Research Article |
Corresponding author: Simon Vitecek ( simon.vitecek@wcl.ac.at ) Academic editor: Ralph Holzenthal
© 2015 Simon Vitecek, Mladen Kučinić, János Oláh, Ana Previšić, Miklós Bálint, Lujza Keresztes, Johann Waringer, Steffen Pauls, Wolfram Graf.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Vitecek S, Kučinić M, Oláh J, Previšić A, Bálint M, Keresztes L, Waringer J, Pauls SU, Graf W (2015) Description of two new filtering carnivore Drusus species (Limnephilidae, Drusinae) from the Western Balkans. ZooKeys 513: 79-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.513.9908
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Two new species of the genus Drusus (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae, Drusinae) from the Western Balkans are described. Additionally, observations on the biodiversity and threats to the region’s endemic aquatic fauna are discussed. Drusus krpachi sp. n. is a micro-endemic of the Korab Mountains, Macedonia, and D. malickyi sp. n. is a micro-endemic of the Prokletije Mountains, Albania. Both new species are most similar to D. macedonicus but differ from the latter in the shape of segment IX, the shape of the tips of the intermediate appendages in lateral view, the shape of the inferior appendages, and the form and shape of the parameres. In addition, males of the European species of filtering carnivore Drusinae are diagnosed and illustrated, including Cryptothrix nebulicola McLachlan, Drusus chrysotus Rambur, D. discolor Rambur, D. macedonicus Schmid, D. meridionalis Kumanski, D. muelleri McLachlan, D. romanicus Murgoci and Botosaneanu, and D. siveci Malicky. These additions to the Western Balkan fauna demonstrate the significance of this region for European biodiversity and further highlight the importance of faunistic studies in Europe.
Caddisfly, aquatic diversity, Mediterranean, taxonomy, conservation, Southern Europe
Dedicated to Hans Malicky on the occasion of his 80th birthday
The Western Balkans harbour high biodiversity including high numbers of endemic species. This has been attributed to historic climate conditions and the highly diverse geology of the region (e.g.,
Faunal studies on Western Balkan aquatic biodiversity recovered intriguing biogeographic patterns and several new species (e.g.,
The subfamily Drusinae Banks comprises roughly 110 species in 8 genera (
Here we describe two new filtering carnivore Drusus species. Additionally, we provide re-descriptions of filtering carnivorous Drusinaesensu
Adults were collected using sweep nets and by handpicking. Collected specimens were stored in 96% EthOH. Male and female genitalia were examined after being cleared in either KOH or lactic acid. Nomenclature of male genitalia of Drusus follows
Specimens are currently stored in the following collections: Collection Wolfram Graf (WG), Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology Management, University of Natural Resources, Max-Emanuelstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna, Austria; Collection Ana Previšić (AP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Collection Mladen Kučinić (MK), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Collection János Oláh [János Oláh Private Collection under national protection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary] (JO), Tarján u. 28, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
Type specimens will be deposited in museum collections upon completion of the taxonomic work.
Holotype. 1 male: Macedonia, Mavrovo National Park, Korab Mountains, česma Elem; N41.857, E 20.625; leg. Kučinić, Krpač, Mihoci; 15.VIII.2011. Currently deposited in coll. WG, will be deposited in the Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb, Croatia.
3 males: Macedonia, Mavrovo National Park, Korab Mountains, Reč; leg. Krpač, Mihoci, Kučinić; 01.VIII.2011. Currently deposited in coll. MK, two paratypes will be deposited in the Macedonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, one paratype will be deposited in coll. WG.
Macedonia, Korab Mountains.
Males of the new species are most similar to D. macedonicus, but exhibit (1) a distally straight ventral half of segment IX; (2) a dorsally straight tip of the intermediate appendage distinctly separated by a proximal indentation and with small proximal and distal rough protrusions; (3) a conical inferior appendage with a proximal dorsal triangular protrusion; (4) parameres with three tines in the distal third in dorsal view. Drusus macedonicus males have a distally concave ventral half of segment IX, intermediate appendages with two rough rounded dorsad protrusions but lacking a distinct proximal indentation, distally tapering inferior appendages, and parameres with a single tine in the distal third in dorsal view.
Adults. Habitus yellow; sternites and tergites fawn; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, blond; legs fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings yellow with blond setae on veins and the membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented. Forewing length 11 mm, spur formula 1–3–3.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Male genitalia of Drusus krpachi sp. n. A left lateral view B paramere, dorsal view C caudal view D dorsal view E ventral view. Abbreviations: tVIII tergite VIII, IX segment IX, sup superior appendage, int intermediate appendage, inf inferior appendage; arrow 1 indicates spinose area of tergite VIII, arrow 2 indicates lateral protrusion of segment IX. Scale bar denotes 1 mm. Del. Vitecek.
