Research Article |
Corresponding author: Bao-Zhen Hua ( huabzh@nwsuaf.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Ben Price
© 2016 Ji-Shen Wang, Bao-Zhen Hua.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Wang J-S, Hua B-Z (2016) Two new species of the genus Panorpa Linnaeus (Mecoptera, Panorpidae) from Yunnan, China. ZooKeys 587: 151-162. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.587.7674
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Two new scorpionfly species, Panorpa reflexa sp. n. and Panorpa parallela sp. n., are described and illustrated from Yunnan Province, China. Panorpa reflexa can be readily differentiated from its congeners by the 3-shaped parameres in male genitalia. Panorpa parallela is unique for its parallel parameres in male genitalia. The number of Panorpa species is raised to four in Yunnan Province, and to 113 throughout China.
Biodiversity, Hengduan Mountains, Mount Daxueshan, scorpionfly, taxonomy
Panorpidae are the largest family in Mecoptera, and currently consist of approximately 400 species in six genera worldwide (
Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 is the most speciose genus in Panorpidae, consisting of approximately 252 species worldwide and 111 species in China to date (
Yunnan is a province in southwestern China and well-known for its richness in biodiversity (
Specimens examined in this study were captured with collecting nets and temporarily preserved in 75% ethanol. After observation and initial measurements, some type materials were pinned as permanent preservation and deposited in the Entomological
Measurements of the right wings of 20 males and 20 females of the two new species were made with a vernier calliper, calculated with Microsoft Excel 2010 and are presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation). Some genitalia were macerated in 10% NaOH solution for 3 minutes and then rinsed with tap water. Photographs were taken with a Nikon D7000 digital camera, and further treated with Adobe Photoshop CS4. Dissections and observations were made under a Nikon SMZ 1500 microscope. The abdominal segments are described as abbreviates, e.g., A1 is the first segment.
Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan Province: ♂, Mt. Daxueshan [大雪山] (24°11.27'N, 99°37.35'E), 2000 m, Yongde County [永德县], 21 Aug. 2015, leg. Ji-Shen Wang. Paratypes. 31♂♂48♀♀, same data as the holotype, 21–23 Aug. 2015.
The new species can be recognized by the following features: 1) dorsum of body with one broad pale longitudinal stripe mesally; 2) head yellowish brown with the ocellar triangle and the postvertex black; 3) wings hyaline with a greatly reduced pterostigmal band; 4) hypandrium greatly shortened, with hypovalves only reaching the basal third of the gonocoxites; and 5) parameres 3-shaped.
Head. Head mostly yellow. A black pattern on postvertex, transverse, shallowly notched on anterior margin, and laterally adjacent to compound eyes; another black pattern around ocellar triangle, almost pentagonal, with its anterior margin extending to the upper border of the light yellow antennal sockets. Antennal scape brown, pedicel dark brown, flagellum black with 38–42 segments. Rostrum unevenly yellowish brown with genae pale. Maxillary and labial palps yellowish with distal segments darkening toward the apex (Fig.
Thorax. Pronotum brown, with 6–10 stout setae along its anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum brown with a broad pale longitudinal stripe and a narrow brown mesal line (Fig.
Wings. Forewing length 10.40 ± 0.37 mm, width 2.40 ± 0.17 mm. Pterostigma light brown with dense microtrichia. Wing membrane hyaline, devoid of markings except the greatly reduced brown pterostigmal band, which forms an irregular spot at vein R1 and extending to vein M1 as a series of discontinuous spots. Vein 1A ending at the hind margin beyond the level of the origin of Rs. Hindwing length 9.47 ± 0.36 mm, width 2.28 ± 0.11 mm, similar to forewings, but with the pterostigmal band more degenerated (Fig.
Abdomen. Terga I–V brown, with a pale longitudinal mesal stripe connected with the thoracic stripe anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly. Notal organ on the posterior margin of tergum III slightly developed and covering the acute dorsal process of tergum IV (Fig.
Male genitalia. Genital bulb yellowish orange, oval, slightly flat in lateral view (Fig.
Male genitalia of Panorpa reflexa sp. n. A–C Genital bulb in ventral, lateral, and dorsal views D–F aedeagal complex in ventral, lateral, and dorsal views, arrows pointing to the teeth along the joint edges of dorsal and ventral aedeagal valves G gonostylus, dorsal view. ae aedeagus; ce cercus; dv dorsal valve; ep epandrium; gcx gonocoxite; gs gonostylus; hv hypovalve; mt median tooth; pm paramere; sbp subbasal process; stp stalk of paramere; vv ventral valve. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Similar to males in general appearance. The ocellar pattern more rounded than that of males; wings with pterostigmal band more developed (Fig.
Female genitalia. A9 nearly twice the length of A8. Subgenital plate accompanied with two lateral plates, which slightly beyond half the length of the main part; main part with basal half trapezoid, distal half vase-shaped and bearing long thick setae marginally (Fig.
