Short Communication |
Corresponding author: Derek S. Sikes ( dssikes@alaska.edu ) Academic editor: Louis Deharveng
© 2016 Derek S. Sikes, Robert Т. Allen.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Sikes DS, Allen RT (2016) First Alaskan records and a significant northern range extension for two species of Diplura (Diplura, Campodeidae). ZooKeys 563: 147-157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.563.6404
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Species in the class Diplura are recorded from Alaska for the first time. Two species, Tricampa rileyi Silvestri from Dall and Prince of Wales Islands in the Alexander Archipelago of Southeast Alaska and Metriocampa allocerca Conde & Geeraert from near Quartz Lake, southeast of Fairbanks, both in the family Campodeidae, are documented based on recently collected specimens deposited in the University of AlaskaMuseum Insect Collection. A brief review of the history of the documentation of the Alaskan soil microarthropod fauna is provided, as well as discussion of possible glacial refugia.
Diplura , Campodeidae , Alaska, new record, soil microarthropods, Protura , Symphyla , Pauropoda , refugium
Documentation of the Alaskan entomofauna has accelerated in the twenty-first century, with over 1.2 M specimens cataloged into the
This unique Beringian fauna has received relatively little entomological attention historically (
Specimens of Tricampa rileyi were collected primarily by forceps but also one specimen was recovered using Berlese funnels as part of two projects: Effects of forestry practices on ecological indicator species in the Tongass National Forest, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska and Baseline Community Surveys of Alpine and Subalpine Habitats in Southeast Alaska. As part of the Tongass sampling, BioQuip collapsible Berlese funnels were used with ~ 1m2 of leaf/moss litter sifted prior to running under 40 watt bulbs for 48h. The Berlese funnel sample came from a low elevation (41-45 m) old growth forest site. The rest of the specimens (n = 40) came from alpine and subalpine habitats between 540 and 881 m elevation. Details of habitat composition and links to photos of each habitat are available in the results below. Specimens of Metriocampa allocerca (n = 6) were collected by forceps in a mid-elevation (308 m) spruce forest as part of a general survey of the Quartz Lake entomofauna.
Preparation of specimens for study involved removing specimens from the ethyl alcohol in which they had been stored and mounting them on standard microscope slides. A small drop of mounting medium (polyvinyl alcohol) was placed on the slide, the specimen was then placed in the medium and positioned, and a cover slip added. The slides were allowed to dry for five days on a warm slide dryer. Specimens were then studied at 200× and 400× using a Leica DMKB compound microscope with phase contrast lighting.
All specimens are deposited in the University of AlaskaMuseum Insect Collection and their data are available online at the links provided below. The data are also shared with iDigBio and GBIF.
The two Alaskan species may easily be separated by the number of macrochaeta on the pronotum. Species in the genus Tricampa have three macrochaeta (median anterior, ma, lateral anterior, la, lateral posterior, lp) (Fig.
