Holotype ♀, Kenya, Scandent climber, Rift Valley Prov. Matthews Range, 1.1777°N, 37.3141°E, 1342m, 16 Jan 2004, ex. Helinus integrifolius fruits, A&M coll. N°2692, R. Copeland leg. (NMKE).

Paratypes. 2♀♀, same collection data as holotype (ARC, 1 destroyed); 2♂♂, same collection data as holotype (NMKE, ICIPE).

Holotype ♀. A small species with body length 3.2 mm (without ovipositor); length of ovipositor sheaths 0.8 mm. Body colour nearly entirely orange-yellow (Figures 15, 16). Head orange with a black ring around each ocellus. Pilosity on lower face pale, but black hairs on malar space, gena, and on dorsum of head, with a row of long hairs on vertex behind ocelli. Antenna entirely yellow. Pronotum orange; remainder of thorax orange except a bisinuate black band along pronotum suture at the anterior part of mid-lobe of mesoscutum (Figure 16), and two small black spots at wing insertions. Pilosity black on thorax dorsum; sparse long hairs on pronotum and mid-lobe of mesoscutum along notauli; scutellum with 3 pairs of black hairs on the sides. Legs entirely pale yellow. Forewing stigma brown without infuscation; basal cell well defined, with disc including 8 long setae, closed by a basal setal line with 8 long hairs and a costal setal line with 6 long hairs; coastal cell with several rows of small setae (Figure 21). Propodeum orange with a narrow, curved black stripe on the center of its anterior part; propodeum hairs black. Gaster entirely orange, with black hairs on sutures. Ovipositor sheaths black, very short, only 0.6 × as long as gaster, 0.2 × as long as body (Figure 16).

Head transverse (Figure 18), width: height ratio: 1.3 in dorsal view; POL: OOL: 0.8; torulus 1.2 × as long as wide; inter-antennal area as broad as torulus width; scrobe elongate, ca. 2.3 × as long as wide; Scape 1.2 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus and F1 (Figure 19); scape 0.8 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; anellus subquadrate; F1 1.2 × as long as pedicel, 1.9 × as long as wide; F2 1.8 × as long as wide; following funicular segments progressively tending to subquadrate from F4 on, with F7 1.3 × as long as wide. Pronotum, mid- and lateral lobes of mesoscutum, with coarse transverse carinae (Figure 20); axilla with longitudinal striae; mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.1 × as long as scutellum. Scutellum 1.3 × as long as wide, with irregular transverse striae; frenum 0.3 × as long as scutellum length, mostly smooth with a few longitudinal carinae on sides. Forewing stigma oval, about 1.5 × as long as wide (Figure 21); upper part of stigmal vein elongate, 0.4 × as long as stigma length; uncus 0.6 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.8 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with coarse longitudinal carinae, and a median carina interrupted in the middle (Figure 20).

Male. Body colour similar to that of female (Figures 22, 23), orange-yellow with a few black markings: a ring around each ocellus, a transverse fuzzy band on the center of the anterior part of propodeum, a large spot on T3 at gaster insertion, a comma- like spot on the lateral sides of T4, and a smaller, rounded, brownish spot on the lateral sides of the three following tergites. Pilosity as in female. Forewing stigma brown without infuscation (Figure 28); basal cell well defined, the disc with 11 long setae, closed by a basal setal line with 7 long setae and a costal setal line with 6 long setae; coastal cell with several rows of small setae.

Head rectangular (Figure 25), width: height ratio: 1.5 in dorsal view; POL: OOL 0.9; torulus 1.2 × as long as wide; inter-antennal area 0.9 × as wide as torulus width; scrobe 2.5 × as long as wide. Scape 1.1 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus and F1 (Figure 26); scape 0.8 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; F1 1.3 × as long as pedicel, 2.1 × as long as wide; F2 2.0 × as long as wide; following funicular segments also elongate, with F7 1.5 × as long as wide. Pronotum, mid- and lateral lobes of mesoscutum, with coarse transverse carinae (Figure 27); axilla with longitudinal striae; mid-lobe of mesoscutum short, 0.9 × as long as scutellum. Scutellum 1.2 × as long as wide, with irregular, transverse striae; frenum 0.3 × as long as scutellum length, mostly smooth with a few longitudinal carinae on sides; Forewing stigma more rounded than in female, about 1.4 × as long as wide (Figure 28); upper part of stigmal vein elongate, 0.5 × as long as stigma length; uncus 0.7 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.8 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with coarse longitudinal carinae, and short median carina in its upper part (Figure 27). Gaster conspicuously petiolate (Figure 23). Genitalia with rather small aedeagus, its part above digitus only 1.2× as long as digitus length; digitus with only 2 teeth (Figure 29).

Variation. The transverse brown band at the anterior part of mid-lobe of mesoscutum is less marked in female paratypes. In males, the lateral black-brown spots could be absent on T5–T7.

Helinus integrifolius (Rhamnaceae). Probably a seed feeder, based on its place in the molecular phylogeny of Megastigmus spp. (Figure 14). Nevertheless we only sequenced one specimen and it would be necessary to analyze other samples in order to clarify the phylogenetic position, which appeared to vary depending on the marker.

Known only from the Matthews Range, Kenya where it was observed to emerge from 9.8 % of the collected fruits (Table 3).

Named after its host plant.

This is the only species of Megastigmus found to date to emerge from fruits of the Rhamnaceae. Females are easily distinguished from those of other species present in the region by the very small ovipositor associated with an orange body colour. Genitalic characters differentiate males M. helinae by the presence of only two teeth on the digitus whereas the other species bear three teeth except M. icipeensis but the phallobase of the latter species is less elongate (Figure 74).

Holotype ♀, Kenya, Coast Province, Sagalla Mountain, 3.47864°S, 38.57463°E, 1090m, 22 Sep 2014, ex. Lannea cf. schimperi fruits, CHIESA coll. N°343, R. Copeland leg. (NMKE).

Paratypes 2♀♀, same collection data as holotype (1♀ ICIPE; 1♀ARC).

Holotype ♀. Medium-sized species, body length (without ovipositor) 4.6 mm; length of ovipositor sheaths 0.8 mm. Body colour orange-yellow and brown (Figures 30, 31, 32). Head with face yellow except a blackish infuscation extending from base of eye along malar line, a large brown spot covering most of head dorsum and extending to the top of the scrobe on the face and to the temple on the back; parascrobal area and gena yellow. Pilosity on lower face pale; upper face and dorsum of head with conspicuous black hairs (Figure 33). Antenna brownish except scape entirely yellow and pedicel yellow underneath. Pronotum yellow with a brown, irregular median band extending from anterior to posterior suture (Figure 32); mid-lobe of mesoscutum yellow with a large triangular brownish band in the middle, narrowing from anterior to posterior suture; lateral lobe of mesoscutum with a large orange rectangular spot at apex; axilla with a large longitudinal orange band on its lateral half (Figure 32). Scutellum with a large brownish band, covering about half of the surface until frenum; frenal area quite completely brownish, with a narrow yellow band on borders; pleura and ventrum yellow except a large dark orange spot along mesopleural line. Pilosity on thorax entirely black; 3 pairs of black hairs on scutellum. Legs entirely pale yellow except claws brown.

Forewing stigma brown without infuscation; basal cell indistinct, lacking setae, no setae on basal setal line and costal setal line (Figure 35). Propodeum with a large, oval longitudinal black band in its middle (Figure 30, 32); callus and metapleuron yellow with the suture dark orange. Propodeum hairs entirely pale; Gaster brown, T3 orange with a black spot at insertion, following tergites with a dark brown band covering the middle part (Figure 30), lateral parts orange with a whitish rectangular spot on the side. Pilosity on gaster black. Ovipositor sheaths black, very short, only 0.4 × as long as gaster, 0.2 × as long as body (Figure 31).

Head transverse (Figure 33), width: height ratio: 1.5; POL: OOL: 1.4. Scape 1.2 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus and F1 (Figure 34); scape 0.9 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; anellus subquadrate; F1 1.1 × as long as pedicel, 1.5 × as long as wide; F2 1.5 × as long as wide; following funicular segments longer than wide, F7 1.3 × longer than wide. Pronotum, mid- and lateral lobes of mesoscutum with transverse carinae; axilla striated. Mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.1 × as long as scutellum. Scutellum 1.3 × as long as wide, with irregular transverse striae; frenum 0.4 × as long as scutellum length; completely covered with irregular, concentric wrinkles. Forewing stigma oval elongate, 1.6 × as long as wide (Figure 35); upper part of stigmal vein relatively elongate, 0.4 × as long as stigma length; uncus short, 0.4× as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.9× as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with coarse longitudinal carinae, and conspicuous spiracles.

Variation: Body length from 4.5–4.9 mm, ovipositor sheaths from 0.8–0.9 mm. No variation was observed in colour or pilosity.

No males reared.

Lannea cf. schimperi (Anacardiaceae). Like other species also reared from Anacardiaceae fruits, e.g., M. pistaciae and M. transvaalensis, it is probably a seed chalcid.

Known only from Sagalla Mountain, Taita Hills, Kenya. Specimens emerged from only 0.4% of sampled fruits (Table 3).

Named in honour of Robert J. Smith, noted musicologist and exceptional left fielder.

Its comparatively very short ovipositor, nearly 2 × smaller than gaster length, allows to separate easily this species from the other ones developing in Anacardiacae fruits and showing resembling body colour patterns but a comparatively much longer ovipositor, quite as long as gaster length (M. ozoroae) or longer (M. lanneae; M. hypogeus).

