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Corresponding author: Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira ( rhainerguillermo@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Carlos Peña
© 2015 Paulo Ricardo Barbosa de Souza, Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Souza PRB, Guillermo-Ferreira R (2015) Butterflies of the Bodoquena Plateau in Brazil (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). ZooKeys 546: 105-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6138
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Butterflies and moths are found in all terrestrial environments and require efforts for a better understanding of its mega-diversity. These taxa have been the subject of several studies involving phylogeny, ecology and environmental impacts. Nevertheless, several areas in the tropics remain unexplored, resulting in gaps in the taxonomic composition and distribution of butterflies in endemic environments. Therefore, a survey of the butterfly fauna of the Bodoquena Plateau in Brazil was conducted. This area consists of tropical Atlantic Forests, with marginal influences of Savannah, Chaco and Pantanal. Sampling was carried out in 20 locations using Van Someren Rydon traps and insect nets between November 2009 and April 2015. Active collection of individuals was conducted from 9:00 to 17:00h, totaling 240 hours of sampling effort. In total, we registered 768 individuals belonging to 146 species of 98 genera, six families and 18 subfamilies. Nymphalidae was the richest family (84 species), followed by Hesperiidae (22 species), Riodinidae (14 species), Pieridae (12) Papilionidae (11 species) and Lycaenidae (five species). We sampled 239 nymphalids in traps, with 48 species, 30 genera, 15 tribes and five subfamilies. The most common species were Eunica macris (Godart, 1824), Dynamine artemisia (Fabricius, 1793) and Memphis moruus (Fabricius, 1775). Therefore, this study contributes to the knowledge of the Neotropical butterfly diversity and distribution, providing 37 new records and supporting the use of wildlife inventories as important tools for the knowledge of tropical forests biodiversity and conservation.
Biodiversity inventory, conservation unit, Atlantic Forest
Insects occupy a prominent position in biological studies on communities and habitats conservation due to its biodiversity and role in ecological processes (
Butterflies and moths are found in all terrestrial environments and require efforts to better understand its mega-diversity (
In Brazil, foreigners made the first studies on butterflies, and the first Brazilian to conduct studies was Adolpho Mabilde, who also was the first to put together a collection of Lepidoptera (
The first studies to provide information about the butterfly fauna of MS were by
Therefore, this study aimed to assess the diversity of butterflies of the Bodoquena Plateau, which is a conservation priority hotspot with great geological and biogeographical importance, but with insufficient data. The Bodoquena Mountains are part of the ecological corridor of Cerrado-Pantanal biodiversity, belonging to the core area of the endangered Atlantic Forest Reserve and the Pantanal Biospheres. This region has been highly threatened by tourist development and the increasing growth of agricultural practices in adjacent farms (Brazil 2007). The knowledge on the fauna of this region is scarce, except for frogs (
The Serra da Bodoquena National Park (Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena - PNSB) is the only conservation unit in the Mato Grosso do Sul State, located in central Brazil (21°8'2" to 2°38'26"S and 56°48'31" 56°44'28"W) (
The vegetation is a mix of alluvial semi-deciduous forest (gallery forest), submontane deciduous forest (dry forest), wetlands, pasture and regenerating areas (
Sampling was carried out in 20 locations (Table
Sampling sites in the Bodoquena Plateau, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil.
