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A new species of Hypoaspis Canestrini (Acari, Mesostigmata, Laelapidae) associated with Oryctes sp. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in Iran
expand article infoOmid Joharchi‡, Alireza Shahedi§
‡ Yazd Branch - Islamic Azad University, Tehran
§ Shiraz university, TEHRAN, Iran

Corresponding author: Omid Joharchi ( j.omid2000@gmail.com )

Academic editor: Farid Faraji
© 2016 Omid Joharchi, Alireza Shahedi.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Joharchi O, Shahedi A (2016) A new species of Hypoaspis Canestrini (Acari, Mesostigmata, Laelapidae) associated with Oryctes sp. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) in Iran. ZooKeys 574: 105-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.574.7767
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:659FC43C-B7CA-44DD-B0CA-4D744958AB91
Open Access

Abstract

A new species of the genus Hypoaspis Canestrini, Hypoaspis surenai sp. n., is described based on adult female specimens collected in association with Oryctes sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Taft, Yazd province, Iran.

Keywords

Gamasina , Dermanyssoidea , taxonomy, Hypoaspis surenai sp. n., Hypoaspidinae , Taft, Yazd

Introduction

The mite family Laelapidae includes approximately 800 species of morphologically, ecologically and behaviourally very diverse dermanyssoid mites, including obligate and facultative parasites of vertebrates, insect paraphages, and free-living predators that inhabit soil-litter habitats and the nests of vertebrates and arthropods (Evans and Till 1966; Faraji and Halliday 2009; Lindquist et al. 2009; Joharchi et al. 2011; Joharchi et al. 2012a, b). Currently, the family is classified into approximately 144 genera, including Hypoaspis with 36 species.

Joharchi and Halliday (2011) treated Hypoaspissensu stricto as a separate genus equivalent to Hypoaspis (Hypoaspis) of other authors (e.g., Evans and Till 1966; Karg 1979, 1982, 1993), and gave a diagnosis and comparison of diagnostic characters for the closely related genus Coleolaelaps Berlese. That concept of Hypoaspiss.s. is followed here. The most recent taxonomic work on the genus was by Joharchi et al. (2014), who clarified the diagnosis of the genus and reviewed species that occur in the Western Palaearctic Region. In Iran, Hypoaspiss.s. included 14 identified species prior to this study (Joharchi and Halliday 2011; Razavi Susan et al. 2014; Joharchi et al. 2014).

The ecological role of this genus is unknown. They may feed on exudates from the beetle’s body or their eggs, or on other small invertebrates in the microhabitats created by the beetles (Costa 1971; Joharchi and Halliday 2011; Joharchi et al. 2014). This has not been established experimentally, and it will be necessary to do feeding experiments to establish the true ecological role of these mites. The purpose of this paper is to describe another species of Hypoaspiss.s. to increase our knowledge of the Iranian fauna of Laelapidae.

Materials and methods

Phoretic laelapids on beetles were collected from Taft, Yazd province, Iran, in 2015. Mites were removed from the beetles using an entomological pin. Specimens were cleared in Nesbitt’s solution and mounted in Hoyer’s medium (Walter and Krantz 2009). The line drawings and examination of the specimens were performed with an Olympus BX51 phase contrast microscope equipped with a drawing tube and figures were elaborated with Corel X-draw software, based on the scanned line drawings. Dorsal shield length and width were taken from the anterior to posterior margins along the midline, and at its broadest point, respectively. Length and width of the sternal shield were measured from the anterior border to the posterior margin at the full length and broadest point, respectively. Genital shield length and width were measured along the midline from the anterior border of the genital shield to the posterior margin of the genital shield, and at the maximum, respectively. Leg lengths were measured from base of the coxa to the apex of the tarsus, excluding the pre-tarsus. The nomenclature used for the dorsal idiosomal chaetotaxy is that of Lindquist and Evans (1965), the leg chaetotaxy is that of Evans (1963a), the palp chaetotaxy is that of Evans (1963b), and names of other anatomical structures mostly follow Evans and Till (1979). We use the terms “lyrifissures” to refer to slit-shaped sensilli, “gland pores” to refer to structures that we believe are the openings of secretory pores, and “poroids” for circular or oval-shaped cuticular openings of unknown function. The holotype (ARS-20150304-1a) and six paratypes (ARS-20150304-1b, ARS-20150304-1c, ARS-20150304-1d, ARS-20150304-1e, ARS-20150304-1f, ARS-20150304-1g) of the new species are deposited in the Acarological Collection, Department of Plant Protection, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University(YIAU). Two paratypes (ARS-20150304-1h, ARS-20150304-1i) are deposited in the Jalal Afshar Zoological Museum, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Iran (JAZM) and two paratypes (ARS-20150304-1k, ARS-20150304-1l) are also in the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia (ANIC). All measurements in the descriptions are given in micrometres (μm).

