Twenty-two females, nineteen males and thirteen juveniles (J1-J4) collected from three islands from Maritime Antarctic (Table 1).

See Table 2.

Female. Body large, curved ventrad after fixation, especially in posterior end. Cuticle 2–4 µm thick at postlabial region, 4–6 µm at mid-body and on tail posterior to anus, three-layered, outer layer thin with fine and distinct transverse striation (especially well visible on SEM, annules 0.4–0.7 µm wide ); intermediate layer also thin, refractive, especially on tail region; inner layer thicker than the others. Lateral chord occupying 20–27% of midbody diam. Lateral pores well perceptible, often conspicuous throughout entire body, 10–14 in number in neck region, dorsal pores 3–4, ventral pores along the whole body, 9–11 in neck region. Lip region angular, set off from the adjoining body by a constriction; 2–3 times as wide as high, about 23–32% of body diameter at neck base. Based on SEM photographs oral aperture dorso-ventral, vestibulum hexagonal; labial and cephalic papillae prominent, labial papillae mamilliform, surrounded by circular annules, cephalic papillae button-like, without such annules, perioral field slightly elevated. Amphidial fovea cup shaped its aperture 41–52% of lip region diam., fusus (sensillium pouch) at 29–32 µm from anterior end, small posterior pouches present which are not always discernable. Odontostyle long, weakly sclerotised, 7–9 times as long as wide, 1.2–1.4 times lip region diam., aperture occupying 1/3 to more than 1/2 of its length (30–53%), av. 2/5, depending on the position of the body (under SEM it is seen that the aperture reaches 12–14 µm which is about 2/5 of the odontostyle length), two edges of the slit do not overlap. Guiding sheath distinct, its anterior edge located at 11–13 µm (or 0.4–0.6 times lip region diam. to anterior end (in not protruded odontostyle)) and seems cuticulised stronger than the posterior edge which is located at the base of odontostyle. Odontophore rod like, 1.5–1.9 times long as odontostyle. Anterior region of pharynx enlarging gradually, basal expansion 350–450 µm, (321 µm in the specimen from King George Island), occupying 50–60% of total neck length. Anterior subventral nuclei equal in size and shape, slightly smaller than dorsal nucleus; dorsal gland nucleus 4.5–6 µm diam., first and second pair subventral gland nuclei 4–4.5 and 3–4 µm diam., respectively. Location of pharyngeal glands and their orifices is presented in Table 3. Cardia rounded conoid, ending with sharply pointed tongue, variable in size and shape. In some specimens a dorsal cellular mass present at cardia level. The posterior end of the intestine with tongue-like structure of variable length. Prerectum 1.9–3.2 (1.5 times in specimen from King George Island), rectum 1.0–1.5 times anal body diam. long. Prerectum separated from intestine by a transverse muscular ring. Sphincter between rectum and prerectum well developed. Female genital system didelphic amphidelphic, both branches equally and well developed – anterior 510.1±86.5 (390–695.5) µm and posterior 527.4±67.9 (430–705.5) µm long, respectively (anterior 313 and posterior 347 µm long in specimen from King George Island). Ovaries short well developed, often not reaching sphincter level. Oviduct with well-developed pars dilatata, often containing sperm. Sphincter between pars dilatata oviductus and uterus small, well developed. Uterus long, anterior 232–435 µm, posterior 226–395 µm long, without differentiation, filled with sperm. Vulva longitudinal (based on SEM observations, Fig. 12A, B). Vagina extending inwards for 51–68% of body diam.; pars proximalis 36–44×15.5–23 µm, pars refringens with two trapezoidal sclerotisations, with combined width of 17.5–22 µm; pars distalis 6–10 µm long. Three females each with one uterine egg, measuring 123–135×56–82.5 µm, in one female one egg located in pars dilatata oviductus, measuring 123×80 µm. Irregularities of body cuticle present around vulva, on SEM observation they appeared as additional cuticle masses. Tail short conoid, ventrally arcuate, with bluntly rounded tip, 1.3–1.7% of body length. Caudal pores two pairs, on SEM appeared papillae-like.

Male. General morphology similar to that of the female, except for the genital system. In one specimen the odontostyle aperture ventral. Arrangement of pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices is presented at Table 3. Genital system diorchic, with opposite testes: anterior 376.4±28.9 (339–418) µm and posterior 361.9±56.8 (279–442) µm long (n=6), (anterior 237 and posterior 255 µm in a specimen from King George Island), respectively. Spicules dorylaimoid, strongly curved ventrad and robust, their length about 1.7–2.3 times cloacal body diam. Ventromedian supplements preceded by one adcloacal pair of papillae, 12–16 in number, regularly spaced, with small cuticular folds between them, adcloacal pair located at 29–37.5 µm apart from cloacal opening (26 µm in specimen from King George Island). Sperm spindle shaped, measuring 11–13×3–4 µm. Lateral guiding pieces, cylindrical with bifurcate end, measuring 24–31×3–5 µm. Tail short conoid, ventrally arcuate, with obtusely rounded tip, two pairs of caudal pores.