Tricampa rileyi Silvestri | ||
Data including habitat photos, available online at: https://doi.org/10.7299/X7JH3M91 | ||
ALASKA: Dall Island | ||
RTA-2014-1 | UAM100110978, UAM:Ento:231681 | |
Dall IsI. | 54.99670°N | 133.00807°W |
subalpine forest, Abies lasiocarpa, Tsuga mertensiana | ||
1 male, 4 females | ||
RTA-2014-5 | UAM100110991, UAM:Ento:231694 | |
Dall IsI. | 54.99605°N | 133.02089°W |
heath, Empetrum nigrum, Philodoce glanduliflora | ||
1 specimen SEM | ||
RTA-2014-6 | UAM100110790, UAM:Ento:233667 | |
Dall IsI | 54.99670°N | 133.00807°W |
floodplain meadow, under rocks | ||
3 females | ||
RTA-2014-7 | UAM100111001, UAM:Ento:231631 | |
Dall IsI. | 54.99617°N | 133.00932°W |
flood meadow, Athyrium, Rubus spectabilis | ||
1 male 3 females | ||
RTA-2014-16 | UAM100111083, UAM:Ento:232379 | |
Dall IsI | 54.99555°N | 133.01039°W |
flood meadow, Athyrium, Caltha leptosepala | ||
3 males, 5 females | ||
ALASKA: Prince of Wales Island | ||
RTA-2014-2 | UAM100110963, UAM:Ento:217660 | |
Staney Creek | 55.79901°N | 133.11782°W |
old growth, SEM 1 specimen | ||
RTA-2014-3 | UAM100180086, UAM:Ento:233675 | |
nr Black Lk | 55.58988°N | 132.89034°W |
rocky heath, Cassiope mertensiana, Luetkea pectinata, Harrimanella stelleriana | ||
1 male | ||
RTA-2014-4 | UAM100111153, UAM:Ento:232680 | |
nr Black Lk | 55.58988°N | 132.89548°W |
wet meadow, near bear dung, Caltha Leptosepala, Athyrium filix-femina | ||
1 female | ||
RTA-2014-8 | UAM100180094, UAM:Ento:233702 | |
nr Black Lk | 55.590299°N | 132.88896°W |
meadow, Nephrophyllidium crista-galli, Anemone narcissiflora | ||
1 male 2 females | ||
RTA-2014-17 | UAM100111137, UAM:Ento:232618 | |
nr Black Lk | 55.58964°N | 132.88783°W |
rocky meadow, Nephrophyllidium crista-galli, Luetkea pectinata | ||
2 males, 1 female | ||
RTA-2014-19 | UAM100111147, UAM:Ento:232651 | |
nr Black Lk | 55.58898°N | 132.88927°W |
wet meadow, Luetkea pectinata, Caltha leptosepala | ||
4 males, 4 females | ||
Metriocampa allocerca Conde & Geeraert | ||
Data, including habitat photo, online at: https://doi.org/10.7299/X7P84C1R | ||
A video taken by the first author of this species at the Quartz Lake site is available at: https://youtu.be/my25LhHNFbg | ||
ALASKA: Quartz Lake | ||
RTA-2014-18 | UAM100046686, UAM:Ento:241928 | |
Quartz Lake | 64.22086°N | 145.80301°W |
Picea, moss carpet, firepit, under rotting logs, rocks | ||
3 males, 3 females |
Tricampa rileyi Silvestri, 1993 is the most widely distributed among the four North American species in this genus (
Species in both Metriocampa and Tricampa have been described from the Eastern Hemisphere. Three species of Metriocampa are known from Japan and China. One species belonging to the genus Tricampa has been recorded from Australia. Diplura found primarily in western North America have not been thoroughly studied nor has the Asian dipluran fauna. It is highly likely that other North America/Asian biogeographic relationships will emerge as the faunae in the two regions become better known. Neither genus is known to occur in Europe but among the diverse European Diplura fauna none of the species have been recorded as far north (64°N) as the locality given for Metriocampa here (
It could be argued that the rarity of diplurans in Alaska may result from a lack of effort spent using appropriate methods of capture. That is, if appropriate effort were expended, they would not be considered rare. We feel this is unlikely, due primarily to the state-wide collecting efforts of the first author, using the same methods which resulted in these two discoveries. Although as yet undocumented dipluran populations may occur in Alaska, given the effort to date, we expect there to be few.
Given that Prince of Wales Island was mostly buried under an ice sheet during the maximum of the late Wisconsin glaciation 26,000 to 13,000 14C years BP (
The M. allocerca specimens were found at a site, Quartz Lake, that has received recent archeological study.
We are grateful for our field and lab technicians Casey Bickford, Sayde Ridling, and Bennett Wong. We thank Kitty LaBounty who identified the plants of the alpine and subalpine sites. We thank David Klein who owns the property at Quartz Lake and encouraged DSS to collect there. Funding for this research came from two grants to DSS from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.