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Research Article
A further study of the spider genus Notiocoelotes (Araneae, Agelenidae) from Hainan Island, China
expand article infoXiaoqing Zhang‡, Zhe Zhao§, Guo Zheng‡, Shuqiang Li§
‡ Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
§ Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Corresponding author: Guo Zheng ( zhg1027@yahoo.com.cn )

Academic editor: Yuri Marusik
© 2016 Xiaoqing Zhang, Zhe Zhao, Guo Zheng, Shuqiang Li.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Zhang X, Zhao Z, Zheng G, Li S (2016) A further study of the spider genus Notiocoelotes (Araneae, Agelenidae) from Hainan Island, China. ZooKeys 601: 75-87. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.601.7698
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:ACC60023-AEE3-4FE9-9622-C91D58AED849
Open Access

Abstract

Two new Notiocoelotes species, N. maoganensis sp. n. (♂♀) and N. qiongzhongensis sp. n. (♂♀) are described from Hainan Island, China. In addition, the female of N. membranaceus Liu & Li, 2010 is described for the first time. DNA barcodes of three species treated in this paper were obtained for future use.

Keywords

Taxonomy, Coelotinae , description, diagnosis, Southeast Asia

Introduction

The spider genus Notiocoelotes was established by Wang et al. (2008) for one coelotine species from Hainan Island, China: Coelotes palinitropus Zhu & Wang, 1994. Additionally, Wang et al. (2008) described three new species: N. laosensis Wang, Xu & Li, 2008, N. lingulatus Wang, Xu & Li, 2008, N. vietnamensis Wang, Xu & Li, 2008, and transferred Iwogumoa sparus Dankittipakul, Chami-Kranon & Wang, 2005 to Notiocoelotes. Currently, eleven species of Notiocoelotes are known (World Spider Catalog 2016), six of which are restricted to Hainan, China. This paper provides the descriptions of two new Notiocoelotes species and a redescription of N. membranaceus.

Material and methods

Specimens were examined with a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope. Images were captured with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 dissecting microscope. Epigynes and male palps were examined after dissection from the spiders’ bodies.

All measurements were obtained using a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope and are given in millimeters. Leg measurements are shown as: Total length (femur, patella + tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Only structures (palp and legs) of the left body side were described and measured. The terminology used in the text and the figure legends follows Wang (2002). Abbreviations used in this paper and in the figure legends: A = epigynal atrium; ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye; AME-ALE = distance between AME and ALE; AME-AME = distance between AME and AME; ALE-PLE = distance between ALE and PLE; CD = copulatory duct; CF = cymbial furrow; CL = conductor lamella; CO = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; ES = epigynal scape; FD = fertilization duct; LTA = lateral tibial apophysis; MA = median apophysis; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME = posterior median eye; PME-PLE = distance between PME and PLE; PME-PME = distance between PME and PME; R = receptacle; RTA = retroventral tibial apophysis; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum.

DNA barcodes were obtained for future use. A partial fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was amplified and sequenced for N. maoganensis sp. n., N. membranaceus and N. qiongzhongensis sp. n. using primers LCO1490-oono (5’-CWACAAAYCATARRGATATTGG-3’) (Folmer et al. 1994; Miller et al. 2010) and HCO2198-zz (5’-TAAACTTCCAGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3’) (Folmer et al. 1994; Chen et al. 2015). For additional information on extraction, amplification, and sequencing procedures, see Zhao et al. 2013. All sequences were deposited in GenBank and the accession numbers are provided in Table 1.

Table 1.
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Voucher specimen information.

Species GenBank accession number Sequence length Collection localities
Notiocoelotes maoganensis sp. n. KU886075 657 bp Baoting County, Hainan, China
Notiocoelotes membranaceus KU886076 666 bp Qiongzhong County, Hainan, China
Notiocoelotes qiongzhongensis sp. n. KU886074 666 bp Qiongzhong County, Hainan, China

All specimens (including molecular vouchers) are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS).

Taxonomy

Family Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837
Subfamily Coelotinae F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1893

Notiocoelotes Wang, Xu & Li, 2008

Notiocoelotes Wang et al, 2008: 11. Type species Coelotes palinitropus Zhu & Wang, 1994, from Hainan Island, China.

Diagnosis

The chelicerae of all Notiocoelotes have 3 promarginal and 2 retromarginal teeth, while other coelotines usually have 3 or 4 retromarginal teeth. Females of this genus can be separated from other coelotines by the absence of epigynal teeth and the presence of a tongue-shaped epigynal scape (Fig. 2A–B); other coelotines usually have long and broad epigynal teeth. Males can be distinguished from other coelotines by the absence of a patellar apophysis, the presence of a large and strongly bifurcated lateral tibial apophysis and the reduced or invisible median apophysis (Fig. 1); other coelotines usually have a thick patellar apophysis and the special shaped median apophysis.

