Research Article |
Corresponding author: Michael Orr ( michael.christopher.orr@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Michael Ohl
© 2015 Michael Orr, Terry Griswold.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Orr MC, Griswold TL (2015) A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Townsendiella (Apidae, Nomadinae, Townsendiellini), with the description of a new species from Pinnacles National Park. ZooKeys 546: 87-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6443
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The cleptoparasitic bee genus Townsendiella Crawford (Nomadinae, Townsendiellini) is a rare group restricted to the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico, whose taxonomy and biology remain poorly known. This paper describes Townsendiella ensifera sp. n., the first known record of this genus from Pinnacles National Park. A key to the species of the genus is provided. Several potential areas of future research are also discussed.
Apoidea , taxonomy, new species, cleptoparasitism
Townsendiella Crawford, the only member of the tribe Townsendiellini, are one of several (e.g., Hexepeolus Linsley and Michener, Rhopalolemma Roig-Alsina) rarely collected cleptoparasitic apid bees endemic to the southwestern United States and adjacent northern Mexico (
Here we describe a new species, Townsendiella ensifera sp. n., and discuss the taxonomic status of T. rufiventris. A key to known species of Townsendiella, using a combination of novel and historic characters, is also provided. Though few in species, this group may prove useful as indicator species (
A total of 443 specimens of Townsendiella from nine institutions were examined in this study, comprising both sexes of all four species (65 T. ensifera, 197 T. pulchra, 169 T. rufiventris, and 12 T. californica). The male genitalia of 12 T. ensifera and 12 T. pulchra were compared. Thorough examinations of maxillary palp morphology were also conducted (33 T. ensifera, 30 T. pulchra, 20 T. rufiventris, and 1 T. californica). A listing of specimens examined is provided as a supplementary file in reduced Darwin Core format. This file includes location descriptions for each specimen in the “locality” field, which when discussed throughout this text are given in double quotes.
Morphological terminology (e.g., T = tergum, S = sternum) follows
Institutions that provided material, along with abbreviations used in the text and supplementary metadata, are as follows:
NPIC
U.S. National Pollinating Insects Collection,
UCSD
Morphological analysis strongly supported the separation of the Pinnacles specimens from T. pulchra. Numerous characters which separate this species, T. ensifera, from other species of Townsendiella were identified. The number of palpomeres and their form in the maxillary palpus were found to be instrumental in distinguishing T. ensifera from the morphologically similar T. pulchra (Fig.
The male maxillary palp of a T. ensifera sp. n. (BBSL331567) and b T. pulchra (BBSL209492). The length of the terminal, fifth segment in T. ensifera sp. n. well exceeds that of the terminal, sixth segment in T. pulchra, likely due to the fusion of the fifth and sixth segments in the former. This character is reflected in both sexes. The scale bar represents 0.75 mm.
A DiscoverLife identification guide has also been created for this group. This guide may be accessed at: http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Townsendiella
Instructions for the use of these guides are included within the Very Handy Bee Manual (
1 | Metanotum not, or only slightly, produced medially, not produced into abrupt medial knob. Female: T5 without lunule (apical rim gradually and evenly concave; Fig. |
2 |
– | Metanotum with distinct, abrupt medial knob, clearly produced even if covered in thick pubescence. Female: T5 with apical lunule (depressed, finely-pitted, tessellate apicomedial region; Fig. |
Townsendiella rufiventris Linsley, 1942 |
2 | Marginal cell elongate, about equal in length to distance from tip of marginal cell to wing tip or longer; posterior margin of first submarginal cell longer than posterior margin of second submarginal cell, but clearly less than twice length of posterior margin of second submarginal cell; second submarginal cell with distal vein strongly curved, much longer than proximal vein; apical fasciae of T2–T4 incompletely divided medially or, when completely divided, only narrowly so. Female: mesoscutellum black | 3 |
– | Marginal cell shorter, length less than that from tip of marginal cell to wing tip; posterior margin of first submarginal cell about twice as long as posterior margin of second submarginal cell, sometimes slightly shorter; second submarginal cell with distal vein only slightly curved, approximately same length as proximal vein; apical fasciae of T2–T4 strongly interrupted medially. Female: mesoscutellum red | Townsendiella californica Michener, 1936 |
3 | Maxillary palp with five palpomeres, terminal palpomere about equal in length to long second palpomere (Fig. |
Townsendiella ensifera sp. n. |
– | Maxillary palp with six palpomeres, terminal palpomere clearly shorter than long second palpomere, usually about equal to fifth palpomere (Fig. |
Townsendiella pulchra Crawford, 1916 |
USA, California: San Benito County, Pinnacles National Park, East of Mount Defiance, 36.46060 -121.15210, Blue oak woodland, white pantrap, 29 May 1999, O. Messinger leg., host unknown.