Taxonomy

Hypoaspis Canestrini

Hypoaspis Canestrini, 1884: 1569.

Type species

Gamasus krameri G. & R. Canestrini, 1881, designated by Berlese (1904).

The short diagnosis below is summarised from the detailed diagnosis in Joharchi and Halliday (2011).

Short diagnosis

Dorsal shield oval, without lateral incisions, bearing 35–40 pairs of setae including one or more pairs of Zx setae; some opisthonotal setae greatly elongated, especially Z4 (at least three times as long as J4); post-anal seta distinctly shorter than para-anals; hypostomal setae h3 distinctly longer than other hypostomal setae; tarsus II with two subterminal blunt spines (setae al1 and pl1).

Hypoaspis surenai sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/11977B75-8434-4596-A481-782332BE2541
Figures 1–7

Type material

Holotype, female, Iran, Yazd Province, Taft, Kahduiyeh, 31°16'N, 53°43'E, alt. 1496 m a.s.l, 04March 2015, A. Shahedi coll., on adult females of Oryctes sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Paratypes: ten females same data as holotype.

Description of the female

Dorsal idiosoma (Fig. 1). Length 796–802, width at level of r5, 446–450. Dorsal shield oval, without lateral incisions, length 778–785, width at level of r5, 420–426 (n= 11), shield without distinct reticulate ornamentation over whole surface, only with weak reticulation, more distinct in opisthonotal region (Fig. 1). Dorsal shield with 37 pairs of smooth and pointed setae, 21 pairs on podonotal shield (j1–6; z1–6; s1–6; r4–5 and including a supernumerary pair near s6), plus r2, r3 and r6 off the shield in the soft skin, 16 pairs on the opisthonotal shield (J1–5, Z1, Z2, Z4, Z5, S1–5), including two pairs of Zx setae between J and Z setae, seta Z3 absent (Fig. 1); Z4 longest (322–330) and slightly wavy, s5 (219–225), s4 (198–207), z4 (232–245) and j3 (222–230) also long, j1 (74–75) and z1 (30–31) short; j4 (128–132) long enough to reach past j5, j5 (112–117) not long enough to reach j6, j6 (138–142) not long enough to reach J2 (100–108) but reaching past J1 (118–123); J4 (98–100) long enough to reach J5 (27–29); Z5 (178–180) and S5 (136–139) also long. Seven pairs of setae in R series on the lateral area of weakly sclerotised cuticle surrounding shield; R7 elongate (182–191) and appearing wavy. Shield with 12 pairs of pore-like structures, apparently including four pairs of gland pores and eight pairs of poroids; lyrifissures near the base of j1 large and slit-like, others smaller and ovoid.

Figures 1–7. 

Hypoaspis surenai sp. n., female 1 dorsal idiosoma 2 ventral idiosoma 3 epistome 4 Subcapitulum 5 chelicera 6 femur and genu II 7 femur and genu IV.

