Research Article |
Corresponding author: Yongjie Wang ( wangyjosmy@gmail.com ) Corresponding author: Zhiqi Liu ( zhiqiliu@cau.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Shaun Winterton
© 2016 Han Xu, Yongjie Wang, Zhiqi Liu.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Xu H, Wang Y, Liu Z (2016) Three new species of Osmylus Latreille from China (Neuroptera, Osmylidae). ZooKeys 589: 107-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.589.7320
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Three new species of Osmylus Latreille are described from China: Osmylus maoershanicola sp. n., Osmylus shaanxiensis sp. n. and Osmylus angustimarginatus sp. n. These new species are distinguishable from other related species by the shape of the 9th tergite of both sexes, as well as the shape of gonarcus, mediuncus and spermatheca. A key is given to differentiate Palaearctic and Oriental species of Osmylus.
New species, Oriental region, Osmylidae , Osmylus , Palaearctic region
The genus Osmylus Latreille (Osmylidae: Osmylinae) contains 21 species distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, 20 species of which are distributed in Asia and only one, O. fulvicephalus, which is widespread in Europe (
Distribution of Osmylus in China. ◆ = O. angustimarginatus sp. n.; △ = O. biangulus; ▼ = O. bipapillatus; ☆ = O. conanus; ★ = O. fuberosus; ⬣ = O. lucalatus; ▲ = O. maoershanicola sp. n.; ◇ = O. megistus; □ = O. minisculus; ○ = O. shaanxiensis sp. n.; ⬡ = O. taiwanensis; ■ = O. wuyishanus; > = O. xizangensis.
The biology of osmylids is still poorly known. Osmylus is known to be univoltine and adults feed as generalists on fungal spores, pollen, algae, mites and insects; they sit temporarily on foliage of plants along streams or river banks in daytime (
The specimens in this study were examined under an Optec SZ760 stereomicroscope with direct light. The terminal of abdomens were removed and soaked in the 10% NaOH for boiling water bath and stored in a glycerin-filled micro-vial mounted on the pin beneath specimen. The terminology for wing venation and genitalia follows
Osmylus Latreille, 1802: 289. Type species: Hemerobius fulvicephalus Scopoli, 1763: 270.
Dictyosmylus Navás, 1910: 189. Type species: Dictyosmylus lunatus Navás, 1910: 189, by monotypy.
Moderate to large body size (body length 15–20 mm); forewing generally large and broad (length 20–30 mm), with numerous fragmentary marks; two nygmata present at the center and the proximal base of wing between MP and Rs; veins dark brown; costal cross-veins generally bifurcate distally, without interlinking veinlets; cross-veins among branches of Rs forming at least two series of gradates; MP forked close to the base, MP2 with many branches. The hindwing resembles the forewing in shape, but with fewer spots. The 9th tergite has variably-shaped dorsal process. Genitalia are composed of a gonarcus and a mediuncus; the gonarcus is variable in shape, consisting of a sclerotized and pilose external section posteriorly with a lightly sclerotized anterior-lateral section, the latter laterally with an anterior rod shaped process (i.e., baculum of some authors) which is sometimes articulated. The mediuncus (i.e., parameres of some authors) is curved with a fused base (although the shape is variable in O. pachycaudatus). The mediuncus is subtended laterally by the rod-shaped, paired parameres (i.e., subarcus of other authors) that are not fused anteriorly. The female 9th tergite occasionally has a ventral process, the gonapophysis lateralis is generally finger-like and articulated with stylus distally, and the spermatheca is either oval or cylindrical in shape.
Osmylus angustimarginatus sp. n., O. biangulus Wang & Liu, O. bipapillatus Wang & Liu, O. cilicicus Krüger, O. conanus Yang, O. decoratus Nakahara, O. fuberosus Yang, O. fulvicephalus (Scopoli), O. gussakovskii Kozhanchikov, O. hyalinatus McLachlan, O. kisoensis Iwata, O. lucalatus Wang, O. maoershanicola sp. n., O. megistus Yang, O. minisculus Yang, O. multiguttatus McLachlan, O. pachycaudatus Wang, O. posticatus Banks, O. pryeri McLachlan, O. shaanxiensis sp. n., O. taiwanensis New, O. tessellatus McLachlan, O. wuyishanus Yang, O. xizangensis Yang.
Osmylus has been often confused with three other genera, Grandosmylus Makarkin, 1985, Parosmylus Needham, 1909 and Plethosmylus Krüger, 1913.