Female, pinned. Original label: “USA CA San Benito Co., / Pinnacles Natl. Mon., / East of Mount Defiance / 36°28.24’N 121°09.13’W [white typed label]” “White pantrap, burn / Blue oak woodland [white typed label]” “29 May, 1999 / O. Messinger [white typed label]” “NativeBeeSurvey /
Nine topo-typical specimens (1F8M); all deposited in the NPIC. Unique specimen identifiers are as follows: BBSL330902, BBSL331852, BBSL331878, BBSL331886, BBSL331887, BBSL331891, BBSL332126, BBSL332137, and BBSL332139. Selected specimen data for each paratype is available in the Suppl. material
Additional records are detailed in the Suppl. material
Both males and females are most similar to T. pulchra and are separated easily from other Townsendiella by the absence of a medially projecting knob on the metanotum, the length of the marginal cell being about equal or greater than the distance from its posterior tip to the posterior tip of the wing, and the asymmetrical second submarginal cell with the longer, more curved distal vein. From T. pulchra, it may be differentiated by the following characteristics: five maxillary palpomeres, the final palpomere almost as long as the second palpomere; male pygidial plate narrower, sharper at the tip; female S5 lacking a pubescent apicomedial area, setal density roughly even along rim; when viewing the genital capsule laid flat against a surface, with your view perpendicular to the surface: the tip of the male gonostylus is about its maximum width distant from the gonocoxite tip, while in T. pulchra it is almost equal; male gonocoxite with shorter, fewer, and less plumose setae present ventrolaterally (Fig.
Female: Head: Pubescence dense, white, covering one-half to three-fourths of height of compound eye, becoming sparser, less plumose, and often off-white in coloration dorsally. Facial integument black, reddening, if present, limited to labrum and rim of clypeus. Punctation relatively dense throughout, integument shining between punctures. Mandible simple, basal three-fourths to four-fifths of integument dull orange to bright yellow, tip reddish-brown. Clypeus protuberant from anterior margin of compound eye by one-third to one-half of maximum compound eye width. Integument of antenna dark brown to black, sometimes light brown. Compound eyes slightly converging ventrally. Lateral ocellus distinctly closer to rear margin of head than compound eye, separated from rear margin by roughly 2–2.5× lateral ocellar diameter.
Mesosoma: Pubescence all white except for light brown areas of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum. Pubescence dense over mesosoma, except slightly less dense where brown, sparser on pronotum anteriorly, mesepisternum anteriorly, and propodeal triangle below metanotum. Mesoscutum with pubescence primarily light brown except along border, with two thin, longitudinal stripes of white setae intruding posteriorly from anterior margin for one-third to one-half of mesoscutal length. Mesoscutellum with pubescence largely light brown, bordered by white, with anterior-directed stripe of white setae from posterior midline. Integument dark brown to black, often with pronotal lobe reddened, less commonly reddened ventrally or elsewhere on pronotum. Punctation dense throughout mesosoma, except propodeal enclosure where absent or obscured by tessellation, integument otherwise relatively smooth and shiny. Tegula brown, slightly transparent, but obscured by dense setae.
Wings: Wings equal to 3.0–3.1× medial length of mesoscutum along longitudinal axis. Length of marginal cell slightly greater than distance from distal tip of marginal cell to apical tip of wing. Length of posterior margin of first submarginal cell greater than that of second, but clearly less than twice length of second. 2m-cu usually interstitial with juncture between first and second submarginal cells, or only slightly past this point, creating four-way intersection.
Legs: Integumental color variable, ranging from dark brown to light reddish-brown; tarsi typically black. White pubescence present ventrally on femora, variable in extent. Outer surfaces of tibiae densely clothed in white pubescence, densest on metatibia. Thicker, spine-like setae readily apparent on meso- and metatibiae, usually obscured by pubescence on protibia.