Figure 1. 

Left palp of Notiocoelotes maoganensis sp. n., holotype. A Prolateral view B Ventral view C Retrolateral view. CF = cymbial furrow; CL = conductor lamella; CO = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; LTA = lateral tibial apophysis; RTA = retroventral tibial apophysis; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum. Scale bar: Equal for A, B and C.

Figure 2. 

Epigyne and habitus of Notiocoelotes maoganensis sp. n. A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view C Male habitus, dorsal view D Female habitus, dorsal view E Female habitus, ventral view. A = epigynal atrium; CD = copulatory duct; ES = epigynal scape; FD = fertilization duct; R = receptacle. Scale bars: Equal for D and E.

Composition

Thirteen Notiocoelotes species are currently known: N. laosensis (♀) from Laos; N. parvitriangulus Liu, Li & Pham, 2010 (♀), N. pseudovietnamensis Liu, Li & Pham, 2010 (♂♀) and N. vietnamensis (♂♀) from Vietnam; N. sparus (♂) from Thailand; N. lingulatus (♀), N. membranaceus (♂), N. orbiculatus Liu & Li, 2010 (♂♀), N. palinitropus (♂♀), N. pseudolingulatus Liu & Li, 2010 (♂♀), and N. spirellus Liu & Li, 2010 (♂♀) from Hainan, China (World Spider Catalog 2016), and two new species described in this paper: N. maoganensis sp. n. (♂♀), N. qiongzhongensis sp. n. (♂♀) from Hainan.

Notiocoelotes maoganensis Zhao & Li, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/77DC1620-6C90-4167-BA47-CE30A39BF135
Figs 1, 2, 7

Type material

Holotype ♂: China: Hainan: Baoting County: Maogan Village, Xiananshilin Cave, N18°35'52", E109°25'37", 616 m, 26.VI.2014, F. Li & X. Wang. Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype.

Etymology

The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.

Diagnosis

The male of N. maoganensis sp. n. can be easily distinguished from all other Notiocoelotes species, except N. palinitropus, by having a semi-circular conductor. From N. palinitropus, the male of the new species can be distinguished by the short cymbial furrow about 1/3 of cymbial length (while N. palinitropus male has a long cymbial furrow, about 0.5 times as long as cymbial length) (cf. Fig. 1A–C; Zhu and Wang 1994: figs 19–21). The female of N. maoganensis sp. n. can be easily distinguished from all the other Notiocoelotes species, except N. palinitropus, by the almost rectangular atrium. From N. palinitropus, the female of the new species can be distinguished by a broad atrium, about two times as long as wide (while N. palinitropus female has a narrow atrium, about three times as long as wide) (cf. Fig. 2A–B; Liu and Li 2010: fig. 9B).

Description

Male (holotype): Total length 8.60. Carapace 4.75 long, 3.50 wide. Abdomen 3.85 long, 2.75 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.20, ALE 0.23, PME 0.25, PLE 0.25; AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.02, PME-PME 0.08, PME-PLE 0.10. Leg measurements: I: 21.15 (5.75, 6.00, 5.50, 3.90); II: 18.00 (5.50, 5.25, 4.50, 2.75); III: 17.00 (5.00, 5.00, 4.75, 2.25); IV: 22.35 (6.25, 6.70, 6.50, 2.90). Carapace yellowish, the radial grooves indistinct, with the nearly lip-shaped dark pattern, sternum yellowish, about almond-shaped. Abdomen brownish, with yellow and transversal spots, nearly oval-shaped. Legs yellowish, with black annulations. Palp: tibia long, about 1/3 of cymbial length; RTA small, 1/3 of tibial length; LTA divided into two parts, most crescent-shaped and about 1/2 length of RTA; conductor long, with one loop; embolus beginning at 6:30 o’clock position, with the triangular base, about 1/3 width of tibia (Fig. 1A–C).

Female (paratype): Total length 8.75. Carapace 4.25 long, 3.50 wide. Abdomen 4.50 long, 3.00 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.20, ALE 0.28, PME 0.25, PLE 0.25; AME-AME 0.05, AME-ALE 0.01, PME-PME 0.08, PME-PLE 0.10. Leg measurements: I: 16.50 (4.75, 5.00, 4.00, 2.75); II: 14.25 (4.25, 4.50, 3.50, 2.00); III: 13.10 (4.00, 4.10, 3.25, 1.75); IV: 17.65 (5.15, 5.75, 4.50, 2.25). Carapace beige, with grey lateral margins; sternum nearly almond-shaped, light brown, with wide yellow median band. Abdomen grey-brown, nearly oval-shaped, with beige herringbone pattern. Legs yellowish, with black annulations. Epigyne: atrium elongated, with distinct septum, about two times as long as wide, posterior broaden; copulatory ducts covering anterior parts of receptacles, about 1.2 times as long as wide; receptacles narrow, about 2.5 times as long as wide; copulatory openings distinct (Fig. 2A–B).