(Note: Osmylus kisoensis is not included as it is only known from the larval stage, while O. cilicicius and O. posticatus are poorly known and could not be included in the key.)
1 | The structure of spermatheca complicated (Fig. |
O. megistus |
– | The structure of spermatheca simple (Fig. |
2 |
2 | The 7th sternite in female with a median preapical protuberance | 3 |
– | The 7th sternite in female without any protuberance | 4 |
3 | Spermatheca cylindrical and bent; anterior third of pronotum with median stripe | O. taiwanensis |
– | Spermatheca oval; frons with dark brown X-shaped marking; pronotum with yellow and median stripe | O. decoratus |
4 | The gonapophyses lateralis cone-shaped, spermatheca pyriform | O. minisculus |
– | The gonapophyses lateralis finger-like or fusiform | 5 |
5 | 9th tergite in male with a distinct dorsal process (Figs |
6 |
– | 9th tergite in male without distinct dorsal processes (Figs |
14 |
6 | Gonarcus with a sharpened process along dorsal margin in lateral view | O. pryeri |
– | Gonarcus without processes along dorsal margin in lateral view | 7 |
7 | Forewing relatively narrow, membrane hyaline with slight metallic luster | O. lucalatus |
– | Forewing broad, membrane dull hyaline | 8 |
8 | The length of process of 9th tergite in male slightly longer than width (Figs |
9 |
– | The length of process of 9th tergite in male significantly longer than width (Fig. |
13 |
9 | The process of 9th tergite in male cone-shaped | O. hyalinatus |
– | The process of 9th tergite in male bar-shaped | 10 |
10 | Gonarcus with one or two lateral posteroventral protuberances | 11 |
– | Gonarcus without any lateral posteroventral protuberance | 12 |
11 | Gonarcus with only one lateral posteroventral protuberance in lateral view (Fig. |
O. maoershanicola sp. n. |
– | Gonarcus with two lateral posteroventral protuberances in lateral view (Fig. |
O. biangulus |
12 | Mediuncus apically hook-shaped | O. fulvicephalus |
– | Mediuncus apically slender and straight (Fig. |
O. angustimarginatus sp. n. |
13 | The process of 9th tergite in male cylindrical (Fig. |
O. pachycaudatus |
– | The process of 9th tergite in male subulate (Fig. |
O. bipapillatus |
14 | Distal part of gonarcus flat and quadrate, with a posteroventral protuberance (Fig. |
O. fuberosus |
– | Distal part of gonarcus approximately triangular | 15 |
15 | Distal part of gonarcus with one or more conspicuous protuberances | 16 |
– | Distal part of gonarcus with an inconspicuous protuberance | 20 |
16 | 8th sternite in female with two ventral protuberances; distal part of gonarcus with a ventral and rod-like protuberance | O. gussakovskii |
– | 8th sternite in female without any protuberance | 17 |
17 | Distal part of gonarcus with two protuberances in later view; pronotum with slender yellow marking on anterior half and yellow spot over posterior margin | O. tessellatus |
– | Distal part of gonarcus with only one protuberance | 18 |
18 | Cross-veins among branches of Rs forming 3 series of gradates; forewing and hindwing with approximately rounded spots | O. multiguttatus |
– | Cross-veins among branches of Rs forming 2 series of gradates | 19 |
19 | 9th tergite in female with a median narrowing in lateral view (Fig. |
O. shaanxiensis sp. n. |
– | 9th tergite in female slightly tapered medially in lateral view; meso- and metanotum yellowish brown with black streaks | O. xizangensis |
20 | Distal part of gonarcus forming a large triangular sclerite; outer gradates of forewing with brown marks | O. wuyishanus |
– | Distal part of gonarcus forming a narrow and small sclerite; inner gradates of forewing with brown marks | O. conacus |
Osmylus maoershanicola sp. n. a–e Male: a apex of the abdomen and genitalia, lateral view b genitalia, lateral view c genitalia, ventral view d mediuncus, lateral view e mediuncus, dorsal view f–g Female: f apex of the abdomen and genitalia g spermatheca, lateral view (spiracula omitted). Abbreviation: dp, dorsal process; aag, anterior arm of gonarcus.
Osmylus angustimarginatus sp. n. a–e Male: a apex of the abdomen and genitalia b genitalia, lateral view c genitalia, dorsal view d mediuncus, lateral view e mediuncus, dorsal view f–h Female: f apex of the abdomen and genitalia g subgenital plate, ventral view h spermatheca, lateral view. Abbreviations: dp, dorsal process; vm, ventral margin.