Female and pupa unknown. Larval description and indentification key provided by
Named after V. Krpač, Macedonian entomologist and collector of the species.
Micro-endemic of the Korab Mountains, Hellenic Western Balkans (ecoregion 6,
Holotype. 1 male: Albania, Shkoder County, Shkoder District, Prokletije Mts, beech forest with brook above Okol; N42.42258, E19.76127; leg. Puskas 05.IX.2013. Currently deposited in coll. WG, will be deposited in János Oláh Private Collection under national protection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary (JO).
Albania, Prokletije Mountains.
The holotype of the new species is most similar to D. macedonicus, but exhibits (1) a sharp mediocaudal protrusion of segment IX; (2) a dorsally straight and rough tip of the intermediate appendage distinctly separated by a proximal indentation (3) a distinctly slender and constricted distal half of the inferior appendage in lateral view. Drusus macedonicus males have a mediocaudal and a ventrocaudal protrusion of segment IX, intermediate appendages with two rough rounded dorsal protrusions but lacking a distinct proximal indentation, and to a lesser degree constricted inferior appendages.
Adult, holotype. Habitus yellow; sternites and tergites fawn; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, blond; legs fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings yellow with blond setae on veins and the membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented, forewing length 10.9 mm, spur formula 1–3–3.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female, pupa and fifth instar larva unknown.
Named after Hans Malicky, trichopterologist.
Micro-endemic of the Prokletije Mountains, Hellenic Western Balkans (ecoregion 6) (Fig.
1 male: Italy, Torino, Traversella, Fondo, Burdeivier brook; leg. Vincon; 12.VII.2012. 12 males: Italy, San Marco Pass; leg. Graf; 14.VIII.2000; in coll. WG.
Switzerland, Canton of Valais, Maienwang (Grimselpass).
Adults. Habitus dark; sternites and tergites brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic, thoracic and abdominal setation blond; legs light brown to fawn, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings dark, with dark setae. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 8–10 mm; spur formula 1–2–2.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female depicted by
Regionally in the Western Alps (ecoregion 4) (Fig.
12 males: Austria, Krumbach, Soboth; N46.723, E15.0555; leg. Graf; 20.V.2004; in coll. WG.
France, Rhône-Alpes, Haute-Savoie, Chamonix valley.
Adults. Habitus: light brown to yellow; sternites and tergites light brown, abdominal tergite VII with distinct saddle; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, short, dark; legs fawn, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings light brown to yellow with dark setae on veins and blond setae on membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 14–16 mm; spur formula 1–3–3.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female depicted by
This species is widely distributed, occuring in and around the Alpine arc (ecoregion 4), the Western and Central Highlands (ecoregions 8 & 9) and was also found in the northern part of the Dinaric Alps (ecoregion 5) (Fig.
3 males: France, Mt. Canigou; N42.4864, E2.4139; leg. Graf; 12.VII.2012; in coll. WG. 2 males: France, St. Pierre de la Martin; N42.9597, E0.8290; leg. Graf; 22.VII.2012; in coll. WG. 7 males: Austria, Gurkursprung; leg. Wieser; 13.VII.1997; in coll. WG. 22 males: Switzerland, Val Munstair; N46.5852, E10.4544; leg. Graf; 20.VII.2006; in coll. WG. 1 male: Montenegro, Brodavac, right tributary of Peručica; N42.6859, E19.7364; leg. A. Previšić; 10.VII.2013; in coll. AP.
France, Rhône-Alpes, Haute-Savoie, Chamonix valley.
Adults. Habitus fawn to brown; sternites and tergites fawn to brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic, thoracic and abdominal setation blond; legs fawn, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings blond-brown, with blond-brown setae on veins and blond setae on membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 12–15 mm, spur formula 1–3–3.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female depicted by
This species is one of the most widespread Drusinae species, covering all major European mountain ranges from the Carpathians to the Pyrenees (ecoregions 1–10) (Fig.
1 male: Macedonia, Jablanica Mt., Labunište; N41.271841, E20.558136; leg. Kučinić and Krpač; 19.IX.2013; in coll. MK. 1 male: Macedonia, Pelister Mt., springs of Caparska reka; N41.003889, E21.167944; leg. Graf and Previšić; 07.VII.2010; in coll. WG.
Macedonia, Pelister Mountains.
Adults. Habitus yellow; sternites and tergites fawn; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, blond; legs fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings yellow with blond setae on veins and membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 10–12 mm; spur formula 1–3–3.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female depicted by
Micro-endemic of the Pelister and Jablanica Mountains, Hellenic Western Balkans (ecoregion 6) (Fig.
10 males: Bulgaria, Vihren, Pirin Mountains, Okotovo-Banserishka, marshy spring; N41.7389, E23.4462; leg. Keresztes, Török, Kolcsár; 23.VIII.2013; in coll WG.