Holotype ♀: Kenya, Coast Province, Taita hills, Mwatate area, 3.48940°S, 38.33298°E, 1050m, 4 Feb 2012, ex. Grewia tephrodermis seeds, CHIESA coll. N°98, R. Copeland leg. (NMKE)

Paratypes: 2 ♀♀, same collection data as holotype (1 ♀ RSC; 1 ♀ ARC)

Holotype ♀. Small species with body length (without ovipositor) 2.6 mm; length of ovipositor sheaths 1.1 mm. Body colour entirely orange to dark orange except a few black patterns including contours of each ocellus, a spot at wing insertions, contour of propodeal spiracle, rounded spots on the lateral parts of T3, a lunule on the middle of T4, and 2 elongated blackspots on the lateral sides of T5 (Figures 36, 37). Head and gaster dark orange contrasting with the paler orange of the thorax (Figure 37). Pilosity on head entirely pale (Figure 39). Antenna brownish. Thoracic dorsum with long black hairs but lateral parts with pale hairs; scutellum with 3 lateral pairs of long black hairs (Figure 38). Propodeum with pale hairs, coxa and legs with pale hairs. Forewing stigma black without infuscation; basal cell with two small setae, closed by a basal setal line with five long setae and a costal setal line with seven long setae (Figure 41). Ovipositor sheaths black, 0.9 × as long as gaster, 0.4 × as long as body (Figure 37).

Head rounded, width: height ratio: 1.3×; POL: OOL 1.0; inter-antennal area as broad as torulus width; scrobe short, ca. 2.6 × as long as wide. Scape 1.2 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, and F1 (Figure 40); scape 0.8 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; anellus subquadrate; F1 1.1 × as long as pedicel, 1.6 × as long as wide; F2 1.9 × as long as wide; following funicular segments becoming increasingly elongate, with F7 2.0 × as long as wide. Pronotum, mid- and lateral lobes of mesoscutum, and axilla with very coarse transverse carinae; mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.1 × as long as scutellum. Scutellum 1.2 × as long as wide, with irregular transverse striae; frenum 0.4 × as long as scutellum length, densely wrinkled. Stigma elongate, oval-oblique, about 1.4 × as long as wide (Figure 41); upper part of stigmal vein short, 0.3 × as long as stigma length; uncus 0.9 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.9 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with cross- striae tending to reticulate in the anterior part but without median carina.

Variation. Females range in length from 2.6–2.7 mm. In one paratype, gaster is dark brown. Wing chaetotaxy is variable with basal setal line with 5–6 long setae and costal setal line with 3–6 setae.

No males reared.

Grewia tephrodermis (Malvaceae).

Known only from the Mwatate area, Taita Hills, Kenya. Megastigmus copelandi emerged from 0.7% of collected fruits (Table 3). Probably a seed feeder.

Named after Dr. Robert Copeland, who collected the specimen.

The combination of an almost entirely orange body, pale pilosity on the head, and an ovipositor a bit shorter than gaster length readily distinguishes this species from other Afrotropical Megastigmus, and from M. grewianae, in particular, which also attacks Grewia fruits. The latter species is much larger (4.1 mm vs. 2.6–2.7) and has an ovipositor ca. 1.8 × longer than gaster length (Figure 82) vs. 0.9 × in M. copelandi.

Holotype. ♀, Kenya, Nyanza Province, Sindo-Mbita Road, 0.4849°S, 34.1765°E, 1205m, 11 Dec 2004, A&M coll. N°3064, ex. Ozoroa insignis ssp reticulata, R. Copeland leg. (NMKE)

Paratypes. 8 ♀♀, same collection data as holotype; 6♂♂, same collection data as holotype, except 19 Dec 2004, A&M coll. N°3077 (2♀♀, 1♂, NMKE; 2♀♀, 1♂ RSC; 2♀♀, 1♂ ARC, 1♀, 1♂ ICIPE, 1♀, 1♂ SAMC)

23♀♀, 11♂♂ same collection data as holotype, except 19 Dec 2004, A&M coll. N°3077 (11♀♀, 5♂♂ RSC; 12♀♀, 6♂♂ ARC)

Holotype ♀. Large species, body length (without ovipositor) 4.8 mm; length of ovipositor sheaths 1.5 mm. Body colour yellow and black (Figures 42–44). Head pale yellow except a conspicuous black ring around occipital carina extending on vertex in a distinct median band reaching the inter-antennal area, malar sulcus blackish, and a black dot on each side of clypeus (Figure 45). Pilosity pale on lower face; upper face with a row of long black hairs along parascrobal area and on dorsum of head (Figure 45). Antenna brown with scape and pedicel yellow beneath. Pronotum pale yellow- grey with a large, nearly rectangular, longitudinal black spot in the middle, its colour turning to brownish at the posterior end (Figure 44). Remainder of thorax mostly pale yellow with conspicuous darker patterns: a large brownish spot covering most of the mid-lobe of mesoscutum (except the lateral parts) including a large black triangle at the anterior suture extending in a median, distinct black line to the posterior suture, a large triangular brownish spot covering most of the scutellum, a rectangular orange spot on the upper part of the lateral lobe of mesoscutum followed by a grey spot of same size, a large orange spot on the axilla, all sutures brownish- black along prepectus and lateral panel of pronotum, mid-lobe of mesoscutum, lateral lobe of mesoscutum and scutellum, and a brownish oval spot including a small triangular black spot in the middle of the mesepimeron. Metanotum yellow with a black transverse line interrupted in the middle. Pilosity on thorax dark, with 5 pairs of conspicuous setae on the lateral yellow sides of the posterior part of mid-lobe of mesoscutum, 4 pairs on lateral sides of scutellum, and 1 pair of large setae at the anterior corner of axilla.

Legs pale yellow except claws brownish; coxae with numerous pale hairs extending from small black dots, especially on hind coxa; femora with small black hairs; tibiae with 3 rows of long black hairs. Forewing stigma brown without infuscation; basal cell only partly closed, the disc with 5 very small setae; basal line with 2 setae; no setae on costal line; 4 setae in coastal cell (Figure 47). Propodeum pale yellow with black markings including a large central band extending in a lateral line along the suture with metanotum (Figure 44), a longitudinal spot along suture between callus and propodeum, and the sutures of metapleuron and callus. Pilosity pale on propodeum. Gaster brown- black with yellowish sides; T3 black on dorsum; the 4 following tergites with large transverse black bands progressively narrowing and becoming brownish on sides; a row of long black hairs along lateral parts of all tergite sutures; sterna pale yellow; Ovipositor sheaths black, short, only 0.8 × as long as gaster, 0.3 × as long as body (Figure 43).

Head about 1.1 × as wide as long in front view (Figure 45). POL: OOL: 1.5; inter-antennal area as broad as torulus width; scrobe elongate, ca. 3 × as long as wide. Scape 1.2 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, and F1 (Figure 46); scape 0.8 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; F1 1.3 × as long as pedicel, 1.7 × as long as wide; F2 1.6 × as long as wide; following funicular segments tending to subquadrate from F3, with F7 as long as wide. Pronotum with coarse transverse carinae; mid-lobe of mesoscutum and axilla with finer cross-striae; mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.3 × as long as scutellum; scutellum 1.1× as long as wide, noticeably covered with longitudinal, irregular wrinkles; frenum quite indistinct from scutellum, roughly 0.4 × as long as scutellum length, completely covered with irregular wrinkles. Forewing stigma oval- oblique, about 1.6 × as long as wide (Figure 47); upper part of stigmal vein elongate, 0.4 × as long as stigma length; uncus short, 0.4 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.8 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with a short median carina in its anterior part and cross- striae on its upper part, the lower part smooth and shining.

Variation. Females range in length from 3.5 to 4.8 mm. Five of the examined specimens out of 14 have lateral lobes of mesoscutum and scutellum pale yellow. The black spots on pronotum and mid-lobe of mesoscutum as well as the other black markings are absent in one specimen, except at base of eye, on the suture of the lateral lobe of mesoscutum and on the central part of propodeum. The general colour of this specimen is orange, with the gaster brownish and not blackish in its middle part, the brownish colour beginning only at T5. Another specimen has the central part of propodeum completely shining black. The relative length of the ovipositor sheaths varies between 0.7 to 0.8 × the gaster length, and 0.3–0.4 × the body length.

Males. They are highly variable in colour, and two extreme forms can be distinguished with intermediates.

Pale form. Body length from 4.3 to 5.7 mm. Body colour pale yellow and black (Figures 48–50). Head with a large black spot extending from lower face to frons and vertex, and laterally to the lower part of eye which is entirely surrounded by a black line, and malar space (Figure 51); yellow only on gena, temples, base of clypeus and lower part of malar space and parascrobal area; ocellar area black, with anterior ocellus covered with black but not the lateral part of posterior ocelli; black extending in a conspicuous black ring around occiput. Pilosity on face pale, but conspicuous black hairs on parascrobal area, temple, gena and dorsum of head (Figure 51). Antenna yellow. Pronotum yellow with a longitudinal black band in the center, narrowing towards mid-lobe of mesoscutum. Remainder of thorax yellow, except mid-lobe of mesoscutum with a large triangular black-brown spot covering the anterior part, prolongated in its center by an irregular longitudinal black line, narrowing in the middle, and expanding to the posterior part of mid-lobe of mesoscutum (Figure 50). Anterior of scutellum with a brownish; a conspicuous square-shaped grey spot in the posterior part of lateral lobe of mesoscutum; axilla yellow; lateral panel of pronotum black; prepectus mostly black with a few yellow infuscations near the suture of lower mesepisternum and prothoracic spiracle; upper and lower mesepisternum mostly black except in the center a yellow band extending to median coxa; lateral part of upper and lower mesepimeron yellow; all sutures black along mid-lobe of mesoscutum, lateral lobe of mesoscutum, and scutellum. Thoracic ventrum mostly black. Pilosity on thorax consisting of long black hairs, including 5 pairs on the postero- lateral parts of mid-lobe of mesoscutum, 1 pair on axilla, and 3 pairs on scutellum.