Holotype Male, CHINA: Guangxi (Province): Maoershan (Nature Reserve), [25°48'N, 110°24'E], 9.viii.2005, leg. Ping Zhao. Verbatim label data (translated from Chinese): CHINA: Guangxi Prov., Maoershan/ 9.viii.2005/ Ping Zhao/
Male: 9th tergite with a short finger-like dorsal process; ectoproct cone-shaped. Gonarcus distally triangular with a ventral, triangular, membranous protuberance in lateral view. Female: gonapophysis lateralis approximately fusiform; spermatheca oval.
Head. Vertex yellowish-brown with brown setae; eye dark gray, ocelli yellow, area within ocelli black. Antennal flagellum missing, scape and pedicel dark brown; frons yellow. Thorax. Pronotum dark brown, posterior margin slightly wider, with black brown setae; meso- and metanotum black with brown setae. Legs yellow with brown setae; pretarsal claws dark brown.
Wing (Fig.
Male terminalia (Fig.
Female terminalia (Fig.
Presently known only from Guangxi Province, China.
The specific name ‘maoershanicola’ refers to ‘Maoershan Mountain’, the type locality.
The dorsal finger-like process of 9th tergite of Osmylus maoershanicola sp. n. is similar to O. pryeri and O. biangulus, but this new species can be identified by the distinctive shape of the gonarcus. There are two prominent ventral protuberances in the distal part of gonarcus of O. pryeri and O. biangulus (Fig.
Holotype Male. CHINA: Shaanxi (Province): Houzhenzi (town), [33°51'N, 107°50'E] 12.viii.2007, leg. Yang Shi. Verbatim label data (translated from Chinese): CHINA: Shaanxi, Houzhenzi/ 12.viii.2007/ Yang Shi/
Wing broad, with numerous dark brown spots on the margin. Male: 9th tergite with a median narrowing, with a small tuberous dorsal process in lateral view; protuberance of posteroventral gonarcus papillary. Base of mediuncus knife-shaped in lateral view. Female: gonapophysis lateralis basally fused with a triangular sclerite, spermatheca bent, cylindrical.
Head. Vertex dark brown. Ocelli yellow, area comprised among ocelli dark brown, eye dark brown; frons brown. Thorax. Pronotum dark brown with yellow long setae; meso- and metanotum dark brown. Legs yellow with dark yellow setae, pretarsal claws dark brown.
Wings (Fig.
Male Terminalia (Fig.
Female Terminalia (Fig.
China (Shaanxi, Gansu).
The specific name ‘shaanxiensis’ refers to ‘Shaanxi Province’, the type locality.
The new species can be distinguished from other species by the small hemispheric dorsal process of the 9th tergite in male (Fig.
Holotype Male. CHINA: Chongqing: Jiangjin (District): Simianshan (mountain), [28°38'N, 106°24'E] 17.vi.2006, leg. Weiwei Zhang. Verbatim label data (translated from Chinese): CHINA: Chongqing, Jiangjin, Simianshan/ 17.vi.2006/ Weiwei Zhang/ PC. Terminalia cleared in KOH, and stored in a micro-vial pinned below the specimen. Paratype. 1 female, same data as holotype; 1 male, 1 female, same locality as holotype. 21-23.ix.2007, leg. Weiwei Zhang.
Male: 9th with a finger-like dorsal process. Gonarcus distally triangular in lateral view, ventral margin well sclerotized; base of mediuncus slightly protuberant distally in lateral view. Female: gonapophysis lateralis finger-like; spermatheca approximately spherical.
Head. Vertex yellow brown, with dark brown setae; ocelli light yellow, area comprised among ocelli dark brown; eyes gray with metallic reflection; frons black. Thorax. Pronotum dark brown, with yellow setae; meso- and metanotum fuscous, with black stripes. Legs yellow, with short setae, pretarsal claws dark brown.
Wings (Fig.
Male Terminalia (Fig.
Female Terminalia (Fig.
Known only from Chongqing, China.
The specific name ‘angustimarginatus’ the compound of Latin deribation, from angusti- (narrow) and marginatus- (margin), refers to the well sclerotized ventral margin of the gonarcus in lateral view.
The dorsal process of 9th tergite in the male of O. angustimarginatus sp. n. is finger-like (Fig.
We sincerely thank Zhang Weiwei (Beijing) for collecting the specimens. This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 31272352, 31301905 and 41372013), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant 2012T50113), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (grant 5132008), and Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (grant 20131108120005).