilocular pores absent.
Venter. Body setae slender, blunt-tipped to slightly capitate, and of various sizes. Trilocular pores each 2.5–5.0 μm in diameter, scattered over surface. Minute discoidal pores scattered throughout the venter, almost always associated with ventral oral-collar tubular ducts. Enlarged tubular ducts absent. Oral-collar tubular ducts of one or more sizes, of various lengths and widths, shortest ducts often present in marginal clusters, at least on posterior abdominal segments; ducts on anterior abdomen and margins or submargins of posterior abdomen often associated with a minute discoidal pore (rarely 2 pores), usually appearing as a clear circular to oval area in cuticle. Multilocular disc pores generally present (absent in F. meridionalis Williams) on posterior abdominal segments, especially around the vulva.
(adapted from
1 | Translucent pores absent from hind coxae; each anal lobe with ≥60 trilocular pores; small oral-collar tubular ducts usually in tight segmental clusters on ventral margins of posterior 2 or 3 abdominal segments, distributed 0–7 on each side of segment VI, 6–25 on each side of VII, and 8–21 on each side of VIII | F. kondoi Kaydan & Gullan |
– | Translucent pores present on each hind coxa, >20 in number; each anal lobe with ≤50 trilocular pores; small oral-collar tubular ducts on ventral margins of posterior 2 or 3 abdominal segments either not forming tight clusters or, if perhaps in clusters, these are small, each segment usually with ≤6 ducts on each side | 2 |
2 | Ventral oral-collar tubular ducts on abdominal submargin (not those in posterior marginal clusters) sometimes with 2 contiguous elliptical to elongate triangular discoidal pores in sclerotized rim of duct (check with 100× objective) | F. williamsi Kaydan & Gullan |
– | Ventral oral-collar tubular ducts on abdominal submargin (not those in posterior marginal clusters) with a circular discoidal pore in sclerotized rim of duct or on nearby derm in at least some ducts | 3 |
3 | Multilocular disc pores only on abdominal segments VII and VII+IX; 87-99 enlarged tubular ducts present on dorsum; translucent pores on hind legs totaling 16–31 on all segments combined; with 11–15 on each hind coxa; small oral collar tubular ducts on last ventral abdominal segments numbering 1–3 on each side of VII; 0–1 on each side of VIII+IX | Ferrisia kaki Kaydan & Pacheco da Silva, sp. n. |
– | Multilocular disc pores only on abdominal segments VI and VII+IX; 95-113 enlarged tubular ducts on dorsum; translucent pores on hind legs totaling 80–93 on all segments combined; with 22–55 on each hind coxa; small oral collar tubular ducts on last ventral abdominal segments numbering 3–6 on each side of VII; 3–6 on each side of VIII+IX | F. cristinae Kaydan & Gullan |
Brazil, Caxias do Sul – Rio Grande do Sul, on fruits in persimmon orchards, Diospyros kaki, Apr 2015, VC Pacheco da Silva leg.
Holotype female, Brazil, Caxias do Sul – Rio Grande do Sul, on Diospyros kaki, on fruits, Apr 2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva, MRGC: 2266. Paratypes: Brazil, 4 ♀♀ Caxias do Sul – Rio Grande do Sul, on D. kaki ‘Fuyu’, iv.2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva and ECW Galzer; 1 ♀ Farroupilha – Rio Grande do Sul, on D. kaki ‘Kioto’, iv.2015, coll: VC Pacheco da Silva and ECW Galzer. ANSES/LSV 1 slide, MBK 3 slides and MRGC 1 slide (2267).
Ferrisia kaki Kaydan & Pacheco da Silva, sp. n. is characterized by the following combination of features: (i) ventral oral-collar tubular ducts of two sizes, smaller ducts present singly or in segmental clusters on the body margin, on the last two or three abdominal segments; (ii) minute discoidal pores on the sclerotized area of enlarged tubular ducts, almost always touching the sclerotized duct rim, and (iii) both anterior and posterior pairs of ostioles present and well-developed.
Adult female.
Appearance in life is unrecorded.