Ventral idiosoma (Fig. 2). Tritosternum with paired pilose laciniae (141–143), columnar base 30–32 long, 20–21 wide; pre-sternal area weakly reticulated. Sternal shield (length 138–148) narrowest between coxae II (138–148), widest between coxae II–III (198–200), with slightly concave anterior margin and irregular posterior margin, with three pairs of long, smooth pointed setae (st1 52–54, st2 82–84, st3 74–79), st2 and st3 reaching well past base of next posterior setae, and two pairs of lyrifissures, one pair adjacent to st1, the other between st2 and st3, lateral and central surface of sternal shield with weak reticulation. Metasternal platelets absent, metasternal setae st4 (45–47) and metasternal poroids located on weakly sclerotised cuticle. Endopodal plates II/III completely fused to sternal shield, endopodal plates III/IV roughly triangular and curved. Genital shield tongue-shaped, length 278–280, maximum width 118–120, posterior margin rounded, surface with reticulate ornamentation, genital setae st5 (50–52) on edge of the shield. Circular paragenital poroids located on weakly sclerotised cuticle close to st5. Anal shield rounded triangular, length 87–89, width 87–89, para-anal (39–41) and post-anal (38–40) setae equal in length, cribrum small, a pair of circular lateral gland pores flank anal shield. Opisthogaster with one pair of oval metapodal plates (22–23 long × 5–7 wide) and 11 pairs of smooth setae on the weakly sclerotised cuticle; Jv1, Jv2 70–72, Jv3 89–92, Jv4 158–160, Zv1 50–52, Zv2 91–93, Zv3, Zv4 100–105, UR 124–126, Jv5 242–250 very long and wavy. Exopodal plates behind coxa IV long and narrow. Peritrematal shield free posteriorly, with large protrusion on outer margin opposite coxae II–III bearing two pairs of pore-like structures (apparently one lyrifissure ‘ip’, and one gland pore ‘gp’; see Fig. 2), post-stigmatal section conspicuous and narrow, with three pairs of pore-like structures of post-stigmatal pores (apparently two lyrifissures ‘ip’, and one gland pore ‘gp’; see Fig. 2), peritreme extending from posterior margin of coxa III to near mid level of coxa I.

Gnathosoma. Epistome irregularly denticulate laterally, apical section smooth with minute denticles in some specimens (Fig. 3). Hypostomal groove with six rows of 6–11 denticles, and smooth anterior and posterior transverse lines. Hypostome with four pairs of setae, internal posterior hypostomal setae h3 longest (109–110), h1 (54–55), h2 (45–47), palpcoxal pc (52–54) (Fig. 4). Corniculi robust and horn-like, reaching mid-level of palp femur. Palp setal numbers: trochanter 2, femur 5, genu 6, tibia 12, tarsus 15, all setae smooth and pointed, palp tarsal apotele two-tined. Internal malae complex, with two pairs of lobes, inner lobes narrow, with serrated edges, outer lobes narrow, pointed, shorter than inner lobes, with serrated edges (Fig. 4). Fixed digit of chelicera with 15 small teeth, the one level with the pilus dentilis largest (Fig. 5), pilus dentilis short and robust, dorsal seta short, semi-erect, movable digit with two large subterminal teeth, arthrodial membrane a rounded flap with a corona and cheliceral lyrifissure indistinct.