Code | Sites | Geographic Coordinates | Height (m) | Sampling Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Palmeirinhas II | 21°11'5.57"S, 56°33'25.25"W | 341 | November 2009 |
2 | Palmeirinhas I | 21°11'16.01"S, 56°33'39.71"W | 350 | November 2009 |
3 | Faz. California | 20°42'5.17"S, 56°52'50.27"W | 733 | November 2009 |
4 | Taquaral | 21°06´27"S, 56°38´14"W | 569 | November 2009 |
5 | As. Canaã | 20°46'5.96"S, 56°45'43.09"W | 214 | November 2009 |
6 | Faz. Pitangueiras | 21°52'14’’S, 56° 35'19"W | 469 | November 2009 |
7 | Kadwéu | 20°32'41’’S, 56°54'44’’W | 519 | November 2009 |
8 | Afluente Salobra | 20°47'3.90"S, 56°43'7.37"W | 447 | November 2009 |
9 | Faz. Morro Alto II | 21°01'85.6"S, 56°37'47.6"W | 528 | November2009 |
10 | Rio da Prata | 21°25'58.80"S, 56°26'31.34"W | 255 | March 2011 |
11 | Buraco das Araras | 21°29'37.2"S, 56°23'52.2"W | 318 | March 2011 |
12 | Hotel Cabanas | 21°10'15.44"S, 56°26'24.2"W | 276 | March 2011 |
13 | Nascente do Gruta | 20°42'6.72"S, 56°50'43.79"W | 476 | March 2011 |
14 | Marambaia | 20°57'53.60"S, 56°42'43.90"W | 665 | December 2013 |
15 | Faz. Sol de Maio | 20°36'18.00"S, 56°50'36.40"W | 399 | February 2013 |
16 | Faz. Rancho Branco | 20°41'6.20"S, 56°46'43.70"W | 178 | December 2013 |
17 | Boqueirão | 21°7'51.30"S, 56°43'19.30"W | 542 | December 2013 |
18 | Santa Fé | 21°30'5.32"S, 56°44'37.49"W | 485 | June 2013 February 2014 |
19 | Ponte Rio Perdido | 21°26'59.18"S, 56°47'28.01"W | 422 | February 2014 |
20 | Ouro Verde | 20°43'49.84"S, 56°49'43.98"W | 487 | March 2011 |
The species identification was performed with the aid of specialized bibliography (
The effectiveness of the survey was analyzed with individual and sample-based rarefaction curves (
In total, 768 butterfly individuals were registered, belonging to 146 species in 98 genera, six families in 18 subfamilies (
The richest subfamilies were Satyrinae (26 espécies), Biblidinae (24 species), Pyrginae (12 species) and Nymphalinae (10 species). Most new records are represented by rare species with few individuals and low frequency. The most common species were Eunica macris (Godart, 1824), Dynamine artemisia (Fabricius, 1793) and Memphis moruus (Fabricius, 1775). The estimated richness for the Bodoquena Mountains was 83 species for the traps and 142 species for the active collection, while the observed richness was 60 species for the traps and 85 species for the active. Therefore, the results suggest that approximately 72.3% and 59.8% of the species richness of the region were collected with traps and active collection, respectively (Fig.
Half of the listed species, (52.05% - 76 species) of the butterfly fauna consists of species with records in areas of Cerrado (
The percentage of 8.27% for Hesperiidae collected in the Bodoquena Plateau, are not in agreement with results of other inventories carried out in the Atlantic Forest (Mielke 1994;
Nymphalidae was the family with highest diversity independent of methodology. This result was expected since this is butterfly family with most species (
In this study, 32.19% of the species showed were singletons. In the study conducted by
The results obtained in this study represent the only information on the butterfly species composition of the Bodoquena Plateau, an area considered of utmost priority for biodiversity conservation. Interestingly, 44.5% of the whole butterfly fauna of MS can be found in the Bodoquena Mountains, showing its great importance for population maintenance and butterfly conservation. Furthermore, the records of rare and new species add evidence to the role of large ecological reserves and conservation areas, as well as the importance of taxonomical surveys. Therefore, this study contributed to the knowledge on Neotropical butterfly species diversity and distribution, providing new records and supporting the use of wildlife inventories as important tools for the knowledge of tropical forests biodiversity and conservation.
We are extremely gateful to Marcio Uehara-Prado, Eduardo de Proenca Barbosa, Ricardo Russo Siwert, Lucas Augusto Kaminski, Danilo Bandini Ribeiro and André Victor Lucci Freitas for insect identification confirmations. We would like to thank Manoel Araécio-Uchoa Fernandes for logistic support, the National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq, Process 476484/28-1) for funding, and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for a grant to PRBS. RGF thank CAPES, CNPq and FAPESP for constant financial support.