Metasoma: Pubescence white except in basal areas of terga, where it is slightly browned; brown setae obscured on T5 by white setae throughout. Pubescence denser and more branched apically on terga, creating distinct setal bands on T1–T4, each of which is usually thinner medially and thicker laterally, with V-shaped medial notch. Sternal pubescence primarily white but thinner and sparser in basal and lateral areas, appearing apically banded at some angles. S5 pubescence relatively even throughout. Integumental color of terga highly variable, ranging from nearly all black to nearly all red. T5 even across its rim, with simple setae extending posteriorly. Pygidial plate roughly square, only slighter wider at base than apex due to rounded posterior corners; entire rim slightly raised into carina, marked by darker, blackish integument there compared to pitted, redder interior.
Male similar to female, except as follows: Head: Pubescence all white, dense over much of lower face up to slightly below top of compound eye and on gena to about top of compound eyes, becoming less branched and, in some specimens, slightly off-white near vertex. Clypeus protuberant from anterior margin of compound eye by about half of compound eye width or slightly less. Paraocular area raised into flange adjacent to clypeus, this area impunctate and shiny. Integument of antenna dark brown to black, sometimes slightly lighter brown on apical segments.
Mesosoma: Integument dark brown to black, rarely with dark reddish-brown coloration on pronotum or venter.
Wings: Wings equal to 3.1–3.2× medial length of mesoscutum along longitudinal axis.
Legs: Integumental color variable, ranging from dark brown to light reddish-brown. Metabasitarsus and metatarsus more obscured by white, plumose setae than on other legs.
Metasoma: Pubescence white except in basal areas of terga, where slightly browned; brown setae intermixed with lighter setae in basal area of T6. Pubescence denser and more branched apically on terga, creating distinct setal bands on T1–T4, each of which is usually thinner medially and thicker laterally, typically with those of T5 and T6 thicker, more uniform overall. S6 pubescence notably thinner than preceding sterna, not appearing apically banded. Integumental color of terga variable from dull reddish-brown to near black, more often black. Pygidial plate coming to acute point, sides roughly straight to weakly convex, heavily-sculpted medial region often raised, integumental color darker brownish around rim and reddened interiorly.
The specific epithet, ensifera, is Latin for sword-bearing. This name is primarily a reference to the elongate, sword-shaped terminal maxillary palpomere, and secondarily a reference to its cleptoparasitic life history.
Townsendiella ensifera is known primarily from the South Coast Range of California, where it has been found at two localities: Pinnacles National Park in San Benito County and San Luis Obispo County, 6 mi NE Santa Margarita. The only other record is a single specimen from south of the Transverse Range (“The Gavilan”) near Riverside, California. More collections are necessary to determine the true extent of this species’ range, although it presently appears more restricted than most other Townsendiella.
Known to be active from early May to late August. Within Pinnacles National Park, where multiple collections took place, it was collected from early May to early July.
There is no direct knowledge concerning the host of T. ensifera. Given the apparent preference of the similar T. pulchra for species of Hesperapis Cockerell and the extensive sampling of Pinnacles National Park, Hesperapis as a potential host may be inferred as a working hypothesis. Only two species of Hesperapis, H. (Amblyapis) ilicifoliae (Cockerell, 1910) and H. (Panurgomia) regularis (Cresson, 1878), have been recorded from Pinnacles. Hesperapis regularis is many times the body size (>12 mm in length) of T. ensifera, while H. ilicifoliae is about 5–6 mm in length, suggesting H. ilicifoliae is the better candidate as host. The likelihood of H. ilicifoliae as host increases when considering that it belongs to the same subgenus as H. (A.) larreae Cockerell, 1907, the host for T. pulchra (
Polygonaceae: Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. and Rosaceae: Adenostoma fasciculatum.
This species is much closer in body form to T. pulchra than the other species are to each other or to the pair of T. ensifera and T. pulchra. It is possible that these very distinct species led to a general expectation of great differentiation between species in the group and that the relatively minor differences between T. ensifera and T. pulchra were overlooked as a result.
female, pinned; Altadena, California; 6-26-35 [26 June 1935]; deposited in
This species is immediately separable from all other species by its wing venation. The marginal cell is the shortest of any Townsendiella, its maximum length significantly shorter than the distance from its apical tip to the apex of the wing. The posterior margin of the first submarginal cell is roughly twice the length of the second submarginal’s, while in other species the first submarginal cell is closer to 1.5× the length of the second. The second submarginal cell forms a nearly symmetrical triangle with the distal vein nearly straight and nearly the same length as the proximal vein.