Bulgaria, Rila and Pirin Mountains.
Adults. Habitus yellow to brown; sternites and tergites yellow to brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephlic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, short, dark; legs yellow to light brown, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings yellow to fawn, with blond setae on veins and membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented. Forewing length 12–14 mm; spur formula 1–3–3.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female depicted by
Regionally in the Eastern Balkans (ecoregion 7) (Fig.
This species was first described as a subspecies of D. romanicus, but was elevated to species rank (
1 male: Switzerland, Furkapass; N46.5888, E8.4327; leg. Graf; 21.VII.2006, in coll. WG.
Switzerland, Canton of Uri, Hospental.
Adults. Habitus dark; sternites and tergites brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale, cephalic and thoracic setation blond, abdominal setation scarce, short, dark; coxa, trochanter, femur brown, tibia and tarsi fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings brown, smoky, with dark setae on veins and blond setae on membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; Forewing length 11–13 mm (
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female depicted by
Regionally in the Western Alps (ecoregion 4) (Fig.
1 male: Romania, Apuseni Mts., Garda de Sus, tributary of Ariesul Mare; N46.4508, E22.7982; leg. Oláh, Bajka, Balogh, Borics; 29.V.2013; in coll. WG. 1 male: Romania, Apuseni Mts., Muntii Giaului, Stiunea Muntele Baisorii, Lupinus stream; leg. Oláh, Balogh, Fekete; 18.VI.2013; in coll. WG. 1 male: Romania, Retezat Mts, Bucara Stream, 150 m below Bucara lake; N45.3570, E22.8753; leg. Bajka, Balogh, Borics, Borics; 10.VIII.2013; in coll. WG.
Romania, Carpathian Mountains, spring areas of the Ialomita stream.
Description.Adults. Habitus brown to light brown; sternites and tergites brown to light brown; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic, thoracic and abdominal setation blond; legs light brown, proximally darker; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings brown, proximally lighter, with blond setae on veins and membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented; forewing length 12–14 mm; spur formula 1–3–3.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female and pupa unknown; larva in key presented by
Regionally in the Western and Southern Carpathians (ecoregion 10) (Fig.
5 males: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sutjeska National Park, stream close to Čermerno; N43.2650, E18.5927; leg. Previšić, Miliša; 04.VII.2012; in coll. AP.
Montenegro, Andrijevica, Gnjili Potok.
Adults. Habitus yellow to fawn; sternites and tergites fawn; cephalic and thoracic setal areas pale; cephalic, thoracic and abdominal setation blond; legs yellow to fawn; haustellum and intersegmental integument pale, whitish; wings fawn, with blond to brown setae on veins and blond setae on membrane. Male maxillary palp 3-segmented, forewing length 10–12 mm, spur formula 1–3–3.
Male genitalia (Fig.
Female and pupa unknown; larva in key presented by
Micro-endemic of the Dinaric Western Balkans (ecoregion 5) (Fig.
Morphology of the new species as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses (
Interestingly, the type localities of the new species are close to the known range of D. macedonicus (Fig.
The Western Balkans represent a hot-spot of species richness and endemicity in Europe (
The description of the two new micro-endemic Drusus species increases the number of Western Balkan Drusinae species. Drusinae richness in the Western Balkans currently comprises 40 species including 13 species (30 %) that were discovered since 2010, of which 32 are endemic to the Western Balkans (
Thus, endemism rates of Western Balkan Drusinae are high, and are further augmented by the description of the two new micro-endemic Drusus species. Global and anthropogenic habitat changes are among the greatest threats to micro-endemic and endemic freshwater species (
Recent published taxonomic works treating the Western Balkans, including the present one describing two new micro-endemic Drusus species, have demonstrated the significance of the region for European biodiversity. However, progressing socio-economic change and anthropogenic habitat modification threaten the freshwater biodiversity of the Western Balkans, and potentially will result in the loss of yet-to-be discovered species.
We are most grateful to G. Puskas, Budapest (Hungary), and V. Krpač, Skopje (Macedonia), for donating their valuable material. This contribution is result of research on the project “The Drusinae (Insecta: Trichoptera) in a world of global change“ (project number P23687-B17, PI: J. Waringer), funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF). Distribution data used in this contribution were partly extracted from a preliminary version of the Distribution Atlas of European Trichoptera, (DAET), collated as part of the BioFresh project (supported by the EU Directive 7th framework programme, contract number 226874); Peter Neu, Kasel (Germany), and contributors to the DAET are thanked for their help with distribution data and permission to use their data on sampling localities. Ian Stocks and Ralph Holzenthal are thanked for their rigorous reviews on an earlier version of the manuscript, and very quick handling of the manuscript.