Butterfly species list for the Serra da Bodoquena National Park, including 20 occurrence sites (represented by codes, see Table
Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Species | Abundance | Occurrence site (codes) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bonito | Bodoquena | Jardim | Porto Murtinho | |||||
Nymphalidae (N = 82) | Libytheinae | Libytheana carinenta (Cramer, 1777) | 1 | 18 | ||||
Apaturinae | Doxocopa agathina (Cramer, 1777) | 14 | 4,14,17 | 13 | 18 | |||
Doxocopa linda nitoris Fruhstorfer, 1907 ♦ | 11 | 4 | 18 | |||||
Biblidinae | Biblidini | Biblis hyperia (Cramer, 1779) | 16 | 4,14 | 13 | 18 | ||
Callicorini | Callicore pygas (Godart, [1824]) | 6 | 4 | 11,18 | ||||
Callicore sorana (Godart, [1824]) | 1 | 11 | ||||||
Haematera pyrame (Hübner, [1819]) ♦ | 7 | 6,9 | 16 | 18 | ||||
Eubagini | Dynamine sp. | 4 | 2,4,9 | 8 | ||||
Dynamine aerata (Butler, 1877) ♦ | 11 | 4,9 | ||||||
Dynamine agacles (Dalman, 1823) | 1 | 9 | ||||||
Dynamine artemisia (Fabricius, 1793) | 50 | 2,4,9,14,17 | 3,5,15 | |||||
Dynamine coenus (Fabricius, 1793) | 1 | 18 | ||||||
Dynamine postverta (Cramer, 1779) | 9 | 4,9,14 | 18 | |||||
Dynamine postverta postverta (Cramer, 1779) | 9 | 2,4 | 18 | |||||
Catonephelini | Eunica macris (Godart, [1824]) ♦ | 25 | 4,6,14 | 3,5,13,16 | 18,19 | |||
Eunica margarita (Godart, [1824]) ♦ | 1 | 12 | ||||||
Eunica tatila (Herrich-Schäffer, [1855]) | 20 | 4,14 | 18, 19 | |||||
Eunica bechina (Hewitson, 1852) | 2 | 14 | 18 | |||||
Ageroniini | Hamadryas amphinome (Linnaeus, 1767) | 2 | 18,19 | |||||
Hamadryas arete (Doubleday, 1847) | 1 | 4 | ||||||
Hamadryas chloe (Stoll, 1787) | 1 | 14 | 12 | 18 | ||||
Hamadryas epinome (Felder & Felder, 1867) | 15 | 4,9,14 | 13 | 11,18 | ||||
Hamadryas februa (Hübner, [1823]) | 21 | 4,6,12 | 3,20 | 11,18 | 7 | |||
Hamadryas feronia (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 11 | ||||||
Hamadryas iphthime (Bates, 1864) ♦ | 4 | 4 | 10 | |||||
Epiphelini | Nica flavilla (Godart, [1824]) | 2 | 6,12 | |||||
Temenis laothoe (Cramer, 1777) | 7 | 1,9 | 20 | 10,18,19 | ||||
Cyrestinae | Cyrestini | Marpesia chiron (Fabricius, 1775) | 11 | 4,14,17 | 3, 16 | 18 | ||
Marpesia petreus (Cramer, 1776) | 1 | 14 | ||||||
Fountainea ryphea (Cramer, 1775) | 5 | 12 | 18 | |||||
Memphis acidalia (Hübner, [1819])♦ | 5 | 1,2,14 | 8 | |||||
Memphis moruus (Fabricius, 1775) | 33 | 1,4,12,14, 17 | 8 | 11,18 | ||||
Zaretis isidora (Cramer, 1779) | 17 | 1,4,14 | 3,130 | 18,19 | ||||
Preponini | Archaeoprepona demophon (Linnaeus, 1758) | 6 | 1,2,4,12 | 18 | ||||
Prepona pylene Hewitson, [1854] ♦ | 1 | 4 | ||||||
Heliconiinae | Heliconiini | Heliconius erato phyllis (Fabricius, 1775) | 3 | 4 | 16 | |||
Dryas iulia (Fabricius, 1775) | 1 | 16 | ||||||
Dryadula phaetusa (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 13 | ||||||
Agraulis vanillae maculosa (Stichel, [1908]) | 1 | 11 | ||||||
Danainae | Ithomiini | Thyridia psidii Linnaeus, 1758 ♦ | 1 | 17 | ||||
Danaini | Lycorea halia pales Felder & Felder, 1862 | 2 | 15 | |||||
Tithorea harmonia (Cramer, 1777) | 1 | 6 | ||||||
Limenitidinae | Limenitidini | Adelpha iphicleola leucates Fruhstorfer, 1915 | 6 | 14,17 | 18 | |||