Legs yellow expect anterior part of coxae with large black spots (extending to the posterior part in fore coxa), and small brownish spots at femur insertion, 3 rows of large hairs on tibia. Forewing stigma brown without infuscation (Figure 54); basal cell partly closed, with 8 setae on disc; basal setal line with 2 long setae, but costal setal line quite indistinct with 3 small setae; coastal cell with more than 20 long setae in several rows in the apical 1/2 to 2/3 . Propodeum yellow- grey with a black band along the anterior suture black and a large oval black spot medially (Figure 50); callus and metapleuron yellow but the sutures black. Propodeum hairs pale. Gaster colour mostly black-brown; T3 petiolate and black; T4 with anterior part brown, followed by a large yellow band; T5 with the anterior part brown, followed by a small yellow band; T6 with a large black spot in form of shield; T7 brown; T8- T9 yellow with a brown lateral band. Long black hairs on tergite sutures. Genitalia with elongate aedeagus, its part above digitus about 1.8 × as long as digitus length; digitus compressed, about 2.2 × longer than its maximum width, with 3 teeth (Figure 53).

Head about 1.2 × as wide as long in front view. POL: OOL: 2.0; inter-antennal area as broad as torulus width; scrobe short, ca. 1.5 × as long as wide. Scape 1.3 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, and F1 (Figure 52); scape 0.9 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; F1 1.5 × as long as pedicel, 1.7 × as long as wide; F2 1.6 × as long as wide; following funicular segments elongate, only tending to subquadrate from F7. Pronotum with coarse transverse carinae, mid-lobe of mesoscutum and axilla with transverse striae finer than on pronotum. Mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.3 × as long as scutellum length; Scutellum 1.2 × as long as wide, noticeably covered with longitudinal, irregular wrinkles; frenum nearly indistinct from scutellum, roughly 0.4 × as long as scutellum length, completely covered with irregular, arching, concentric wrinkles. Forewing stigma oval- oblique, about 1.4 × as long as wide (Figure 54); upper part of stigmal vein very short, only 0.3 × as long as stigma length; uncus short, 0.6 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.9 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with strong, irregular striae medially

Dark form. Larger than pale form, with body length 5.0 to 6.5 mm. Body colour mostly black (Figures 55–57) with a conspicuous, large triangular infuscation around the forewing stigma (Figure 61). Head entirely black except a triangular dark grey spot along parascrobal area (Figure 58). Thorax black except a triangular grey spot on sides of pronotum posteriorly, a narrow yellowish line on the sides of mid-lobe of mesoscutum and on lateral sutures of lateral lobes of mesoscutum, axillae yellowish (Figure 57). Antero-lateral part of scutellum yellowish but frenum black. Metanotum with a transverse yellow line. Propodeum entirely black. Legs mostly black (Figure 56); coxae black except the posterior part yellowish; mid- and hind femora black except the basal and apical part brownish; fore femur with the apical part yellow; tibiae and tarsi yellow. Forewing with basal cell closed, disc with 10 strong setae; basal setal line with 2 long setae, costal setal line with 8 small setae; coastal cell with more than 100 small setae in several rows in the apical 1/2 to 2/3 (Figure 61). Thoracic sculpture, pilosity and genitalia (Figure 60) same as in pale forms.

Intermediates. In some specimens, black patterns on thorax are limited to a sharp median line on pronotum and mid-lobe of mesoscutum, and to the sutures of lateral panel of pronotum, prepectus, and tegula. These specimens also show a grey spot on lateral lobes of mesoscutum and a brownish median line on scutellum. Gaster is mostly black with a few yellow patterns as follows: an annelation at the base of T3, the sides of T4, a small lateral spot on T5 and the last two segments. Forewing stigma not infuscated in these individuals. In some others, the lateral parts of thorax are black (panel of pronotum, prepectus, mesepisternum, and upper mesepimeron) except lower mesepimeron and metapleuron and callus yellow (with black spots on callus), and scutellum is black at the base with the remainder dark brown. In these individuals, the forewing stigma is infuscated. Pilosity may include 5–6 pairs of setae on mid-lobe of mesoscutum and 3–4 pairs on scutellum.

Ozoroa insignis (Anacardiaceae). Its position in the molecular phylogeny is close to those Megastigmus species known to be seed feeders in Anacardiaceae, strongly suggesting it is also a seed feeder. Although the presence of numts was noticed in the analyzed specimen of M. ozoroae it belonged whatever the marker (short mitochondrial or nuclear fragment) to the “Anacardiaceae clade” confirming the existence of a strong monophyletic clade, the most divergent from the others (Figure 14).

Known only from western Kenya, near Lake Victoria. In one collection, 8.1% of fruits were infested (Table 3).

Named after the genus of the host plant.

Females are easily distinguished from those of other species observed to emerge from fruits of Anacardiaceae by the relatively small ovipositor, nearly as long as gaster length whereas it is at least 1.2 × the gaster length in M. hypogeus (Figure 117), M. lanneae (Figure 97), M. laventhali (Figure 76), M. pistaciae (Figure 137), M. thomseni (see Hussey 1956a) and M. transvaalensis (Figure 151). In contrast, the ovipositor of M. smithi is significantly shorter (0.4 × the gaster length; Figure 31). Genitalic characters differentiate male M. ozoroae from those of males described for other species that feed in Anacardiaceae; the aedeagus part above digitus being significantly longer in M. ozoroae (1.8 × as long as digitus length) than in M. hypogeus (1.2–1.3×; Figures 127, 134), M. pistaciae (0.8×; Figure 148) and M. transvaalensis (0.5×; Figure 162). The aedaegus dimension compared to digitus is similar in M. lanneae but the phallobase is more elongate in the latter species (Figures 107, 115), being 2.8× longer than wide vs. 2.6× in M. ozoroae.

Holotype ♀, Kenya, Nairobi Province, ICIPE Campus, Kasarani, 1.2232°S,36.8965°E, 1600m elevation, Malaise trap, meadow in degraded shrub-/grassland, 24 Feb to 3 Mar 2014, R. Copeland leg. (NMKE)

Paratypes 4♀♀, the same as holotype (1♀ NMKE; 1♀ RSC; 1♀ ARC; 1♀ ICIPE).

3♂♂, collected together with the four females (2♂♂ RSC; 1♂ ARC).

Holotype ♀. Very small species with body length (without ovipositor) 1.2 mm; length of ovipositor sheaths 0.9mm. Body colour nearly entirely orange-yellow (Figures 62–64). Head colour orange, except mouthparts brown (Figure 65). Pilosity on lower face pale; dorsum of head with conspicuous black hairs: a row along the internal side of each eye from parascrobal area to temple, a row along the occiput, and three isolated hairs around each of the lateral ocelli; two interocellar bristles. Antenna dark- brown except scape and pedicel yellow underneath (Figure 66). Thorax entirely orange except a small black spot on axilla at wing insertions and on lateral panel of metanotum (Figure 64). Pilosity on thorax mostly pale; sparse long hairs on pronotum, especially along the suture with mid-lobe of mesoscutum; 3 pairs of pale hairs on the lateral side of mid-lobe of mesoscutum, very close to suture with the lateral lobe; 2 pairs of pale hairs on scutellum. Legs entirely pale yellow except claws brown; Forewing stigma brown without infuscation; basal cell without setae, closed by a basal setal line with 5 setae and a costal setal line with 3 setae (Figure 67). Propodeum orange with a transverse black stripe along the suture with metanotum (Figure 64). Propodeum hairs pale; Gaster orange, with four large transverse orange-brown bands along the anterior sutures of the tergites 4–8; pilosity on gaster black. Ovipositor sheaths black, 1.6 × longer than gaster, 0.7× as long as body (Figure 63).

Head about 1.2 × as wide as long in front view (Figure 65). POL large, POL: OOL: 2.7. Scape 1.1 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, and F1 (Figure 66); scape 0.9 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; pedicel elongate, 1.5× longer than F1; F2 subquadrate, small, 0.8 × as long as F1; following funicular segments subquadrate from F2. Pronotum, mid-lobe of mesoscutum, axilla and scutellum with fine transverse striae. Mid-lobe of mesoscutum conspicuously short, only 0.9 × as long as scutellum length; scutellum 1.1 × as long as wide; frenum roughly 0.4 × as long as scutellum length, with the same sculpture as the remainder of scutellum. Propodeum with a zig-zag median carina. Forewing stigma oval, without infuscation, about 1.4 × as long as wide (Figure 67); upper part of stigmal vein short, 0.2 × as long as stigma length; uncus as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.8 × as long as postmarginal vein.