Distribution

Known only from the type locality (Fig. 7).

Notiocoelotes membranaceus Liu & Li, 2010

Figs 3, 4, 7

Notiocoelotes membranaceus Liu & Li, 2010: 33, figs 2A–C, 3A–D (♂).

Type material

Holotype ♂: China: Hainan: Qiongzhong County: Mt. Limushan Nature Reserve, 13 August 2007, S. Li, C. Wang, L. Lin & J. Xu leg.

Other material examined

3♀3♂: China: Hainan: Qiongzhong County: Mt. Limushan Nature Reserve, Binlang Lake, N19°11'59", E109°43'45", 576 m, 4.XII.2015, X. Zhang & Z. Chen; 2♀, China: Hainan: Qiongzhong County: Mt. Limushan, N19°10'52", E109°45'19", 962 m, 2.V.2011, Y. Zhou.

Diagnosis

The female of N. membranaceus can be distinguished from all the other Notiocoelotes, except N. orbiculatus, by the almost oval atrium. From N. orbiculatus, the new species can be distinguished by the egg-shaped receptacles (while N. orbiculatus has globular and widely separated receptacles) (cf. Fig. 4A–B; Liu and Li 2010: fig. 7B).

Description

Male: described in detail by Liu and Li (2010: fig. 2A–C) (Fig. 3A–C).

Figure 3. 

Left palp of Notiocoelotes membranaceus, specimen from Hainan. A Prolateral view B Ventral view C Retrolateral view. CF = cymbial furrow; CO = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; LTA = lateral tibial apophysis; RTA = retroventral tibial apophysis; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum. Scale bar: Equal for A, B and C.

Female: Total length 4.75. Carapace 2.50 long, 1.75 wide. Abdomen 2.25 long, 1.75 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.15, PME 0.15, PLE 0.15; AME-AME 0.03, AME-ALE 0.01, PME-PME 0.05, PME-PLE 0.06. Leg measurements: I: 7.00 (2.05, 2.25, 1.60, 1.10); II: 6.10 (1.85, 1.90, 1.55, 0.80); III: 5.50 (1.70, 1.75, 1.30, 0.75); IV: 7.50 (2.25, 2.30, 2.00, 0.95). Carapace yellowish, with black dark lateral margins; sternum yellow, margins darker than median part. Abdomen yellowish-brown, with black and nearly chevrons-shaped stripes, nearly pineapple-shaped. Legs yellowish, with black annulations. Epigyne: atrium semicircular, about 1.5 times as long as wide, with distinct septum; epigynal scape wide; copulatory ducts long, about 0.9 times as long as receptacles, well sclerotized; receptacles long, about 1.5 times as long as wide; copulatory openings distinct (Fig. 4A–B).

Figure 4. 

Epigyne and habitus of Notiocoelotes membranaceus, specimens from Hainan. A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view C Male habitus, dorsal view D Female habitus, dorsal view E Female habitus, ventral view. A = epigynal atrium; CD = copulatory duct; ES = epigynal scape; FD = fertilization duct; R = receptacle. Scale bars: Equal for D and E.

Distribution

China (Hainan) (Fig. 7).

Remarks

Female of this species is described for the first time. Although the shape of the palp and epigyne of N. membranaceus are a little different from those of the type species of the genus Notiocoelotes, the taxonomic placement of this species is supported by the following two features. First, according to the molecular data (our COI sequences, unpublished), N. membranaceus is closely related to N. orbiculatus and N. qiongzhongensis sp. n. Second, the male of N. membranaceus has a strongly bifurcated lateral tibial apophysis, characteristic for the males of all Notiocoelotes species; the female of N. membranaceus has a tongue-shaped epigynal scape, characteristic for the females of all Notiocoelotes species.

Notiocoelotes qiongzhongensis Zhao & Li, sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/1AE669ED-AA8C-4EF0-A883-D0E0984D1F55
Figs 5, 6, 7

Type material

Holotype ♂: China: Hainan: Qiongzhong County: Mt. Limushan, Pine forest, N19°10'53", E109°45'20", 537 m, 2.XII.2015, X. Zhang & Z. Chen. Paratypes: 2♀3♂, same data as holotype; 1♀, same area, N19°10'55", E109°45'17", 637 m, 3.V.2011, Y. Zhou.

Etymology

The specific name refers to the type locality; adjective.