Townsendiella californica has a relatively restricted range in comparison to the other species of the genus. It is currently known from localities along the southern edge of the Transverse Range and north of the nearby Mt. San Jacinto. Interestingly, these collections are all along the edge of the California montane chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. It may be that this species, its host, or both inhabit a very narrow ecological niche.
The phenology of this species is difficult to ascertain due to few collection records, though it appears to be active from late April through June.
Uncertain. This species is hypothesized to be cleptoparasitic on H. (Zacesta) rufipes (Ashmead, 1899) based on observation of T. californica flying over a nesting aggregation of the former (
No floral records are known for this species.
This exceptionally rare species is known from the fewest specimens of any Townsendiella. As such, much remains to be discovered regarding its distribution, host specificity, and environmental constraints.
female, pinned; Las Cruces, New Mexico; 5.12 [12 May]; deposited in
This species may be distinguished from T. californica and T. rufiventris by the combination of the following characteristics: long marginal cell, the maximum length of which is about equal to or longer than the distance from the marginal cell tip to the apex of the wing; metanotum lacking medial projection, only very gradually curved throughout its width; and the female lacking a lunule on T5. Townsendiella pulchra is more similar to T. ensifera than to the other species, and may be separated from it as presented in the latter’s species account.
Present from west-central Nevada to central New Mexico, and ranging southward to the Mexican border, T. pulchra has arguably the largest range in the genus. With both the most northerly and easterly collection sites, T. pulchra inhabits a number of different ecoregions, given here in order from most to least collection localities: Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert, Chihuahuan Desert, Great Basin shrub steppe, and Colorado Plateau shrublands.
Townsendiella pulchra has been collected primarily during April and May, although a small number of records exist from late March and June. Surprisingly, there are two records of this species from August near Portal, Arizona. It may be that this species is active during the fall in the Chihuahuan Desert, in time with monsoonal rains. Additional collections are necessary to investigate this possibility, though the collection of the Las Cruces type specimen in May demonstrates it does not fly exclusively in fall in the Chihuahuan Desert.
This species is known to invade and oviposit within nests of H. (A.) larreae, mistakenly placed in Hesperapis (Panurgomia) in previous host associations (
Asteraceae: Baileya pleniradiata Harv. & A. Gray, Baileya sp. Harv. & A. Gray ex Torr., Chaenactis sp. DC.; Boraginaceae: Tiquilia hispidissima (Torr. & A. Gray) A.T. Richardson; Fabaceae: Psorothamnus arborescens (Torr. ex A. Gray) Barneby, Psorothamnus fremontii (Torr. ex A. Gray) Barneby, Psorothamnus schottii (Torr.) Barneby, Psorothamnus sp. Rydb.; Zygophyllaceae: Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville.
This species is the best known of the Townsendiella, given the extensive life history work conducted on it and its host (
female, pinned; Palm Springs, California; Mar 26, 1932; deposited in
The female of this species may immediately be separated from the other Townsendiella by the presence of the lunule on T5 (apicomedial impressed rim with dense, fine punctures). Both females and males also have a strong medial production on the metanotum, which is not seen in other species. The male gonoforceps are quite distinctly flattened and relatively transparent, lacking a distinct gonostylus.
The distribution of T. rufiventris is exceptionally broad among the Townsendiella, spanning from Baja California, Mexico, and the eastern Sonoran Desert, extending northward through the coastal ranges nearly to the San Francisco Bay. As such, this species has both the most southerly and westerly collection events of any Townsendiella. It inhabits several ecoregions, given here in order of most to least collection localities: Mojave Desert, Sonoran Desert, California coastal sage and chaparral, California interior chaparral and woodlands, California montane chaparral and woodlands, and Baja California Desert.
This species is known to fly from mid-March through July, although its phenology appears to differ throughout its range. Within the Mojave, it appears to be most active from late March through May. In the South Coast Range, however, it appears to be active in June and July. Further collections from its northern distribution are necessary to test this possibility.