Variation. Body ranges 1.2–1.3 mm with ovipositor up to 1.2 mm. Ovipositor length varies from 0.7 to 0.9 × the body length, and from 1.6 to 2.0 × the gaster length. No variation in colour and pilosity.

Male. In the absence of molecular analyses, the males caught in Malaise traps along with the four female M. icipeensis could not be attributed with certainty to this species but noticeable convergences in morphology make it probable. Body length 1mm. Same body colour as in female of M. icipeensis (Figures 68–70) except a paler yellow pronotum and some additional black patterns on head and thorax: an irregular spot surrounding the three ocelli, an annelation at insertion of pronotum, a darkening of the lateral sutures of mid-lobe of mesoscutum, a narrow transverse band on lateral panel of metanotum, and a transverse band covering the base of propodeum and extending in its middle into a large longitudinal spot in shape of inverted Y (Figures 62, 64). Gaster petiolate, mostly brown- black on dorsum: T3 black, T4 brown black with a large transverse yellow band distally, T5 similar but the yellow band narrower, T6 brown-black, T7 yellow.

Legs yellow with the two last tarsal segments and claws black. Pilosity pale on head and thorax, showing the same setal pattern as in female M. icipeensis, including the interocellar brisles and 2 pairs of pale hairs on scutellum (Figure 70). Forewing stigma without infuscation (Figure 73); basal cell closed, but without setae on disc; basal setal line with 6 setae, costal setal line with 3 long setae; costal cell with only 3 small setae in the apical 1/2 to 2/3.

Head transverse, about 1.3 × as wide as long in front view (Figure 71) . OOL short, POL: OOL: 2.8. Scape 1.2 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, and F1 (Figure 72); scape as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; pedicel elongate, 1.8 × longer than F1; F2 subquadrate, small, 0.8 × as long as F1; following funicular segments also subquadrate. Pronotum, mid-lobe of mesoscutum, axilla and scutellum finely transversely striated. Mid-lobe of mesoscutum conspicuously short, only as long as scutellum length; scutellum 1.1 × as long as wide; frenum roughly 0.4 × as long as scutellum length, with the same sculpture as the rest of scutellum. Propodeum with an irregular median carina. Forewing stigma nearly rounded, only 1.3 × as long as wide (Figure 74); upper part of stigmal vein very short, only 0.2 × as long as stigma length; uncus 1.5 × longer than upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 1.1 × longer than postmarginal vein. Genital digitus with only 2 teeth (Figure 73).

Unknown. In the molecular study, M. icipeensis did not group with other taxa, but the phylogenetic position (Figure 14) and the genetic distances between this species and the other groups led to suggest that it could be a seed-feeder associated with another plant family than those identified in this paper.

Only known from the collection site in a degraded meadow near a small stream.

Named after the institution on whose grounds the species was collected, the campus of the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi.

The species can be easily distinguished from other tiny Megastigmus spp. known from the Afrotropical region by the pale bristles on the thoracic dorsum whereas they are mostly black in M. zebrinus (Grissell, 2006), and by its orange body whereas M. pretorianensis is mostly black with brown areas (Doǧanlar 2015). In contrast to most other species, the male genital digitus bears only two teeth such as in M. helinae but the phallobase of the latter species is more elongate (Figure 29).

Holotype ♀, Kenya, Coast Province, Base of Kasigau Mountain, 3.81301°S, 38.64050°E, 619m, 5 Mar 2012, ex. Lannea schweinfurthii fruits, CHIESA coll. N°141, R. Copeland leg. (NMKE);

Paratype 1♀ Kenya, Coast Province, Funzi island, 4.57776°S, 39.44127°E, near sea level, Malaise trap in mixed grass and woodland, 24 to 28 Jul 2012, R. Copeland leg. (ICIPE).

Holotype ♀. Medium-sized species with body length (without ovipositor) 4.0 mm; length of ovipositor sheaths 3.4 mm. Body colour predominantly orange (Figures 75–77). Head entirely orange (Figure 78); pilosity on lower face pale; upper face and dorsum of head with conspicuous black hairs. Antenna light brown except scape entirely orange (Figure 79). Thorax entirely light orange except a small black spot at wing insertion (Figure 77). Pilosity on thorax black; a row of 6 black hairs along each lateral suture of mid lobe of mesoscutum; 3 pairs of black hairs on scutellum (Figure 77). Legs entirely pale yellow except claws brown. Forewing stigma brown without infuscation; basal cell indistinct, with two small setae on disc; basal setal line with 1 seta; costal setal line without setae; costal cell without setae (Figure 80). Propodeum light orange with a darker longitudinal line medially (Figure 75); propodeal spiracle very conspicuous; propodeum hairs entirely pale. Gaster dark orange, darker than propodeum; pilosity on gaster black. Ovipositor sheaths black, long, 1.9 × as long as gaster, 0.8 × as long as body, 0.9 × as long as thorax plus gaster (Figure 76).

Head rounded, width: height ratio: 1.0 (Figure 78); POL:OOL: 1.1. Scape 1.1 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus and F1 (Figure 79); scape 0.8 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; anellus subquadrate; F1 1.1 × as long as pedicel, twice as long as wide; F2 1.1 × as long as 1^st funicular segment; following funicular segments longer than wide, with F7 1.4 × longer than wide. Pronotum, mid- and lateral lobes of mesoscutum with coarse transverse carinae; axilla with finer striae; mid-lobe of mesoscutum elongate, 1.3 × as long as scutellum; scutellum 1.2 × as long as wide, reticulate; frenum 0.4 × as long as scutellum length, reticulate. Forewing stigma oblique, nearly rectangular, 1.5 × as long as wide (Figure 80); upper part of stigmal vein 0.4 × as long as stigma length; uncus relatively elongate, 0.8 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.9 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with coarse longitudinal carinae and conspicuous spiracles.

Variation. In the paratype, the basal cell presents two long setae on disc, and the basal setal line has 1 seta.

No males reared.

Lannea schweinfurthii (Anacardiaceae). Probably a seed feeder but it could not be integrated in the molecular analysis because too few specimens were available.

Known from the base of Kasigau Mountain, a Taita Hills outlier. Only 1 of 168 fruits (0.6%) was infested (Table 3). Also collected in a Malaise trap sample from Funzi Island, just off the southeast coast of Kenya (Figure 2).

Named in honour of Leo Laventhal, historian, Yiddish scholar and union man.

Females can be separated easily from those of other species associated with fruits of Anacardiaceae by the combination of a predominantly orange body and a relatively long ovipositor, at least 1.8 × as long as the gaster. In most of the other species, body colour combines dark and yellow patterns (M. hypogeus, M. ozoroae, M. lanneae, M. smithi). For the remaining species that have a predominantly orange body colour, the ovipositor length is at most 1.4 × gaster length (M. pistaciae, M. thomseni and M. transvaalensis).

Holotype ♀, Kenya, Coast Province, Arabuko-Sokoke forest, 3.2997°S, 39.9869°E, 55 m, 17 Feb 2000, ex. Grewia stuhlmanii fruits, Coll. N° Kip-356, R Copeland leg. (NMKE)

Paratypes: Kenya, 1♀, 1♂, same collection data as holotype (RSC); 2♀♀, 1♂, same collection data as holotype (ARC); 1♀, 7♂♂, Eastern Province, Tsavo, 2.6760°S, 38.3325°E, 638 m, 20 Feb 2000, ex. fruits of Grewia tephrodermis, A&M Coll. N°514, R. Copeland leg. (1♀, 3♂♂ NMKE, 4♂♂ ICIPE); 1♀, Coast Province, Kasigau Mountain, 3.82700°S, 38.64875°E, 1065 m, Malaise trap in campsite clearance, 19 May to 2 Jun 2011, R. Copeland leg. (SAMC); 1♀, Eastern Province, Kasaala area, 2.07486°S, 38.22530°E, 741 m, Malaise trap, 28 Nov. to 4 Dec 2013, leg. J. Bukhebi & R. Copeland (ICIPE).

Kenya, 7♀♀, 1♂, same as holotype (ARC); 1♀, Eastern Province, Tsavo, 2.6760°S; 38.3325°E, 638 m, 20 Feb 2000, ex. fruits of Grewia tephrodermis, Coll. #514, R. Copeland leg. (ARC)

Holotype ♀. Body length (without ovipositor) 4.1mm; length of ovipositor sheaths 3.0 mm. Body colour orange with some darker patterns (Figures 81–83). Head colour orange with a very narrow occipital black line and outer part of ocelli black. Pilosity on face pale, dark on dorsum of head but hairs not strong (Figure 85). Antenna brownish except scape and pedicel yellowish (Figure 85). Pronotum orange with a conspicuous longitudinal black stripe running for 7/8 of the lateral part of the pronotum, interrupted just before the suture with mid-lobe of mesoscutum (Figures 82–83). Remainder of thorax orange except black spots on the posterior part of axilla at wing insertion. Pilosity on thorax black but hairs not strong; a few on pronotum; 5 pairs on latero-posterior part of mid-lobe of mesoscutum; 4 pairs on lateral lobe of mesoscutum along suture with mid-lobe of mesoscutum; 4 pairs on axilla. Scutellum orange with 5 pairs of lateral hairs with conspicuous insertion dots (Figures 83–84).