Body oval, 2.76–3.74 mm long, 1.26–1.78 mm wide. Eye marginal, 60–70 μm wide. Antennae 8-segmented, 650–700 μm long, with 4 fleshy setae, each 30–55 μm long; apical segment 125–130 μm long, 35.0–37.5 μm wide, apical setae 35–45 μm long. Clypeo-labral shield 160–195 μm long, 135–195 μm wide. Labium 3-segmented, 205–215 μm long, 115–130 μm wide. Anterior spiracles 70–75 μm long, 35–45 μm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles 75–85 μm long, 50–60 μm wide across atrium. Circulus 125–130 μm wide. Legs well-developed; length of posterior legs: coxa 260–300 μm, trochanter + femur 470–500 μm, tibia + tarsus 520–570 μm, claw 37–43 μm. Ratio of length of tibia + tarsus to trochanter + femur, 1.06–1.19:1; ratio of length of tibia to tarsus, 2.82–3.14:1; ratio of length of hind trochanter + femur to greatest width of femur, 3.91–4.70:1. Translucent pores present on the coxa (11–15), femur (3–7) and tibia (2–8). Tarsal digitules capitate, each 55–60 μm long. Claw digitules capitate, each 32–45 μm. Both pairs of ostioles present; anterior ostioles each with a total for both lips of 29–32 trilocular pores and 10–12 setae; posterior ostioles each with a total for both lips of 12–16 trilocular pores and 3–5 setae. Anal ring 100–110 μm wide, with 6 setae, each setae 170–193 μm long.
Dorsum. Derm membranous, with only anal lobe pairs of cerarii, each cerarius with 2 cerarian setae, each 30–35 μm long, plus 28–41 trilocular pores between cerarian setae and 3–5 hair-like auxiliary setae. Dorsal body setae hair-like, flagellate, blunt, each 12.5–60.0 μm long, scattered on head and thorax, and in single rows on abdominal segments. Trilocular pores, each 3–4 μm in diameter, scattered over entire body. Minute discoidal pores each 2.0–2.5 μm in diameter, scattered all over body and also associated with enlarged tubular ducts, almost always touching the sclerotized duct rim. Enlarged tubular ducts, each 35.0–42.5 μm long, 6.5–7.5 μm wide at mid-width; rim of duct opening 8–10 μm wide, sclerotized area 20–30 μm wide, bearing 2–7 hair-like setae, each 15–35 μm long; with 87–99 in total, present on head and thorax, and each side of the abdominal segments and also medially on segments IV-VI, numbering as follows: I 1 or 2, II 1 or 2, III 2, IV 1 or 2, V 2 or 3, VI 2 or 3, VII 6–8.
Venter. Setae flagellate, blunt, each 12.5–210 μm long, longest setae medially on head. Apical setae of anal lobe each 280–300 μm long. Multilocular disc pores each 7–9 μm in diameter, in rows on abdominal segments, as follows: VII 2–4, VIII + IX 4. Trilocular pores, each 3–4 μm in diameter, scattered throughout on the venter. Minute discoidal pores, each 2–2.5 μm wide, scattered throughout and associated with oral collar tubular ducts. Oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes, (i) smaller ducts, each 6.5–7.5 μm long, 3 μm width, present on each side of body margin of abdominal segments, as follows: VI 1, VII 1–3, VIII+IX 0–1, and (ii) larger ducts, each14–16 μm long, 3 μm wide, sparse on head and thorax and across abdominal segments, as follows: III 1 or 2, IV 2 or 3, V 2 or 3, VI 2 or 3, VII 2–4, VIII + IX 0.
Ferrisia kaki Kaydan & Pacheco da Silva, sp. n. most closely resembles F. cristinae Kaydan & Gullan, in having few ventral oral-collar tubular ducts on the abdominal submargin (not those in posterior marginal clusters), and often with a circular discoidal pore in the sclerotized rim of the duct or on nearby derm. However, F. kaki differs from F. cristinae in having: (i) multilocular disc pores only on abdominal segments VII and VIII+IX (VI–VIII+IX in F. cristinae) and (ii) 87–99 enlarged tubular ducts on the dorsum (95–113 in F. cristinae). F. kaki is also similar to F. terani Williams in having a small number of multilocular disc pores and a slender body shape, but F. kaki can be readily distinguished from F. terani in having: (i) two sizes of oral collar tubular ducts on the venter (only one size in F. terani); (ii) enlarged tubular ducts with a minute discoidal pore touching the sclerotized rim of duct opening.