Diagnosis

The male of N. qiongzhongensis, sp. n. can be distinguished from all of the other Notiocoelotes species, except N. pseudolingulatus and N. sparus, by having posteriorly extended conductor and cymbial furrow almost half of cymbial length. From the latter two species, it can be distinguished by the semicircular conductor apex (while N. pseudolingulatus has a blunt apex, and N. sparus has an acute apex) (cf. Fig. 5A–C; Liu and Li 2010: figs 10–11; Dankittipakul et al. 2005: figs 1–3). The female of N. qiongzhongensis, sp. n. can be distinguished from all Notiocoelotes, except N. orbiculatus and N. parvitriangulus, by the rounded receptacles. It can be distinguished from N. orbiculatus by the head of receptacles situated on anterior part of receptacles (while the head of receptacles is situated on posterior part of receptacles in N. orbiculatus); and it can be distinguished from N. parvitriangulus by the nearly square-shaped atrium (while N. parvitriangulus has a triangular atrium) (cf. Fig. 6A–B; Liu and Li 2010: fig. 7B; Liu et al. 2010: fig. 78A).

Figure 5. 

Left palp of Notiocoelotes qiongzhongensis sp. n., holotype. A Prolateral view B Ventral view C Retrolateral view. CF = cymbial furrow; CL = conductor lamella; CO = conductor; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; LTA = lateral tibial apophysis; RTA = retroventral tibial apophysis; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum. Scale bar: Equal for A, B and C.

Figure 6. 

Epigyne and habitus of Notiocoelotes qiongzhongensis sp. n. A Epigyne, ventral view B Vulva, dorsal view C Male habitus, dorsal view D Female habitus, dorsal view E Female habitus, ventral view. A = epigynal atrium; CD = copulatory duct; ES = epigynal scape; FD = fertilization duct; R = receptacle. Scale bars: Equal for D and E.

Description

Male (holotype): Total length 4.20. Carapace 2.15 long, 1.60 wide. Abdomen 2.05 long, 1.50 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.12, PME 0.15, PLE 0.12; AME-AME 0.04, AME-ALE 0.01, PME-PME 0.04, PME-PLE 0.03. Leg measurements: I: 6.65 (1.95, 2.15, 1.55, 1.00); II: 5.60 (1.75, 1.80, 1.25, 0.80); III: 5.05 (1.50, 1.55, 1.25, 0.75); IV: 7.05 (2.00, 2.25, 1.90, 0.90). Carapace yellowish, with the black and broad radial grooves, with black lateral margins. Abdomen grey, with black spots, nearly eggplant-shaped. Legs yellowish, with black annulations. Palp: tibia short, about 1/4 of cymbial length; RTA about half of tibial length; LTA divided into two parts, almost hook-shaped and subequal the length of RTA; conductor nearly arc-shaped, about 1.5 times as long as tegulum, with two loops; embolus beginning at 7:00 o’clock position, with a nearly chestnut-shaped base, about 1/2 width of tibia (Fig. 5A–C).

Female (one of paratypes): Total length 4.50. Carapace 2.00 long, 1.50 wide. Abdomen 2.50 long, 1.75 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.04, ALE 0.11, PME 0.13, PLE 0.15; AME-AME 0.03, AME-ALE 0.09, PME-PME 0.03, PME-PLE 0.02. Leg measurements: I: 5.15 (1.50, 1.75, 1.15, 0.75); II: 4.50 (1.35, 1.50, 0.95, 0.70); III: 4.05 (1.25, 1.30, 0.90, 0.60); IV: 5.85 (1.75, 1.85, 1.50, 0.75). Carapace yellowish; sternum flavescent. Abdomen beige, with black and wavy stripes, nearly egg-shaped. Legs yellowish, with black annulations. Epigyne: atrium small, almost square-shaped (width=length); receptacles oval, separated by less than 1/2 of their width, about 1.2 times as long as wide; copulatory ducts folded, with two parts, one membranous and another heavily sclerotized cylindrical, almost covered by receptacles; copulatory openings indistinct (Fig. 6A–B).

Distribution

Known only from the type localities (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. 

Localities of Notiocoelotes species from Hainan. 1 N. lingulatus 2 N. maoganensis sp. n. 3 N. membranaceus 4 N. orbiculatus 5 N. palinitropus 6 N. pseudolingulatus 7 N. qiongzhongensis sp. n. 8 N. spirellus.

Acknowledgement

The manuscript benefited greatly from comments by Yuri M. Marusik (IBPN, Magadan, Russia), Mikhail Omelko (Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia) and Mykola Kovblyuk (V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea). English of the final draft was kindly checked by Victor Fet (Marshall University, West Virginia, Huntington, USA). This study was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China to Guo Zheng (NSFC-31172121, 31372224) and Shuqiang Li (NSFC-31272280, 31471960, 31530067). Part of the laboratory work was supported by Eco-Environmental Research Center Foundation of Shenyang Normal University (EERC-T-201502), Liaoning Excellent Talents in University (LJQ2012094).

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