Adelpha malea (Felder & Felder, 1861) ♦ | 1 | 18 | ||||||
Nymphalinae | Nymphalini | Colobura dirce (Linnaeus, 1758) | 7 | 1,2,4,12,14 | 8 | |||
Historis odius (Fabricius, 1775) | 1 | 4 | ||||||
Smyrna blomfildia (Fabricius, 1781) | 54 | 4,14 | 18 | |||||
Victorinini | Siproeta stelenes (Linnaeus, 1758) | 14 | 4,14 | 18 | ||||
Anartia jatrophae (Linnaeus, 1763) | 5 | 6,12 | 11,18 | |||||
Melitaeini | Chlosyne lacinia saundersi (Doubleday, [1847]) | 5 | 6 | 13 | 11,18 | |||
Ortilia ithra (Kirby, 1900) | 5 | 9,17 | 5 | |||||
Ortilia orthia (Hewitson, 1864) ♦ | 2 | 1 | ||||||
Tegosa claudina (Eschscholtz, 1821) | 8 | 4, 14 | 3,5,16 | |||||
Junoniini | Junonia evarete (Cramer, 1779) | 2 | 18 | |||||
Satyrinae | Satyrini | Cissia terrestris (Butler, 1867) | 8 | 1,2,4 | 18 | |||
Hermeuptychia sp. | 3 | 14 | 19 | |||||
Magneuptychia ocnus (Butler, 1867) ♦ | 2 | 2,4 | ||||||
Manataria hercyna (Hübner, [1821]) ♦ | 1 | 14 | ||||||
Moneuptychia sp.* ♦ | 6 | 4,14 | 18 | |||||
Moneuptychia sp.2* ♦ | 3 | 14 | 18 | |||||
Pareuptychia ocirrhoe (Fabricius, 1776) | 4 | 2,9 | 18 | |||||
Pareuptychia ocirrhoe interjecta (D’Almeida, 1952) | 3 | 2,12 | ||||||
Pareuptychia summandosa (Gosse, 1880) ♦ | 3 | 1, 14 | ||||||
Paryphthimoides grimon (Godart, [1824]) ♦ | 1 | 14 | ||||||
Paryphthimoides phronius (Godart, [1824]) | 9 | 1,6,9,14 | 20 | 18,19 | ||||
Paryphthimoides poltys (Prittwitz, 1865) | 14 | 1,4,9,14 | 20 | 18,19 | ||||
Posttaygetis penelea (Cramer, [1777]) | 4 | 1,2,6 | 18 | |||||
Taygetina kerea (Butler, 1869) | 6 | 2 | 8,15 | |||||
Taygetis sp. | 5 | 1,14 | 8 | |||||
Taygetis laches Fabricius, 1793 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 18,19 | ||||
Taygetis larua Felder & Felder, 1867 ♦ | 2 | 1 | ||||||
Taygetis mermeria (Cramer, 1776) ♦ | 1 | 15 | ||||||
Taygetis rufomarginata Staudinger, 1888 | 1 | 8 | ||||||
Taygetis sylvia Bates, 1866 ♦ | 1 | 8 | ||||||
Taygetis tripunctata Weymer, 1907 ♦ | 1 | 8 | ||||||
Taygetis virgilia (Cramer, [1776]) | 5 | 4,12 | 18 | |||||
Yphthimoides celmis (Godart, [1824]) ♦ | 1 | 9 | ||||||
Brassolini | Caligo illioneus (Cramer, 1775) ♦ | 2 | 4 | 10 | ||||
Catoblepia berecynthia (Cramer, 1777) ♦ | 5 | 1,2,4 | 7 | |||||
Eryphanis reevesii (Doubleday, [1849]) ♦ | 3 | 12 | 10,18 | |||||
Opsiphanes invirae (Hübner, [1808]) | 8 | 4,14 | 18 | |||||
Morphini | Morpho helenor (Cramer, 1776) | 21 | 4,12 | 15,20 | 10,19 | |||
Papilionidae (N = 11) |
Papilioninae | Leptocircini | Protesilaus sp. | 1 | 16 | |||
Papilionini | Heraclides hectorides (Esper, 1784) ♦ | 3 | 15 | 18 | ||||
Heraclides anchisiades (Esper, 1788) | 4 | 6,9 | 16 | |||||
Heraclides isidorus (Doubleday, 1846) ♦ | 1 | 14 | ||||||
Heraclides androgeus (Cramer, 1775) ♦ | 2 | 16 | ||||||
Heraclides astyalus astyalus (Godart, 1819) | 2 | 16 | ||||||
Heraclides thoas brasiliensis (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) | 2 | 1 | 3 | |||||
Troidini | Battus polydamas polydamas (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 17 | |||||
Battus crassus (Cramer, 1777) | 1 | 16 | ||||||
Parides lysander mattogrossensis (Talbot, 1928) | 2 | 1,4 | ||||||
Parides neophilus (Geyer, 1837) ♦ | 2 | 1 | 19 | |||||
Hesperiidae (N = 22) |
Hesperiidae sp. | 7 | 1 | 16 | ||||