Legs entirely pale yellow except claws brown, coxae with conspicuous hair dots. Forewing stigma brown without infuscation; basal cell closed, with 13 setae on disc ; basal setal line with 6 long setae; costal setal line with 16 small setae, costal cell with 11 setae in 2 rows (Figure 87). Propodeum dark orange, with a small oblique brownish spot around the spiracle; not wrinkled transversally; propodeum hairs dark. Gaster orange with two lateral rows composed of 5 brown elongated spots, one on each of the first five segments, placed latero-medially, the third spot shaped like a comma, larger than the others, followed in size by the 4^th one. Ovipositor sheaths black, 1.8 × as long as gaster, 0.7 × as long as body (Figure 82).

Head rounded, width: height ratio: 1.1 × (Figure 85); POL: OOL: 1.3; torulus ca. 1.2 × as long as wide; inter-antennal area much smaller (0.6×) than torulus width; scrobe elongate, ca. 3.3× as long as wide. Scape elongate, 1.2 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus and F1 (Figure 86); scape 0.8 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; Pedicel elongate, 1.3× longer than F1; anellus subquadrate; F1 1.8 × as long as wide, shorter than the other segments, 0.8 × shorter than F2; F2 1.9 × as long as wide; following funicular segments same as F2, except F7 and F8 tending to subquadrate, with F7 1.4 × as long as wide. Pronotum with 8 very strong transverse carinae (Figure 84), mid- lobe of mesoscutum with 7 coarse transverse carinae extending onto lateral lobes; axillae with 3 weaker, longitudinal, carinae. Mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.2 × as long as scutellum length. Scutellum 1.2 × as long as wide, with transverse, irregular striae anteriorly; frenum smooth, 0.3 × as long as scutellum length. Stigma oval, about 1.2 × as long as wide (Figure 87); upper part of stigmal vein very short, 0.3 × as long as stigma length; uncus comparatively elongate, 1.2 × longer than upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.8 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum reticulate with 2 oblique carinae diverging from the center of the anterior suture (Figure 84).

Male. Body length 4.2 mm; Body colour, pilosity and black patterns similar to female (Figures 88–91) except gaster with 6 rows of brown spots laterally on dorsum; those on the first two segments elongate with the second longer, the 3 following more rounded, comma-like, and the last a simple spot (Figure 88). Forewing stigma brown without infuscation; basal cell closed, with 21 setae on disc; basal setal line with 7 setae; costal setal line with 21 setae; costal cell with 20 setae arranged in 3 rows (Figure 94). Thorax pilosity as in female.

Head subquadrate, width: height ratio: 1.1 × (Figure 91); POL: OOL 1.3; torulus ca. 1.2× as long as wide; inter-antennal area short, 0.6× as broad as torulus width; scrobe elongate, ca. 3.9× as long as wide; eyes protruding. Scape as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus and F1 (Figure 92); scape 0.7× as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; pedicel 1.2× longer than F1; anellus subquadrate; F1 2.1× as long as wide; F2 1.9× as long as wide; following funicular segments similar to F2, only F7 tending to suquadrate (1.2× as long as wide). Pronotum with coarse transverse carinae as in female but irregular; some carinae interrupted in their middle on mid-lobe of mesoscutum (Figure 93); axilla with curved longitudinal striae; mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.1× as long as scutellum length. Scutellum 1.2 × as long as wide, with transverse striae in the anterior part only, then smooth; frenum entirely smooth, 0.2 × as long as scutellum length (Figure 93). Forewing stigma subquadrate, 1.1 × as long as wide (Figure 94); upper part of stigmal vein short, 0.3 × as long as stigma length; uncus as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.8 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with several oblique, irregular carinae (Figure 93). Genitalia with aedeagus relatively elongate, its part above digitus about 1.6 × as long as digitus length; digitus enlarged at its extremity, only twice as long than its maximum width, with 3 teeth (Figure 95).

Variation. Females range in length from 3.5 to 4.0mm. The number of lateral spots on gaster varies from 6 (with two on T3) to 2 (only the large ones remaining), the 3 last lateral spots sometimes fused into a line. Pilosity on thorax paler in one female paratype. Males range in length from 4.1 to 4.5 mm. The spots on gaster sometimes larger, the pairs of lateral hairs on scutellum ranging up to 6 in both sexes.

Grewia stuhlmannii, Grewia tephrodermis (Malvaceae). Probably a seed feeder, based on its place in the molecular phylogeny of Megastigmus spp. (Figure 14). Sequencing of four specimens from Arabuko-Sokoke forest showed they differed by less than 0.3% in COI, confirming the validity of the single specimen that we used in the analyses, even if the position remains unresolved. A large number of species of Grewia coexist in East Africa (Brink and Achigan-Dako 2012) and it would be interesting to find if other Megastigmus species or sub-species are able to attack their seeds.

Known from dry Acacia/Commiphora savanna, moderately wet mid-altitude mountain forest, and bush associated with costal forest. Adults emerged from 2.7% of G. stuhlmannii fruits and 13% of G. tephrodermis fruits (Table 3).

Named after the genus of its host plant.

Females are easily separated from those of M. copelandi, the other species reared from Grewia fruits, by their significantly larger size (4.1 mm vs. 2.6–2.7) and the relatively longer ovipositor (ca. 1.8 × longer than gaster length vs. 0.9 × in M. copelandi). Females and males are also easily distinguished from the other species of Afrotropical Megastigmus by the unique pattern of a longitudinal black stripe extending 7/8 of the length of the side of the pronotum (Figures 82–83, 89–90).

Holotype ♀: Kenya, Eastern Province, Machakos, 1.5609°S, 37.2338°E, 1586m elevation, 3 May 2005, ex. Lannea rivae fruits, Coll. N°3109, R. Copeland leg. (NMKE)

Paratypes 8♀♀, 12♂♂, same collection data as holotype (2♀♀, 2♂♂ NMKE; 2♀♀, 4♂♂ RSC; 2♀♀, 2♂♂ ARC; 1♀, 2♂♂ ICIPE; 1♀, 2♂♂ SAMC);

Kenya; 7 ♀♀ same collection data as holotype; 2♀♀, same collection data as holotype except 25 Nov. 2004, ex. Lannea rivae seeds, Coll. N°3042, R. Copeland leg. (ARC).

Holotype ♀. Large species, body length (without ovipositor) 5.4 mm; length of ovipositor sheaths 4.2 mm. Body colour yellow and brownish (Figures 96–98). Head yellow with the following dark patterns (Figure 99): a brownish band from frons to occiput, covering the interocellar area, base of eye at malar line black, malar line with a brownish infuscation, temple with a brownish infuscation. Pilosity on face and gena pale, dark hairs on temple, vertex and parascrobal area (Figure 99). Antenna light brownish, scape and pedicel yellow underneath (Figure 100). Pronotum yellow with a large, nearly rectangular, dark median band extending from anterior to posterior suture (Figure 98); mid-lobe of mesoscutum with a large triangular band covering most of the surface, narrowing from anterior to posterior, its colour turning progressively from brown-red to dark brownish; lateral lobe of mesoscutum with a large orange rectangular band on the antero-lateral corner continuing as a smaller grey band; axilla with an orange band at apex; lateral and ventral sides entirely yellow except two blackish spots at wing insertion; scutellum with a large triangular dark-brownish band, covering about half of the surface until reaching the frenum; frenal area nearly completely dark brownish, with a narrow yellow band on sides; lateral panel of metanotum with a narrow brownish band. Pilosity on thorax dark with long hairs on the yellow parts of pronotum, mid-lobe of mesoscutum (eight pairs of long hairs), lateral lobe of mesoscutum (three rows of hairs of different sizes), and scutellum (four lateral pairs, one on them on the frenum). Legs yellow except claws brown; fore femora with several long black hairs at apex, hind femora with numerous pale hairs; tibiae with 3 rows of long black hairs. Forewing stigma brown, without infuscation; basal cell closure poorly defined, with 9 small setae on disc; only 1 seta on basal setal line; 4 small setae on costal line; costal cell with 4 large setae (Figure 101). Propodeum with a large black rectangular band in its middle, and a brownish spot around spiracle. Gaster with a narrow, yellow longitudinal median band (Figure 96); T3 dark orange, T4 with a dark brown triangular spot extending from the median yellow line to the side of the tergite, continuing as an orange- brown band, thus delimiting a triangular yellow cell closed laterally by a comma- shaped blackish spot; lateral parts of gaster whitish. Ovipositor sheaths black, 1.8 × longer than gaster, 0.7 × as long as body (Figure 97).

Face quadrate, width: height ratio: 1.0 (Figure 99); POL: OOL 1.7; scrobe elongate, ca. 4.2× as long as wide. Scape 1.1 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus and F1 (Figure 100); scape 0.8× as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; anellus subquadrate; F1 1.2 × longer than pedicel, 1.7 × as long as wide; F2 1.9 × as long as wide; following funicular segments progressively tending to subquadrate, with F7 1.2 × as long as wide. Pronotum, mid- and lateral lobes of mesoscutum, and axilla with coarse transverse cross- striae. Mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.5 × as long as scutellum length. Scutellum 0.9 × as long as wide, with reticulate striation; frenum 0.4 × as long as scutellum, with reticulate striation in the middle, and carinae laterally. Stigma oval- elongate, about 1.5 × as long as wide (Figure 101); upper part of stigmal vein elongate, 0.5 × as long as stigma length; uncus 0.7 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.9× as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with coarse transverse striae.