Juveniles. Morphometrics obtained from juvenile specimens, and the relationship between the lengths of their functional and replacement odontostyles and body lengths, identified four juvenile stages (Figure 13). Tail in J1-J3 elongated conoid, ventrally arcuate with rounded terminus, in J4 as in females, c’ decreasing during successive stages to female (Table 4, Figs 6, 10).

The BLAST search using D2-D3 region sequence of A. isokaryon showed highest similarity (96%) to Aporcelaimellus salicinus Álvarez-Ortega, Subbotin & Peña-Santiago, 2013 (JX094341–42), while the 18S rDNA sequence was closest (99% similarity, 4–10 nucleotide differences of about 1700 bp) to several Aporcelaimellus spp., Allodorylaimus andrassyi (Meyl, 1955) Andrássy, 1986 and four sequences acquired during environmental studies of arable soil (Griffiths et al. 2006) and trembling aspen rhizosphere (Lesaulnier et al. 2008). Since the 18S rDNA phylogram based on bigger dataset (Figure 24) did not show clearly the evolutionary relationships of A. isokaryon a smaller dataset with the closest sequences was analysed (Figure 25). Although the very low 18S rDNA resolution this analysis yielded a tree with A. isokaryon being a part of well-resolved group of species assigned to three families: Dorylaimidae De Man, 1876 (Labronema vulvapapillatum (Meyl, 1954) Loof & Grootaert, 1981 and Mesodorylaimus centrocercus (de Man, 1880), Geraert, 1966, Qudsianematidae (Ecumenicus spp.) and Aporcelaimidae (includes mainly Aporcelaimellus spp. and A. andrassyi which probably is misidentified). Further, in the 28S rDNA-based phylogenetic tree A. isokaryon appeared a sister species of A. salicinus, again being a part of a well-supported group of several Aporcelaimellus spp. and A. andrassyi (Figure 26).

The main morphological characters of the studied populations are very similar, only the specimen from King George Island differs by its shorter body, pharynx, pharyngeal expansion, anterior and posterior female genital branches, prerectum and tail (Table 2). Our materials generally agree well with the type specimens (Loof, 1975), although some differences occurred: the present specimens have broader lip region (length of odontostyle 1.2–1.3 vs 1.5 times longer than lip region diam., longer uterine eggs (123–135 vs 117–122 µm), and somewhat longer distance adcloacal pair of papillae – cloaca (29–37.5 vs 26–29 µm) (Andrássy 1998a). Loof (1975) described the vulva as longitudinal but according to Andrássy (1998a) it is more or less a roundish pore, although he may not have observed females in ventral position. Our SEM studies confirm Loof’s observations. Andrássy (1998a) reported that spermatozoids have an atypical shape for dorylaimids being rounded or potato-like, however our observations showed that their shape is spindle-like, similar to the drawings by Loof (1975). Further, the presence of a tongue-like projection between the intestine and prerectum not mentioned in the original description was observed. None of the above mentioned authors reported the cuticular irregularities around the vulva documented here both by LM and SEM.

