Research Article |
Corresponding author: Shaun L. Winterton ( wintertonshaun@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Ben Price
© 2015 Shaun L. Winterton, Stephen J. Brooks.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Winterton SL, Brooks SJ (2015) Review of the green lacewing genus Chrysacanthia Lacroix with a new species from Nigeria (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). ZooKeys 517: 71-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.517.9705
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The genus Chrysacanthia Lacroix (Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini) is reviewed and a new species is described from Nigeria. With the addition of the new species described herein, the genus contains four Old World species known from Madagascar, Nigeria, India, Thailand and China.
Afrotropical, Neuroptera, Belonopterygini
Chrysopidae (green lacewings) represent the second largest family of Neuroptera, with approximately 80 genera comprising over 1200 species in found throughout all major biogeographical regions, particularly the tropics (
The distinctive Old World genus Chrysacanthia Lacroix is reviewed and Chrysacanthia iwo sp. n. described from Nigeria. All previously described species placed in Chrysacanthia were originally the bases for monotypic genera. The type species C. esbeniana Lacroix, (Fig.
Terminology follows
Chrysacanthia Lacroix, 1923: 120. Type species: Chrysacanthia esbeniana Lacroix, 1923: 121, by monotypy.
Nesochrysa Fraser, 1951: 29. Type species: Nesochrysa varicella Fraser, 1951: 29, by monotypy.
Xanthochrysa Yang & Yang, 1991: 207. Type species: Xanthochrysa hainana Yang & Yang, 1991: 207, by monotypy.
Small to medium sized lacewings: forewing length: 14–17 mm; hindwing length: 12–14 mm. Wings with dark markings, particularly on forewing; four rings of setae on flagellomeres; palpi rounded apically; pronotum relatively broad; Sc and R widely separated; Sc terminating well before wing apex; cell im short, broad and ovate (not quadrangular); m2 relatively short; gradates in two series; inner gradate series meeting Psm; male veins not crassate basally; c1 1.5–2.0 times length of c2; abdomen whitish-coloured, sternite 7 dark, tergites 4–8 polished black-brown; male 9th tergite+ectoproct yellowish-brown, lacking elongate processes; parameres elongate, extending beyond apex of abdomen; gonarcus broad with elongate gonocornua; gonosaccus with a few dispersed gonosetae; female sternite 7 with posteromedial swelling; praegenitale distinct on sternite 7.
Chrysacanthia esbeniana Lacroix, C. hainana (Yang); C. varicella (Fraser); C. iwo sp. n.
Afrotropical: Nigeria, Madagascar; Oriental: China, India, Thailand.
Chrysacanthia is a distinctive genus is easily recognized by the dark head and thorax, with cream-coloured abdomen with black tergites posteriorly, and dark markings on the wings (Figs
Chrysacanthia spp. A Chrysacanthia iwo sp. n., forewing and hind wing (Forewing length: 15.0 mm) B Chrysacanthia varicella (Fraser), body and wings (after
Few comprehensive estimates of green lacewing higher-level phylogeny have been published, either based on morphology (e.g.,
As previously stated, generic relationships are largely unknown in Belonopterygini, yet certain patterns are evident which suggest likely groupings of genera. Genus groups within the tribe can be identified based on the complement of male genitalic structures (
The greatest generic diversity in Belonopterygini is in the Old World, principally the Afrotropical region, where genera such as Oyochrysa, Dysochrysa Tjeder, Turnerochrysa Kimmins, Chrysaloysia Navás and Nesochrysa are endemic. Besides Evanochrysa, the Oriental and Eastern Palaearctic regions contain endemic genera such as Stigmachrysa Navás and Nodochrysa Banks. There is only a single endemic genus (Calochrysa Banks) in the Australasian region. Two genera that are widely distributed throughout the Old World are Italochrysa Principi and Chrysacanthia. With approximately 100 species, many more than all other genera combined, Italochrysa is the dominant genus of Belonopterygini and occurs throughout the Afrotropical, Palaearctic, Oriental and Australasian regions (
Among Old World genera, gonocornua are present in genera such as Nesochrysa, Dysochrysa, Chrysaloysia, Stigmachrysa and Chrysacanthia. Apical lobes on ectoprocts and/or sternite 8+9 in the male suggest a further close relationship among Nesochrysa, Nodochrysa and Stigmachrysa; these lobes are lacking in the other genera in this group with gonocornua. Moreover, the elongate shape of the gonocornua indicates a close relationship among Chrysaloysia, Dysochrysa and Chrysacanthia (
Turnerochrysa is a monotypic genus with greatly reduced wing venation associated with its unusually small size for members of this tribe. Relationships of this genus to other Belonopterygini are unclear, but the lack of gonocornua suggests a possible relationship with Italochrysa and Oyochrysa (
The immature stages of chrysopids in the tribe Belonopterygini are poorly known, and larvae are documented for only three genera (Calochrysa, Nacarina and Italochrysa) (
1 | Head and thorax extensively dark brown with pale linear markings (Fig. |
2 |
– | Head and thorax uniform dark brown, or yellowish brown with distinct brown markings (Oriental) | 3 |
2 | Wing markings very dark; hind wing with two spots along posterior margin; legs with multiple dark bands on femora (Madagascar) |
C. varicella (Fraser) (Fig. |
– | Wing markings relatively pale; hind wing with single spot along posterior margin; legs with femora unmarked (Nigeria) |
C. iwo sp. n. (Fig. |
3 | Head and thorax mostly dark brown, with some blackish markings; forewing with mark present at base of inner gradate series (India, Thailand) |
C. esbeniana Lacroix (Fig. |
– | Head yellowish brown with darker markings on vertex and across face; prothorax yellowish medially, dark brown laterally; forewing with mark absent at base of inner gradate series (China) |
C. hainana (Yang & Yang) (Fig. |
Holotype male, NIGERIA: Osun State: Iwo, 2.iii.1973, cashew leaf, pres. By Comm. Inst. Ent. B.M. 1977-1, BMNH(E) 1201743 (Natural History Museum, London). Type condition: poor, damaged: antennae missing, abdomen and genitalia dissected.
Head and thorax dark with pale linear markings; hind wing with single mark along posterior margin at pseudomedial crossveins 2–3; femora unmarked.
Male: Wing length (forewing: 15.0 mm; hindwing: 13.0 mm). Overall colouration very dark brown to black, with cream coloured abdomen with black polished tergites posteriorly and dark markings in wings. Head (Fig.
Female: unknown.
This Afrotropical species of Chrysacanthia is easily differentiated from other species in the genus by the head and thoracic markings (i.e., dark brown with pale stripes and arch-like markings), unmarked femora, relatively short paramere, single spot on the posterior margin of the hind wing, and well developed mark at the base of the inner gradate series of the forewing. Chrysacanthia iwo sp. n. is known only from the holotype male collected on cashew in Iwo, Nigeria.
Members of this genus are very distinctive based on wing venation and markings on the head and thorax. The Malagasy Chrysacanthia varicella was excellently figured by
This new species is named after the type locality, the township of Iwo, SW Nigeria.
This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-1144119). Statements and viewpoints expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the opinion of NSF. Thank you to Poorani Janakiraman for use of the image of Chrysacanthia esbeniana.