Variation. Length of female body varies from 4.8 to 5.4 mm. The relative length of the ovipositor sheaths varies between 1.6 and 1.8 × the gaster length, and between 0.6 and 0.7 × the body length. In three out of the eleven specimens examined, the brownish bands on thorax and abdomen are closer to to dark orange, becoming less distinct. One specimen, with two setae on the basal setal line, a second specimen with four setae.

Males. Like in most other Megastigmus species related to Anacardiaceae, males are highly variable in colour, and two extreme forms can be distinguished with intermediates.

Pale form. Body length from 4.2 to 6.2 mm. Body colour mostly orange-yellow (Figures 102–104). Head orange with a blackish ring around occiput. Pilosity on lower face pale but conspicuous black hairs on parascrobal area, temple, gena and dorsum of head. Antenna yellow. Thorax orange-yellow except a small black spot at wing insertion and a more or less distinct median longitudinal band of darker orange colour extending such as in female from anterior suture of pronotum to scutellum. Pilosity on thorax black with 4 pairs of long setae on scutellum (Figure 104). Legs entirely yellow; pilosity pale on femurs, black on tibiae. Forewing stigma brown without infuscation (Figure 108); basal cell partly closed, with 2 long setae on disc; basal setal line with 2 long setae, costal setal line quite indistinct with 1 setae. Propodeum orange with a median black band; hairs on callus pale. Gaster colour mostly brown- yellow; T3 petiolate, black at insertion and then turning to brownish; T4 yellow; T5 with a transverse brown band on anterior suture; T6 with a small triangular brown spot on the middle; T7 with a larger triangular brown spot on the middle, and a small rounded brown spot on each side; T8 with a small rounded brown spot on each side. Long black hairs on tergite sutures. Genitalia with elongate aedeagus, its part above digitus about 1.8 × as long as digitus length; digitus with 3 teeth; phallobase elongate, about 2.8× as long as wide (Figure 107).

Head about 1.1 × as wide as long in front view (Figure 105). POL: OOL: 1.2. Scape 1.3 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, and F1 (Figure 106); scape 0.9 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; F1 1.4 × as long as pedicel, 2.1 × as long as wide; F1 1.2 × as long as F2; following funicular segments elongate, not tending to subquadrate; F7 2.0× as long as wide. Pronotum with coarse transverse carinae, mid-lobe of mesoscutum and axilla with transverse striae finer than on pronotum (Figure 104). Mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.2 × as long as scutellum length; Scutellum 1.3 × as long as wide, noticeably covered with irregular, arching, concentric wrinkles; frenum nearly indistinct from scutellum. Forewing stigma oblique, rounded, about 1.2 × as long as wide (Figure 108); upper part of stigmal vein 0.4 × as long as stigma length; uncus very short, 0.4 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein.

Dark form. Larger than pale form, with body length 5.7 to 6.4 mm. Body colour substantially black (Figures 109–112) with a conspicuous, large triangular infuscation around the forewing stigma (Figure 114). Head mostly black except a transverse dirty yellow band on the lower face (restricted to gena in some specimens) and a dirty yellow spot between eye and posterior ocellus (Figure 112). Thoracic dorsum dirty yellow with a large median black band extending from the anterior suture of pronotum to frenum (Figure 111). Sides of thorax entirely black (Figure 110). Legs mostly dark; coxae black; fore femora brownish in its basal part, mid- and hind femora quite entirely brownish; tibiae and tarsi yellow. Propodeum entirely black. Antenna (Figure 113), thoracic sculpture (Figure 111), pilosity and genitalia (Figure 115) similar to pale form.

Intermediates. Some specimens show a slightly infuscated stigma along with head and thorax mostly orange but with more blackish patterns than in the pale form: a black-brown band between eye margin and torulus, a brownish median band on thorax from anterior suture of pronotum to posterior suture of mid lobe of mesoscutum which prolongates in a fuzzy median band on scutellum, and a brown longitudinal band on upper and lower part of mesepimeron. Legs yellow with a large black spot on fore coxa, a smaller spot on mid-coxa, and a brownish infuscation on hind coxa. Propodeum with a large median black band, black spots around spiracles, and a brownish infuscation at suture with callus. Pilosity is similar to the one of pale from but some individuals have 3 pairs of hairs on scutellum.

Lannea rivae (Anacardiaceae). Probably a seed feeder. Although the presence of numts was noted in the COI sequences of the only specimen of M. lanneae which amplified for DNA analysis, this species clearly clustered within the “Anacardiaceae clade” (Figure 14) as already noticed for M. ozoroae.

Known only from farmland tree in Machakos area. Adults emerged from 3.3% of the collected fruits (Table 3).

Named after the genus of its host plant.

Females can be separated easily from those of other species associated with fruits of Anacardiaceae by the combination of an ovipositor at least 1.8 × as long as gaster length and a yellow and brownish body. In other species having dark and yellow patterns, the ovipositor length is either shorter than gaster length (M. ozoroae- Figure 43, M. smithi- Figure 31) or at most 1.5 × longer (M. hypogeus- Figure 117). Body colour is predominantly orange in M. laventhali, M. pistaciae, M. thomseni and M. transvaalensis. Genitalic characters allow separation of M. lanneae males from those of other species developing in seeds of Anacardiaceae. The aedeagus part above digitus is significantly longer (1.8 × as long as digitus length) than in M. hypogeus (1.2–1.3×; Figures 127, 134), M. pistaciae (0.8×; Figure 148) and M. transvaalensis (0. 5×; Figure 162). The aedaegus dimension compared to digitus is similar in M. ozoroae but the phallobase of M. lanneae is more elongate (2.8× vs. 2.6× longer than wide; Figures 53, 60).

Holotype ♀ “Bred ex. oil seed, Nairobi; 5–37; Kenya, Corydon Museum; Pres. by Com. Inst. Ent., B.M. 1957–41; B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.1653; NHMUK010263947” (BNHM); Paratypes: 3♀♀, 4♂♂, same collection data as holotype (BNHM);

11♀♀, 14♂♂, Kenya, Coast Province, Shimba Hills, 4°08.096'S, 39°28.082'E, 285m elevation, 25 Nov. 2001, ex. Ozoroa obovata seeds A&M coll. N°1609, R. Copeland leg.; 1♀, Nyanza Province, Sindo-Mbita Road, 0°29.091'S, 34°10.592'E alt 1205m, 11 Dec 2004, ex. Ozoroa insignis ssp reticulata seeds, A&M coll. N°3064, R. Copeland leg.; 11♀♀, 8♂♂, Arabuko-Sokoke forest, 3.3716°S, 39.8949°E, 55m elevation, 18 Feb 2000., coll. N°Kip-372, ex. Ozoroa obovata seeds, R. Copeland leg; 2♀♀, 3♂♂, Arabuko-Sokoke forest, 3.3716°S, 39.8949°E, 55m elevation, 18 Feb 2000, ex. Ozoroa obovata seeds, A&M coll. N°509, R. Copeland leg.; 1♀, Arabuko-Sokoke forest, 3.2030°S, 39.9271°E, 98m elevation, 17 Mar 2001, ex. Ozoroa obovata seeds, A&M coll. N°1103, R. Copeland leg. (all material in RSC except 5♀♀, 5♂♂ from Arabuko-Sokoke forest in ARC)

This species has been first described by Hussey (1956a) under the name of Eumegastigmus hypogea, and erroneously reported to emerge from”Oil seed, probably Helianthus sp.” in Nairobi, Kenya. No subsequent records have been published since this original description. In his paper, Hussey mentioned that it is a very variable species. Our collection of a large number of specimens from different hosts, all belonging to the Anacardiaceae genus Ozoroa, allowed us to supplement Hussey’s primary description which was rather limited.

Female. Females range in length from 3.9 to 5.1 mm (without ovipositor), length of ovipositor sheaths from 2.1 to 2.5 mm. Body colour usually yellow and black (Figures 116–118) but some individuals present a dominant orange colour, all the blackish patterns becoming orange-brown. Head yellow with upper part of scrobe black (but interocellar area yellow), and vertex with a brownish infuscation. Pilosity on face, gena and temples pale but with a few long black hairs near clypeus and parascrobal area (Figure 119); vertex with long black hairs. Antenna brownish.

Thorax yellowish-brown with blackish patterns (Figures 116, 118). Pronotum with a large, median dark brown band progressively decreasing in width from anterior to posterior suture (Figure 118) but in a few specimens, the median pronotum line is very light and interrupted at its distal end; mid-lobe of mesoscutum completely black at the anterior part, continuing as a large triangular brown- black band progressively narrowing from anterior to posterior, the sides yellow; lateral lobe of mesoscutum yellow with an orange rectangular band becoming grey posteriorly, continuing on axilla as a similar orange band; a brownish longitudinal line on lower mesepimeron; scutellum with a triangular blackish band increasing in size from the anterior suture to frenal area (but sometimes reduced to a narrow line with an orange-brown infuscation); conspicuous black sutures between the following parts: lateral panel of pronotum and collar, mid-lobe of mesoscutum and lateral lobe of mesoscutum, lateral lobe of mesoscutum and prepectus, axilla and scutellum, callus and metapleuron. In the individuals with a dominant orange colour, the sutures between lateral lobe of mesoscutum and prepectus, wing insertion and middle part of propodeum remain black. Pilosity on thorax with long black hairs; mid-lobe of mesoscutum with five lateral pairs of hairs on the yellow parts; scutellum with 3–4 lateral pairs of hairs on the yellow sides (4 pairs on holotype; 3 pairs on most other specimens). Legs yellow except claws brown; pale hairs on coxa, with conspicuous blackish insertion dots; femora with both pale and black hairs; hairs black at apex of femora; 3 rows of long black hairs on tibia. Forewing stigma brown without infuscation; basal cell indistinct, basal setal line with only 1 seta; costal cell with 3 setae (Figure 121). Propodeum light brown with a large, rectangular longitudinal black band medially. Gaster mostly brown with a narrow yellow line in the middle; T3 black; subsequent terga with transverse brown bands on the dorsum, narrowing progressively towards the lateral sides which are whitish; gaster completely brown on some specimens with only a few whitish dots on sides; in a few others, gaster has an orange T3, with the subsequent tergites having an orange longitudinal band anteriorly, the band becoming yellow posteriorly. The brownish lines on the lateral sides of gaster segments are sometimes absent. Ovipositor sheaths black, Ovipositor sheaths 1.2 × longer than gaster, 0.6 × as long as body (Figure 117).