Legs. Legs II and III shortest (564–570, 604–610), I and IV both longer (702–711, 872–880) (excluding pretarsus). Chaetotaxy normal for free-living Laelapidae. Leg I: coxa 0-0/1, 0/1-0, trochanter 1-0/1, 1/2-1, femur 2-3/1, 2/3-2, genu 2-3/2, 3/1-2, tibia 2-3/2, 3/1-2. Leg II: coxa 0-0/1, 0/1-0, trochanter 1-0/1, 0/2-1, femur 2-3/1, 2/2-1 (macrosetae pd1 184–190, pd2 94–97, Fig. 6), genu 2-3/1, 2/1-2 (pd1 84–86 and pd2 100–103 longer, Fig. 6), tibia 2-2/1, 2/1-2. Leg III: coxa 0-0/1, 0/1-0, trochanter 1-1/1, 1/1-0, femur 1-2/1, 1/0-1 (macroseta ad1 124–128; ad2 longer 37–43), genu 2-2/1, 2/1-1 (ad1 57–59 and pd1 90–94 longer), tibia 2-1/1, 2/1-1 (ventral setae all thicker). Leg IV: coxa 0-0/1, 0/0-0, trochanter 1-1/1, 0/1-1, femur 1-2/1, 1/0-1 (macroseta ad1 200–207, ad2 longer 90–92, Fig. 7), genu 2-2/1, 3/0-1 (ad1 84–86 and pd1 60–62 longer, Fig. 7), tibia 2-2/1, 3/1-2. Tarsi II–IV with 18 setae 3-3/2, 3/2-3 + mv, md. On tarsus II, al1, pl1 and all ventral setae thicker. Tarsus IV with three macrosetae, ad2 (164–169), pd2 (100–107) and pd3 (142–147) and pl3 thick. All pre-tarsi with a pair of claws and a long thin membranous ambulacral stalk.

Genital structures. Insemination ducts opening on posterior margin of coxa III, sacculus indistinct, apparently unsclerotised.

Males & immature

Unknown.

Etymology

The species is named in memory of Surena (died 53 BC) was a Parthian spahbed (“General” or “Commander”) during the 1st century BC.

Remarks

According to the key to species of Hypoaspiss.s. occurring in the Western Palaearctic Region provided by Joharchi et al. (2014), Hypoaspis surenai most resembles H. pentodoni Costa, 1971 but has the following unique character states for the genus: 21 pairs of long smooth, pointed setae on the podonotal shield, including a supernumerary pair near s6 (x) and r2, r3, r6 off the shield; 16 pairs of smooth and long setae on the opisthonotal shield including two pairs of Zx setae between the J and Z setae, seta Z3 absent; three long macrosetae on tarsus IV (ad2, pd2 and pd3); one macroseta on each of femora II–IV and seta ad1 on genu IV being only slightly longer than the remaining setae on the segment.

Discussion

Fifteen species regarded to belong to Hypoaspiss.s. had been reported from Iran until now (including the new species): Hypoaspis alborzensis Razavi Susan & Joharchi, 2014; H. campestris (Berlese, 1887) sensu Bregetova, 1977; H. elegans Joharchi et al. 2014; H. integer Berlese, 1911; H. krameri (G. & R. Canestrini, 1881); H. larvicolus Joharchi & Halliday, 2011; H. maryamae Joharchi & Halliday, 2011; H. melolonthae Joharchi & Halliday, 2011; H. neokrameri Costa, 1971; H. pentodoni Costa, 1971; H. phyllognathi Costa, 1971; H. polyphyllae Khanjani & Ueckermann, 2005; H. rhinocerotis Oudemans, 1925; Hypoaspis surenai sp. n.; H. terrestris (Leonardi, 1899).

Almost all of the species of Hypoaspiss.s. occurring in Iran are associated with Coleoptera, especially with a wide variety of species in the family Scarabaeidae, while a few have been collected in soil. Most of these species have been collected on only a few occasions, so it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions about their host specificity. The question of host or microhabitat specificity of the species cannot be analysed in detail until all of the available collections are re-examined to confirm the identifications.

Acknowledgements

We are indebted to Dr. Bruce Halliday (CSIRO, Canberra, Australia) for all his helpful and valuable comments. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Owen D. Seeman (Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) for reviewing and constructive comments. The authors wish to thank Dr. Farid Faraji (Mitox, Amsterdam, Netherlands) and the reviewers for their valuable suggestions.

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