This species was named after its host plant, to reflect the high levels of infestation in persimmon orchards.
Diospyros kaki.
Brazil (Caxias do Sul, Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul).
No intraspecific variation was observed at COI (7 replicates). A BLAST hit with sequence similarity of 98% was obtained with a sequence assigned to Ferrisia terani Williams & Granara de Willink from
Alignment of the COI DNA sequences obtained for Ferrisia kaki Kaydan & Pacheco da Silva, sp. n. and F. terani (from
Pseudococcus (Westwood), 1840
Trechocorys Curtis, 1843
Boisduvalia Signoret, 1875
Oudablis Signoret, 1882
Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti.
(adapted from
Dorsum. Dorsal setae flagellate. Anterior and posterior ostioles present, well-developed. Cerarii present, 12–17 pairs, preocular pair always absent, each cerarius normally with two conical setae, except for 1 or 2 on head and thorax, each often with 3 or 4 conical setae plus an associated cluster of trilocular pores; anal lobe cerarii well-developed, each often sclerotized, usually with two enlarged conical setae; usually all cerarii with auxiliary setae, but occasionally auxiliary setae absent anterior to the penultimate pair. Anal ring typically with six setae. Trilocular pores scattered over dorsum. Minute discoidal pores usually present, sometimes situated adjacent to rim of oral rim tubular ducts. Oral rim tubular ducts present on body margins and medially and submedially, or in rows across abdominal segments, sometimes associated with minute discoidal pores and setae. Oral-collar tubular ducts often present. Multilocular pores rarely present on dorsum.
Venter. Body setae flagellate. Trilocular pores scattered over entire surface. Minute discoidal pores scattered throughout the venter, often of two sizes, larger pores frequently present next to eyes and on venter of anal lobes, sometimes also situated adjacent to rim of oral rim tubular ducts. Oral rim tubular ducts occasionally on venter only. Oral-collar tubular ducts of one or more sizes, of various lengths and widths, shortest ducts often present medially on abdominal segments, and larger ducts often present on margins of abdomen. Multilocular disc pores present on posterior abdominal segments, especially around vulva.
1 | Oral collar tubular ducts scattered over dorsum | Pseudococcus rosangelae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n. |
– | Oral collar tubular ducts, if present, only on margins or on abdominal segments | 2 |
2 | Dorsal multilocular disc pores scarce, restricted to segments V-VII; fewer than 10 ventral multilocular disc pores on head and thorax (in total) | 3 |
– | Dorsal multilocular disc pores numerous on segments III-VIII; with more than 20 ventral multilocular disc pores on head and thorax (in total) | P. peregrinabundus Borchsenius |
3 | More than 50 translucent pores present on hind tibia; 1–6 large discoidal pores associated with each eye; 137–258 trilocular pores present on segment VI of venter | P. nakaharai Gimpel & Miller |
– | Fewer than 20 translucent pores present on hind tibia; 0–2 small discoidal pore associated with each eye; 42–54 trilocular pores present on segment VI of venter | P. dasyliriae Gimpel & Miller |
Brazil, Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul, on fruits in persimmon orchards, Diospyros kaki, 15 Apr 2015, VC Pacheco da Silva leg.
Pseudococcus rosangelae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n. is characterized by the following combination of features: (i) multilocular disc pores present on the dorsum, and (ii) dorsal oral collar tubular ducts scattered throughout.
Adult female. Appearance if life is unrecorded.
Body oval, elongate, 2.72 mm long, 1.32 mm wide. Eye marginal, 40 μm wide, each with 3 discoidal pores. Antennae 8-segmented, 560–565 μm long, with 4 fleshy setae, each 25.0–42.5 μm long; apical segment 102.5 μm long, 32.5–35.0 μm wide, with apical setae 45.0–47.5 μm long. Clypeolabral shield 175 μm long, 202.5 μm wide. Labium 3-segmented, 175 μm long, 122.5 μm wide. Anterior spiracles 75–80 μm long, 45 μm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles 82.5–90 μm long, 55–60 μm wide across atrium. Circulus 125 μm long, 135 μm wide. Legs well-developed; lengths for posterior legs: coxa 245.0–252.5 μm, trochanter + femur 405–410 μm, tibia + tarsus 460–475 μm, claw 37.5–40.0 μm. Ratio of length of tibia + tarsus to trochanter + femur, 1.13–1.16:1; ratio of length of tibia to tarsus, 2.80–2.84:1; ratio of length of hind trochanter + femur to greatest width of femur, 3.72–3.85:1; translucent pores absent on legs. Tarsal digitules capitate, each 50–57.5 μm long. Claw digitules capitate, 35 μm long. Both pairs of ostioles present; anterior ostioles each with a total for both lips of 29–32 trilocular pores and 6 setae; posterior ostioles each with a total for both lips of 35–39 trilocular pores and 3–6 setae. Anal ring 72.5 μm wide, with 6 setae, each seta 140.0–167.5 μm long.