Interestingly, T. rufiventris appears to use the halictid genus Conanthalictus Cockerell as hosts, although prior publications have not listed hosts at the species-level (
Asteraceae: Lasthenia californica DC. ex Lindl.; Boraginaceae: Cryptantha intermedia (A. Gray) Greene, Cryptantha sp. Lehm. ex G. Don, Phacelia distans Benth., Phacelia sp. Juss.; Onagraceae: Chylismia munzii (P.H. Raven) W.L. Wagner & Hoch.
The possibility that T. rufiventris is two species was explored based on observations by Doug Yanega (pers. comm., 10 December 2013). The primary character investigated was the form of the lunule on the female T5, a finely-pitted, tessellate apicomedial depression filling the otherwise concave rim, the presence of which is a unique character for T. rufiventris. The species may be roughly split into two series, those with a flat apical rim on the lunule (series 1) and those with an apical lunule which projects farthest medially (series 2; allied with type of T. rufiventris). However, the reliability of the lunule as a character is questionable in light of its apparent flexibility, demonstrated by the variability in its angle relative to the rest of T5 across specimens of the same series. The area basal to the lunule is also variable, going from sparsely pitted and shiny in series 1 to densely, craggily pitted and dull in series 2, although numerous exceptions have been discovered. The proportion of black integument basal to the lunule also varies, with more in series 1 and less in series 2, but exceptions to this have also been found. The male genitalia were also examined, using four males collected with females of series 1 and three specimens associated with series 2 females, but no diagnostic characters were detected. No characters from either sex which clearly and consistently delineate the two entities were discovered. A geographic split is also impossible; although series 2 is primarily found in southern California, the range of series 1 appears to completely envelop that of series 2. It must also be noted that females of both series 1 and series 2 were found from the same collection event thrice, casting further doubt on the existence of two species.
It is now clear that the Townsendiella from Pinnacles National Park (T. ensifera) represent a species separate from T. pulchra. Consistent differences of the mouthparts, male genitalia, and other characters confirm this. The apparently allopatric distribution of these species further supports this distinction. Despite intense collection effort near Riverside, California, by P.H. Timberlake and others, only a single male of T. ensifera was collected (Fig.
The question of potential cryptic species within T. rufiventris warrants further investigation. It is possible that there may be two or more species, which would explain the high level of variation and the exceptions to the character patterns discovered. Given this high level of variation, there is inadequate material available at this time to determine whether or not T. rufiventris is a species complex. Future study using molecular techniques would be beneficial, but access to molecular-grade specimens is limited due to the rarity of this group. Although
The biogeography and host evolution of Townsendiella are areas ripe for research. Although all species are found in the southwestern US and adjacent Mexico, the seemingly disjoint distributions of T. ensifera and T. rufiventris raise the questions of how and when they arrived in the South Coast Range. It may be that ancestral populations had much larger distributions, including the deserts and Mediterranean California, but were then separated by Neogene uplift or Pleistocene climate change, as they have apparently played a role in the diversification of other Hymenoptera (
Host evolution may prove to be an even more interesting area of research. Most host records are in the melittid genus Hesperapis, but T. rufiventris apparently attacks Conanthalictus. The most obvious question is how this host switch occurred. As Townsendiella is known to search for nesting sites, and oligoleges often nest near their host plants, it may be that the switch was facilitated by both Conanthalictus and Hesperapis nesting near a shared host plant (
A second, related question is why only T. rufiventris possesses a lunule. As this species appears to be the only Townsendiella which attacks Conanthalictus nests, it may be that the lunule serves a special function for invading or ovipositing within the nests of that group. As T. pulchra apparently enters open nest cells, as evidenced by their oviposition into the cell wall (
We first thank Olivia Messinger and her assistants for their collecting efforts in Pinnacles National Park, for without their efforts this species would still be unknown, and Joan Meiners for her subsequent work in Pinnacles National Park. Our thanks are also extended to Doug Yanega for his input on T. rufiventris and James Hung for his comments on hosts of T. rufiventris. We further thank all specimen providers and institutions listed in the methods. The three anonymous reviewers are thanked for their comments. Anthony Auletta is thanked for his mastery of Latin and advice in its usage. Databasing of the specimens was supported by National Science Foundation grants DBI-0956388 and DBI-0956340. Finally, we thank Pinnacles National Park and Zion National Park for their interest in bees, funding, and logistical support of past inventory projects.
Townsendiella specimen data
Data type: species data