This species was originally described as Eudorylaimus isokaryon by Loof (1975); later Andrássy (1998a) established a new genus, Amblydorylaimus to accommodate it on the basis of several morphological characters (amphidial fovea and odontostyle shape, equally sized mid-pharyngeal nuclei, atypical sperm shape, nipper-like adspicular pieces and unusual location of adcloacal pair of supplements). He described and illustrated A. isokaryon having a specific shape of odontostyle – resembling garden shears; the aperture appeared small. He suggested that this unusual shape was not caused by fixation artefacts as “other organellum of cuticular origin is clearly visible, without any deformation” and “all other Eudorylaimus species collected by Spaull (Loof, 1975) in his study trip do possess normally shaped, well preserved dorylaimid spear”. Andrássy (1998a) suggested that it would be necessary to know if living specimens possessed this shape of odontostyle. We examined living specimens of this species, and did not find the peculiarities of the odontostyle shape observed by this author. In the original description, Loof (1975) did not mention this special feature of odontostyle and noted that the odontostyle aperture occupied one-third of its length. In our specimens the odontostyle is weakly sclerotised, regular with usual dorylaimid shape; the length of aperture longer, occupying 1/3–1/2 of the odontostyle. In earlier prepared slides, the odontostyle showed some irregularities similar to those described by Andrássy (1998a). The same author (1998a, 2009a) considered this genus as a member of family Qudsianematidae, but noted that it significantly differs from every genus of this family with its characteristic morphology. Molecular data based on 28S rDNA, however showed that this genus is a member of family Aporcelaimidae and not family Qudsianematidae. This conclusion is supported by our morphological evidences: large aperture of odontostyle (reaching almost ½ of odontostyle length), oral opening a dorso-ventral slit, cuticle thick with refractive layer, not fixed guiding ring etc. which confirm Amblydorylaimus fits better to the family Aporcelaimidae. Based on morphology and molecular data (28S) Amblydorylaimus is closely related to genus Aporcelaimellus Heyns, 1965 from which it can be differentiated by its longer and not robust odontostyle with shorter aperture (av. 2/5 vs more than 1/2 of odontostyle length), and not overlapping vs overlapping edges, lip region with radial vs bilateral symmetry (Álvarez-Ortega and Peña-Santiago 2013), vulva longitudinal vs transverse (except A. macropunctatus (Heyns, 1967) Jimenez-Guirado, 1994 distinguished by its longitudinal vulva), position of adcloacal pair of papillae in males (more distant from cloacal opening vs very close) and lateral guiding pieces bifurcate vs simple. Recently, Andrássy (2009b) proposed a new genus close to Aporcelaimellus and Amblydorylaimus, the genus Aporcelinus Andrássy, 2009. The latter genus differs from the genus Amblydorylaimus by the structure of cardia (with a small dorsal lobe), transverse vulva, eggshell wrinkled, ventromedian supplements small, irregularly spaced, without precloacal space, location of adcloacal pair and shape of tail (conoid tail with sharply pointed terminus). Vinciguerra et al. (2014) believed that the taxonomic position of Aporcelinus is ambiguous; they noted that this genus could also be assigned to family Qudsianematidae on the basis of its morphological features (odontostyle aperture length, simple guiding ring and thickness of cuticle, composed of two layers). Related to the cuticle structure, it should be mentioned that genus Aporcelinus has three layered cuticle with inner refractive layer, well visible on several photomicrographs (Figs 4E, 8A–C) presented by Vinciguerra et al. (2014). Further, the location of adcloacal pair of male ventromedian papillae (comparatively far from cloaca opening) in A. isokaryon shows some similarity to Crassolabium persicum Jabbari, Niknam, Vinciguerra, Moslehi, Abolafia & Peña-Santiago, 2012, but the latter species differs from it by the odontostyle structure (weakly sclerotised vs quite robust), not differentiated vs bipartite uterus, structure of pars distalis (without differentiation vs with two small sclerotisations close to the pars refringens in C. persicum) (Jabbari et al. 2012).

On the basis of morphological and molecular data, we propose the genus Amblydorylaimus to be transferred from family Qudsianematidae to the family Aporcelaimidae. It is worth mentioning that the latter family obviously is non monophyletic and we propose this taxonomic change on the base of the close relationships with the genus Aporcelaimellus now regarded as a member of family Aporcelaimidae.

Amblydorylaimus.

Aporcelaiminae. Body large, about 3 mm. Cuticle three-layered, outer layer thin with fine but distinct transverse striation. Lip region angular, offset from adjacent body by a constriction. Oral aperture dorso-ventral, hexagonal. Amphidial fovea caliciform with small posterior pouches. Odontostyle long, weakly sclerotised. Guiding sheath distinct, anterior and posterior edges moderately cuticularised. Odontophore rod like. Pharynx expanded in its posterior half. Nuclei distinct, dorsal nucleus fairly posterior in position, first subventral pair large and equal in size, posterior pair rather far from the end of pharyngeal expansion. Prerectum sharply separated from mid-intestine. Female genital system didelphic amphidelphic. Ovaries very short, uterus long without differentiation. Vulva longitudinal, cuticular irregularities present around it. Pars refringens vaginae well developed. The posterior end of the intestine with tongue-like structure. Sperm spindle shaped. Spicula dorylaimid, lateral guiding piece distally bifurcate. Ventromedian supplements numerous, regularly spaced, preceded by one adcloacal pair of papillae comparatively far from cloacal aperture. Tail similar in both sexes, short conoid, ventrally arcuate, with bluntly rounded tip. Tail in J1-J3 conoid elongated, in J4 as in female.