Dorsum. Derm membranous, with 17 pairs of cerarii around body margin, each cerarius with 2–4 cerarian setae. Setae on each anal lobe cerarius 25.0–27.5 μm long, 10 μm wide, plus 67–76 trilocular pores and 3–4 spine-like auxiliary setae. Dorsal setae short and flagellate, each 5–20 μm long, scattered throughout the dorsum. Trilocular pores, each 3.7–5.0 μm in diameter, scattered over entire body. A few minute discoidal pores, each 2.5–3.0 μm in diameter, scattered over dorsum. Oral rim tubular ducts, each 12.5 μm long, 3.7 μm wide at mid-width, rim of duct opening 3.7–5.0 μm wide and outer width 7.5–10 μm, seven in total on dorsum, with two ducts on head, two on thorax, and on abdominal segments, as follows: I 2, III 1, IV 1. Oral collar tubular ducts of two sizes: (i) larger ducts, each 5.0 μm long, 3.7–5.0 μm wide, along entire margin of the body; and (ii) smaller ducts, each 5.0–6.2 μm long, 2.5–3.75 μm wide, present throughout the dorsum but in bands on abdominal segments, as follows: I–III 141, IV 88, V 41, VI 32, VII 25, VIII + IX 26. Multilocular disc pores, each 5.0–7.5 μm in diameter, present on abdominal segments, as follows: I–III 6, IV 2, V 6, VI 10, VII 10, VIII + IX 2.
Venter. Setae short and flagellate, each 7.5–145 μm long, longest setae located medially on head. Apical setae of anal lobe each132 μm long. Trilocular pores and minute discoidal pores scattered all over body. Trilocular pores, each 3.7–5.0 μm scattered throughout the venter. Oral collar tubular ducts of 2 sizes: (i) larger ducts, each 5.0–6.3 μm long, 3.7–5.0 μm wide in the margin of the body and throughout, and (ii) smaller oral ducts, each 6.2–7.5 μm long, 2.0–2.5 μm wide, present throughout, and also as bands across abdominal segments, as follows: I–III 110, IV 69, V 81, VI 60, VII 47, VIII + IX 23. Multilocular disc pores, each 5.0–7.5 μm in diameter, present throughout on the venter and on the abdominal segments, as follows: I–III 46, IV 15, V 30, VI 41, VII 29, VIII + IX 21.
Pseudococcus rosangelae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan most closely resembles P. peregrinabundus, P. nakaharai and P. dasyliriae in having dorsal multilocular disc pores, but P. rosangelae can be distinguished from other species in having: (i) oral collar tubular ducts present over the entire dorsum (on other species not scattered all over the dorsum) and (ii) no translucent pores on the hind legs (present in the other species).
This species is named after Rosangela Leme do Prado, mother of the author VCPS.
Diospyros kaki.
Brazil (Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul).
No DNA sequence was obtained for P. rosangelae.
The first author thanks Ernesto Prado for all his support; Filiz Çalişkan, Alican Kurtuluş and Tair Uulu from Çukurova University and BPI Team from INRA- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech for the help during the internship of VCPS in Turkey and France; to Elisângela Caroline W Galzer for the help during sample collections; and to CNPq for the scholarship of VCPS.
COI DNA sequences obtained for Anisococcus granarae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n. and Ferrisia kaki Kaydan & Pacheco da Silva, sp. n.
Data type: FASTA file
Explanation note: This supplementary file contais the senquences of a fragment from the mitochondrial region of Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I of two new species of mealybugs found on persimmon trees in Southern Brazil, Anisococcus granarae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, sp. n. and Ferrisia kaki Kaydan & Pacheco da Silva, sp. n.