Face subquadrate, width: height ratio in front view: 1.2×; POL: OOL 1.6×; inter-antennal area as broad as torulus width; scrobe rather short, ca. 2.9 × as long as wide. Scape 1.3 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, and F1 (Figure 120); scape 0.8 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; anellus subquadrate; F1 1.3 × as long as pedicel, 2.1 × as long as wide; F2 2.1× as long as wide; following funicular segments elongate tending to subquadrate only from F6, with F7 1.3 × as long as wide. Pronotum with coarse cross- striae, mid- and lateral lobes of mesoscutum, and axilla with finer strong cross- striae (Figure 118). Mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.4 × as long as scutellum length. Scutellum 1.4 × as long as wide, reticulate; frenum indistinct, 0.4 × as long as scutellum, reticulate in the middle, and with smooth striae on sides. Stigma rectangular, elongate, about 1.9 × as long as wide (Figure 121); upper part of stigmal vein elongate, 0.4 × as long as stigma length; uncus 0.8 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.9 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with cross- striae becoming reticulate anteriorly, a very weak median carina posteriorly.

Males. They are highly variable in colour, and two extreme forms can be distinguished with intermediates. Paratypes ♂ include three specimens with pale patterns and one with dark patterns whereas our collection included nine specimens of pale form, 13 of dark form, and three of intermediate color.

Pale form. Body length from 4.3 to 5.4 mm. Body colour mostly orange-yellow (Figures 122–124). Head yellow with a black spot covering the interantennal area and the scrobes (Figure 125), extending in a semi-circle to the anterior ocellus, then lengthening in a median irregular line until pronotum insertion. Pilosity on lower face pale, black on the remainder of head; parascrobal area with a line of small setae along the scrobes, and a line of long black bristles along the eye contour; two small setae in the interocellar area; two rows of bristles around pronotum insertion. Antenna yellow.

Thorax mostly yellow- orange with a few black patterns (Figure 124). Pronotum yellow with a triangular black spot (very light in a few specimens) in the middle of pronotum, enlarging apically but not reaching the mid lobe of mesoscutum, and a fuzzy blackish band along the posterior suture; mid lobe of mesoscutum orange with a narrow, median black band extending from anterior to posterior suture (very light in one of the ♂ paratypes); lateral lobes of mesoscutum yellow; axilla yellow with a transparent, rectangular band on the antero-lateral part; scutellum yellow with the anterior suture black prolongating in its middle by a small fuzzy blackish spot surrounded by an orange spot. Posterior sutures of metanotum black. Pilosity on thoracic dorsum black but pale on mesepisternum, mesepimeron and callus; 4 pairs of long black bristles on scutellum (Figure 124). Legs yellow. Forewing stigma of paratype brown with a slight yellowish contour but the specimens we collected did not show such a contour (Figure 128); basal cell only partly closed, the disc with 6 setae; basal line and costal line each with 2 setae; costal cell more than 20 small hairs in 4–5 rows in the apical 1/2 to 2/3. Propodeum yellow with a black, median patch of rombhoid shape, extending from anterior to posterior part; sutures with callus blackish. Gaster petiolate, mostly black with few yellow patterns (Figure 122); T3 elongate, entirely black on dorsum; T4 with a large transvers blackish band on the anterior part and a narrower yellow band on the posterior part, extending on sides; T5 similar; T6 and T7 with the yellow band limited to the sides; last segments yellow. Gaster entirely black on dorsum in a few specimens. A row of long black bristles on the lateral parts of tergites 5, 6, 7 and numerous bristles on T8.

Face rounded, width: height ratio in front view: 1.0× (Figure 125); POL: OOL 1.4×. Scape 1.2 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, and F1 (Figure 126); scape 0.9 × as long as combined length of pedicel, anellus, F1 and F2; anellus subquadrate; F1 elongate, 1.5 × as long as pedicel, 2.1 × as long as wide; F2 and following funicular segments similarly elongate, with F7 1.4 × as long as wide.. Pronotum with strong transverse cross-striae; mid lobe of mesoscutum with finer, very irregular cross-striae (Figure 124); mid-lobe of mesoscutum 1.1 × as long as scutellum length; scutellum 1.2 × as long as wide, irregularly reticulate; frenum 0.4 × as long as scutellum length, reticulate as scutellum in its middle but with longitudinal carinae on the sides. Forewing stigma nearly rectangular, 1.4 × as long as wide (Figure 128); upper part of stigmal vein short, 0.2 × as long as stigma length; uncus short, 0.6 × as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.8 × as long as postmarginal vein. Propodeum with coarse, irregular carinae extending laterally but no median carina. Genitalia with short aedeagus, its part above digitus about 1.2 × as long as digitus length; digitus compressed, about 2.3 × longer than its maximum width, with three teeth (Figure 127).

Dark form. Body length slightly longer than in pale form, from 5.0 to 5.5 mm. Body substantially black (Figures 129–132). Head entirely black (Figure 132) but antenna yellow with scape brownish (Figure 133). Pronotum dark-yellowish with a large median black extending from head insertion to mid lobe of mesososcutum, a large black rectangular patch on the sides, and a larger fuzzy blackish band along the posterior suture (Figure 131); mid lobe of mesoscutum with a large median, dark orange brown band covering most of the surface; lateral lobes of mesoscutum and axilla dark orange; scutellum with a large brown- black median band from anterior to posterior suture. Lateral parts of the thorax (mesepisternum, mesepimeron and callus) entirely black except acropleuron dark orange. Legs mostly black; coxae black; femora black on the apical 2/3 in fore- and mid- femur, and quite completely in hind femur; tibiae and tarsi yellow. Forewing stigma brown with a large, triangular infuscation (Figure 135); basal cell with 16 strong setae on disc; basal line with 3 strong setae; costal line with 26 small setae; costal cell with more than 100 small hairs in a number of rows. Pilosity of thorax similar to that in pale form. Propodeum entirely black (Figure 131). Gaster conspicuously petiolate, entirely black (Figure 129–130).

Relative dimensions of head and antenna similar as in pale form; sculpture of thorax and propodeum same as in pale form. Forewing stigma nearly rectangular, 1.3 × as long as wide (Figure 135); upper part of stigmal vein very short, only 0.2 × as long as stigma length; uncus as long as upper part of stigmal vein; marginal vein 0.8 × as long as postmarginal vein. Aedeagus similar to pale form but one digitus with four teeth, the other one with three teeth (Figure 134).

Body length as in pale form, from 4.6 to 5.4 mm. Some specimens with infuscate stigma show lighter coloration patterns than in the extreme dark form, with the median band on pronotum smaller, the lateral lobes of mesoscutum and axilla yellow, the scutellum with the median band limited to the anterior part, and the gaster with narrow yellow bands from T4 to T6.

Ozoroa obovata, Ozoroa insignis ssp reticulata (Anacardiaceae). Probably a seed feeder, based on its place in the molecular phylogeny of Megastigmus spp. where it clusters with the other species developing in seeds of Anacardiaceae (Figure 14), such as M. ozoroae and M. lanneae, and despite the presence of numts in the short COI fragment.

Mixed bush-/grassland in western Kenya near Lake Victoria and in similar habitat in coastal areas. Adults emerged from up to 2.8% of the fruits in some collections (Table 3).

The key from Hussey (1956a) distinguished the females of M. hypogeus by their large body (>5 mm), the ocelli surrounded with black, and the thoracic dorsum with longitudinal black stripe. Actually, it does not allow one to separate females of this species from those of some other species associated with fruits of Anacardiaceae, which are also large and present a thoracic dorsum with a longitudinal dark band; i.e., M. lanneae, M. ozoroae, and M. smithi. M. hypogeus differs from these species by the relative length of its ovipositor being 1.2–1.3 × longer than gaster length whereas it is shorter than gaster length in M. ozoroae (Figure 43), and M. smithi (Figure 31), and much longer in M. lanneae (1.8×; Figure 97).

Genitalic characters also allow separation of M. hypogeus males from those of other species developing in seeds of Anacardiaceae, the aedeagus part above digitus being significantly less elongated (1.2 × as long as digitus length) than in M. ozoroae (1.8×; Figures 53, 60) and M. lanneae (1.8×; Figures 107, 115) but much longer than in M. pistaciae (0.8×; Figure 148) and M. transvaalensis (0. 5×; Figure 162).