Hesperiidae sp. 1 | 2 | 1,6 | ||||||
Hesperiidae sp. 2 | 3 | 1,6 | 16 | |||||
Hesperiidae sp. 3 | 4 | 1,6 | 16 | 18 | ||||
Hesperiidae sp. 4 | 1 | 18 | ||||||
Hesperiidae sp. 5 | 1 | 18 | ||||||
Eudaminae | Urbanus sp. | 2 | 4 | 18 | ||||
Urbanus dorantes (Stoll, 1790) | 1 | 6 | ||||||
Urbanus teleus (Hübner, 1821) | 2 | 6 | ||||||
Hesperiinae | Xeniades orchamus orchamus (Cramer, 1777) | 1 | 14 | |||||
Pyrginae | Erynnini | Mylon maimon (Fabricius, 1775) ♦ | 1 | 18 | ||||
Gorgythion begga begga (Prittwitz, 1868) | 2 | 1 | ||||||
Pyrgini | Xenophanes tryxus (Stoll, 1780) | 2 | 1,14 | |||||
Pyrgus orcus (Stoll, 1780) | 7 | 1 | 18,19 | |||||
Pyrgus oileus (Linnaeus, 1767) | 10 | 1,6 | ||||||
Heliopetes arsalte (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 18 | ||||||
Heliopetes libra Evans, 1944 | 2 | 16 | ||||||
Heliopetes omrina (Butler, 1870) | 8 | 1 | 16 | 18 | ||||
Antigonus nearchus (Latreille, [1817]) ♦ | 1 | 3 | ||||||
Antigonus erosus (Hübner, [1812]) | 3 | 16 | 18 | |||||
Pyrrhopygini | Elbella sp. ♦ | 1 | 19 | |||||
Myscelus amystis epigona Herrich-Schäffer, 1869 | 1 | 18 | ||||||
Riodinidae (N = 14) |
Riodininae | Amarynthis meneria (Cramer, 1776) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Barbicornis basilis Godart, [1824] | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Catocyclotis aemulius (Fabricius, 1793) ♦ | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Chalodeta theodora (Felder & Felder, 1862) | 1 | 18 | ||||||
Chamaelimnas briola meridionalis (Lathy, 1932) ♦ | 1 | 17 | ||||||
Emesis sp. | 6 | 14 | 3,16 | 18 | ||||
Hyphilaria thasus (Stoll, 1780) | 2 | 18 | ||||||
Lasaia agesilas agesilas (Latreille, [1809]) | 1 | 18 | ||||||
Leucochimona icare (Hübner, [1819]) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Notheme erota (Cramer, 1780) | 2 | 5 | ||||||
Nymphidium leucosia (Hübner, [1806]) | 3 | 1 | ||||||
Rethus periander (Cramer, 1777) | 2 | 16 | ||||||
Synargis bifasciata (Mengel,1902) ♦ | 1 | 16 | ||||||
Synargis calyce (Felder & Felder, 1862) ♦ | 1 | 16 | ||||||
Lycaenidae (N = 6) |
Leptotes cassius (Cramer, 1775) | 5 | 1,14,17 | 16 | ||||
Hemiargus hanno (Stoll, 1790) | 8 | 6 | 16 | 18 | ||||
Arawacus aetolus (Sulzer, 1776) | 3 | 17 | 16 | |||||
Strymon mulucha (Hewitson, 1867) | 3 | 1,6 | 18 | |||||
Strymon rufofusca (Hewitson, 1877) | 1 | 18 | ||||||
Strymon ziba (Hewitson, 1868) ♦ | 1 | 14 | ||||||
Pieridae (N = 12) |
Coliadinae | Eurema sp. | 26 | 4,6 | 15,16 | |||
Coliadinae | Eurema elathea (Cramer, 1777) | 4 | 14 | 18 | ||||
Coliadinae | Anteos clorinde (Godart, [1824]) | 2 | 16 | |||||
Pierinae | Pierini | Ganyra phaloe endeis (Godart, 1819) ♦ | 2 | 16 | ||||
Coliadinae | Aphrissa statira statira (Cramer, 1777) | 2 | 16 | |||||
Coliadinae | Itaballia demophile (Linnaeus, 1763) | 6 | 16 | |||||
Pierinae | Pierini | Glutophrissa drusilla (Cramer, 1777) | 4 | 9 | 3,16 | |||
Coliadinae | Phoebis argante (Fabricius, 1775) | 8 | 6 | 16 | ||||
Coliadinae | Phoebis sennae (Linnaeus, 1758) | 2 | 16 | |||||
Coliadinae | Pyrisitia leuce (Boisduval, 1836) | 1 | 16 | |||||
Coliadinae | Pyrisitia nise (Cramer, 1775) | 3 | 9 | 3,5 | ||||
Coliadinae | Rhabdodryas trite (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 16 |