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin reflex- (turned back, reflected), referring to the anterior arms of the paramere in male genitalia being reflected, and not directed caudad as usual.
China (Yunnan Province).
Panorpa reflexa sp. n. is similar to P. decolorata Chou & Wang, 1981 from Shaanxi Province, P. filina Chou & Wang, 1987 from Hunan Province, P. waongkehzengi Navás, 1935 from Jiangxi Province, China in abdominal morphology, but differs from the latter three species by the males of P. reflexa with the paramere 3-shaped and its anterior arm directed cephalad (cf. parameres are directed caudad, whether branched or not).
Panorpa reflexa resembles P. guttata Navás, 1908 from Sichuan Province, China in the greatly reduced pterostigmal band in wings, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the black ocellar triangle and postvertex (cf. vertex is uniformly colored).
Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan Province: ♂, Mt. Daxueshan [大雪山] (24°11.27'N, 99°37.35'E), 2000 m, Yongde County [永德县], 21 Aug. 2015, leg. Ji-Shen Wang. Paratypes. 22♂♂32♀♀, same data as the holotype, 21–23 Aug. 2015.
This new species resembles P. reflexa sp. n. in appearance, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by the following characters: 1) head yellowish brown, with ocellar triangle black (cf. head yellow with two black patterns, one on dorsum and the other one around ocellar triangle); 2) forewing with a faint apical band (cf. apical band absent); 3) hypandrium with elongated basal stalk (cf. basal stalk extremely shortened); 4) parameres in male genitalia simple and protruding caudad, almost parallel (cf. 3-shaped).
Head. Head muddy yellow with ocellar triangle black. Antennal socket light yellow, scape yellowish brown, pedicel dark brown, flagellum black and with 39–42 segments. Rostrum unevenly muddy yellow with genae pale, subgenae brown. Maxillary and labial palps yellowish brown with distal segments darkening toward the apex (Fig.
Thorax. Pronotum brown, bearing 4–6 stout setae along its anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum light brown with a broad yellowish longitudinal stripe and a faint brown mesal line (Fig.
Wings. Forewing length 10.81 ± 0.51 mm, width 2.37 ± 0.10 mm, membrane hyaline, pterostigma reddish brown with dense microtrichia. Pterostigmal band brown, reduced to an irregular spot with acute hind apex, extending to vein R2+3, even to M1 in some individuals. Apical band faint, degenerated as two irregular stripes, very faint in a few individuals. Vein 1A ending almost at the level of the origin of Rs. Hindwing length 9.98 ± 0.40 mm, width 2.19 ± 0.08 mm, similar to forewings but pterostigmal band and apical band more degenerated (Fig.
Abdomen. Terga I–V sordidly brown, with a yellowish longitudinal mesal stripe, which is weakened and forms several continuous or discontinuous triangular spots at each tergum; pleura pale, sterna light brown. Notal organ on the posterior margin of tergum III slightly developed, covering the acute dorsal process of tergum IV (Fig.
Male genitalia. Genital bulb yellowish orange, oval (Fig.
Male genitalia of Panorpa parallela sp. n. A–C Genital bulb in ventral, lateral, and dorsal views D–F aedeagal complex in ventral, lateral, and dorsal views, black and white arrows show the inner teeth and dorsal process of paramere, respectively G gonostylus, ventral view. ae aedeagus; bst basal stalk of hypandrium; ce cercus; dv dorsal valve; ep epandrium; gcx gonocoxite; gs gonostylus; hv hypovalve; mt median tooth; pm, paramere; sbp subbasal process; vv ventral valve. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Similar to males in coloration and patterns (Fig.
Female genitalia. A9 slightly shorter than A8. Subgenital plate long elliptic (Fig.
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin parallel- (parallel), referring to the parallel parameres in male genitalia.
China (Yunnan Province).
Panorpa parallela sp. n. is similar to P. rufostigma Westwood, 1842 from Europe in the reddish pterostigma, but can be recognized by its greatly reduced wing markings (cf. wing markings well-developed).
Panorpa parallela resembles P. chengi Chou, 1981 from Shaanxi Province, China in body coloration, especially the pale-brown thoracic terga, but can be differentiated from the latter by the reddish pterostigma and the wing pattern (cf. pterostigma indistinct, wings devoid of markings).
The two new species, P. reflexa and P. parallela, resemble each other in general appearance at first glance. In living animals, the wings are held in close contact along the mid-line over the abdomen, and in the same plane at repose (Fig.
In the type locality, Mount Daxueshan, these two species share the same habitat among several mountain valleys with streams around an elevation of 2000 m. Suitable microhabitats lie mostly in a slope surrounded by evergreen broad-leaved forests and with dense herbaceous groundcover (Fig.
We thank Sheng Dong, Yong Zhao, Ou Yang and Wen-Ping Yang of the Daxueshan National Nature Reserve for their assistance in our field surveys. Special thanks go to Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow for linguistic support, and two anonymous referees for valuable comments and suggestions in the revision of the manuscript. This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31172125).