3♀♀, 3♂♂, Kenya, Mount Kulal, 2.6290°S, 36.9278°E, 1640m elevation, 11 Dec 2008, ex. Pistacia lentiscus subsp. emarginata seeds, R. Copeland leg. (2♀♀, 1♂ RSC; 1♀, 1♂ ARC; 1♂ destroyed)

Male and female specimens fit the detailed description of the species by Roques and Skrzypczyńska (2003) as shown by figures 136–141 presenting the most important characteristics of female specimens from Kenya. Similarly as in most Megastigmus species developing in Anacardiaceae seeds in Kenya, males are highly variable ranging from pale forms, mostly yellow with forewing stigma without infuscation (Figures 142–144 and 146–149,) to dark forms, mostly black with infuscated stigma (Figure 145). However, the forewing description of female M. pistaciae used by Grissell and Prinsloo (2001) as a diagnostic character in the key to separate the species of Megastigmus reared from seeds of Anacardiaceae appears largely different from our observations. To separate it from female M. thomseni, Grissell and Prinsloo (2001) stated that the costal cell of the forewing of M. pistaciae presents 3 or 4 rows of setae in the apical 1/2 to 2/3 and the basal cell more than 5 setae whereas there is at most a single row of setae in the costal cell and at most 3–4 setae in the basal cell of M. thomseni. Actually, all the specimens of M. pistaciae we examined from Kenya, but also from other parts of the world (Europe, North Africa, California) did not show the characters mentioned by Grissell & Prinsloo but were closer to those attributed to the forewing of M. thomseni. Since these authors did not mention the origin of the specimens they examined, it is difficult to evaluate their observations.

In the molecular phylogeny of Megastigmus, the Kenyan specimen clusters with the other specimen of M. pistaciae from Southern Europe (Figure 14), confirming their status of sister species belonging to the same ”Anacardiaceae clade”. However, there was a genetic distance of 4.5% between these specimens and according to Auger-Rozenberg et al (2006) and Scheffer and Grissell (2003), clearly differentiated species of Megastigmus diverge by more than 4.0%. This suggests an opportunity to develop further studies to evaluate the possibility that the Kenyan populations represent a sibling species of M. pistaceae.

Pistacia lentiscus subsp. emarginata seeds.

Reared from samples collected in highland areas (1640–1920 m above sea level) of the Rift Valley, in northern and southwestern Kenya. Few fruits (0.6%) were infested (Table 3).

Females can be separated from those of other species with a predominantly orange colour associated with fruits of Anacardiaceae by the shape of the forewing stigma and the relative length of ovipositor. The stigma is oval in M. pistaciae (1.2–1.3× as long as wide; Figure 141) whereas it is much more elongate in both M. transvaalensis (2.0×; Figure 155) and M. thomseni (1.7×, according to the drawing by Hussey 1956a). The ovipositor is only a bit longer than gaster length (Figure 137) whereas it is nearly twice as long as gaster in M. laventhali (1.8×; Figure 76) and 1.4 × as long as gaster length in M. transvaalensis (Figure 151).

The genitalia allow one to separate males from those of other species identified in seeds of Anacardiaceae. The aedeagus part above digitus is comparatively longer than in M. transvaalensis (0.8 × vs. 0.5 × as long as digitus length; Figures 148 and 162, respectively) whereas this part is much more elongated in M. hypogeus (1.2 × as long as digitus length; Figures 127, 134), M. ozoroae (1.8×; Figures 53, 60) and M. lanneae (1.8×; Figures 107, 115).

3♀♀, 7♂♂, Kenya, Kikuyu Escarpment, Central Province, 1.0290°S, 36.6025°E, 2100 m, coll. 85, ex. Rhus vulgaris seeds, 29 Apr 1999, R. Copeland leg.; 2♀♀, 3♂♂, Kenya, Burguret, Central Province, 0.1128°S, 37.0375°E, coll. 2162, ex. Rhus natalensis seeds, 16 Aug 2002, R. Copeland leg.; 3♀♀, 7♂♂, Kenya, Nairobi Province, 1.2212°S, 36.8963°E, 1610m, coll. 2787, ex. Schinus terebinthifolius seeds, 28 Apr 2004, R. Copeland leg. (4♀♀, 10♂♂ RSC; 4♀♀, 7♂♂ ARC)

Male and female specimens fit the description of the species by Hussey (1956a) and Grissell and Prinsloo (2001), then detailed by Roques and Skrzypczyńska (2003). Figures 150–155 present the most important characteristics of female specimens from Kenya whereas Figures 156–162 show those of males.

Schinus molle, Schinus terebinthifolius, Rhus natalensis, R. vulgaris (Anacardiaceae). A seed feeder. Schefer and Grissell (2003) presented a molecular analysis of the populations of this species, suggesting its origin in Austral Africa but we were unable to amplify any specimens of the Kenyan populations we obtained.

Adults emerged from 14.8% of the fruits of S. molle, 14.7% of those of R. vulgaris and up to 6.1% of R. natalensis fruits (Table 3).

Females can be distinguished from these of other species associated with fruits of Anacardiaceae and showing a predominantly orange body by the relative size of the ovipositor and the shape of the forewing stigma. In M. transvaalensis, the ovipositor is 1.4 × as long as gaster length (Figure 151) whereas it is nearly twice as long as the gaster in M. laventhali (1.8×; Figure 76) and only a bit longer than gaster in M. thomseni and M. pistaciae (1.1–1.2×; Figure 137). The stigma is conspicuously elongate, and quite rectangular in M. transvaalensis (2.0 × as long as wide; Figure 155), less elongate in M. thomseni (1.7×, according to the drawing by Hussey 1956a) whereas it is oval and rounded in M. pistaciae (1.2–1.3×; Figure 141).

Genitalia allows the separation of males from those of other species reared from seeds of Anacardiaceae. The aedeagus part above digitus is conspicuously shorter than digitus length (0. 5×; Figure 162) whereas this part is more elongated in M. pistaciae (0.8×; Figure 148), M. hypogeus (1.2 × as long as digitus length; Figures 127, 134), M. ozoroae (1.8×; Figures 53, 60) and M. lanneae (1.8×; Figures 107, 115).

Holotype ♀ “Bristish Somaliland; ex. seeds of Juniperus procera; coll. i.1954, em. 25.ii.1954, J.T. Lawrie; Brit. Mus. 1956–294; Com. Inst. Ent. coll. 13661; B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.1623a; NHMUK010263946 5.1623a”(BNHM). Paratypes 4♀♀, 2♂♂, same collection data as holotype (BNHM);

1♀ “Abyssinia, Mulu, above Muger Valley; circa 8000 ft., 18–23. 12. 1926, Dr. H. Scott” (BNHM); 1♀ “Abyssinia, Mt. Chillálo Digula; circa 9500 ft., 27.11.1926, from foliage giant juniper, Dr. H. Scott” (BNHM); 3♀♀, 2♂♂, Kenya, Central Prov., Mt. Kenya Forest, 0.0308°S, 37.1230°E, 2125m, coll. 3034, ex. Juniperus procera seeds, 2 Nov. 2004, R. Copeland leg. (2♀♀, 1♂, RSC; 1♀ ARC; 1♂ destroyed).

Male and female specimens obtained from Kenya fit the general description of the species by Hussey (1956b). Figure 163 presents a view of female body whereas Figures 164–167 show the major morphological characteristics of male specimens from Kenya. Body colour is dark orange in the Kenyan specimens instead of pale orange in the type material from former British Somaliland, at present Somalia. However, at least one dark orange female was noticed in the BNHM collection, which had been collected in Digula, Abyssinia, at present Ethiopia.

Juniperus procera. A seed feeder clustering in the molecular phylogeny of Megastigmus with the other species developing in seeds of Juniperus in Europe (Figure 14). This species clearly belongs with strong support to the “Cupressaceae clade” whatever the marker and the analysis. It is close to M. amicorum, a seed chalcid which is widely distributed on Juniperus from the Mediterranean basin. The host of M. somaliensis, J. procera, is the only juniper out of more than 60 species growing in the Arabian Peninsula and in Africa (Mao et al. 2010). It suggests that the host and the associated chalcid originated from regions more northern than the ones where they are presently observed, which could explain the phylogenetic proximity with other juniper seed chalcids.

Sampled in highland forest and woodland in central and northwestern Kenya (Figure 1). Also present in Somalia and Ethiopia.

This species, as well as the related M. asir which also attacks Juniperus procera (Ghram and Shati 2011), are easily differentiated from the other Afrotropical Megastigmus by the 7–8 pairs of hairs on the lateral parts of scutellum (Figure 166) whereas at most 5 pairs are present in the other species. Females of M. somaliensis are distinguished from those of M. asir by the shape of the forewing stigma and the sculpture of the propodeum. In the first species, forewing stigma is oval (1.6 × as long as wide measured from the drawing of Hussey 1956b) whereas it is much more elongate M. asir (2.2 × as long as wide when measured on the corresponding wing photo in Ghram and Shati (2011), although the authors mentioned in their text this value to be 1.5×). Propodeum is rugose and irregularly striated in M. somaliensis whereas it is smooth in M. asir (Ghram and Shati 2011). The propodeum of males shows the same differences, the one of M. somaliensis additionally presenting a very short median carina in its anterior part (Figure 166). Forewing stigma is quite similar in the two species (1.4 × as long as wide in M. somaliensis- Figure 167- vs. 1.35 × in M. asir; Ghram and Shati 2011).