Amblydorylaimus is an endemic genus of the maritime Antarctic. It has been reported from several islands (Intercurrence, Elephant, Galindez, Livingston and King George) (Loof 1975; Maslen 1979; Peneva et al. 2009; Kito 2009). The present finding from Nelson Island represents a new geographical record.

Eighteen females, seven males and ten juveniles (J1, J3, J4) collected from three islands in Maritime Antarctic (Table 1).

See Table 5.

Female. Habitus curved ventrad after fixation, more so in posterior body end. Cuticle smooth, when viewed under light microscope, 3–4 µm thick in postlabial region, 5–7 µm at mid-body and 4–7 µm on tail; consisting of three layers the inner one much ticker and refractive, not reaching the end of tail. Under SEM it is finely transversally striated (annules ca 0.6 µm wide). Lip region appears rounded, slightly offset by a depression, 2.3–3.4 times as broad as high, lips amalgamated, outer labial and cephalic papillae protruding above lip region contour. Under SEM inner labial papillae not elevated, close to each other and to oral aperture, outer labial and cephalic papillae below the margin of oral field. Oral aperture seems round hexagonal. Lateral pores well visible (13–14 in the pharyngeal region), the first four as two pairs at the anterior end, next more or less equally spaced. Cheilostom a truncate cone. Amphidial fovea funnel-shaped, opening at level of labial depression, its aperture about half of lip region diam. Odontostyle slender, with clear lumen, aperture subterminal, narrow (Figure 22 B) and indistinct as observed by LM in adults (Figures 18A–C, 19B, 21F); 8–12 times longer than wide, 0.9–1.0 lip region diam. long. Odontophore simple, 1.9–2.3 times odontostyle length long. Guiding ring double, situated at 0.7–0.8 times lip region diam. from anterior end. Nerve ring located at 151–178 µm from anterior end or 32–38% of total neck length. Pharynx consisting of slender but muscular anterior section enlarging gradually and “bibulbar” (Andrássy, 1986), basal expansion with somewhat narrower middle part, 206–231 µm long or 44–52% of total neck length (Figs 14A, 18D). Dorsal nucleus (DN) lying very close to anterior edge of pharyngeal expansion. One nucleus of anterior ventrosublateral pair of pharyngeal glands well visible, large, posterior pair of ventrosublateral nuclei slightly larger, nuclei located almost at one and the same level (pharyngeal characters presented in Table 6). Cardia conoid, measuring 28–39 × 14–19 µm, cell mass near cardia present in some specimens. The posterior end of the intestine with tongue-like projection. Prerectum short, 2–4 times, rectum 1.3–1.8 anal body diam. long. Distinct sphincter at prerectum and rectum junction. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, with both branches equally and well developed, anterior 450.5±21.3 (422–478) µm, posterior 463.8±37.9 (404–531) µm long, respectively. Ovaries usually large, oviduct consisting of a tubular part and well developed pars dilatata. Sphincter between oviduct and uterus moderately developed. Uterus long (anterior 220–307 µm, posterior 222.5–356 µm long, respectively), bipartite, consists of a wider proximal part followed by narrower distal part surrounded by large hyaline cells. Uteri contain sperm. Vagina extending inwards for 55–74% of body diameter, pars proximalis 35–50 × 22–30 µm, with straight walls, pars refringens (in lateral view) consisting of two massive trapezoidal separate sclerotised pieces with a combined width of 18–21 µm, pars distalis 8.5–12 µm long. Vulva a transverse slit; under SEM vulval lips spindle shaped, irregularities and ruptures of body cuticle present on both sides of vulva. Lateral vulval flaps absent. In two females uterine eggs observed, measuring 133–148 × 68.5–77 µm. Tail conical, ventrally arcuate, distal part offset, tip finger-like, sharply pointed. Three pairs of caudal pores.

Males. General morphology similar to that of female, except for the genital system. Arrangement of pharyngeal gland nuclei presented at Table 6. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, anterior 318–474 µm (n=3) and posterior 278–436 µm (n=2) long, respectively. Spicules dorylaimid, stout, 1.7–2.6 cloacal body diam. long. Lateral guiding piece with triangular distal part, 19–24 µm long. Sperm oval, measuring 5–9×3–4 µm. Ventromedian supplements contiguous, 24–28 in number, preceded by one adcloacal pair of papillae located at 9–16 µm distance from cloacal opening, out of spicules range; a series of well developed subventral spaced papillae (Jairajpuri and Ahmad 1992) in number 11–18 observed. Post-cloacal papilla present. Tail compared to that in female with narrower finger like tip. Three pairs of caudal pores.

Juveniles. Comparison of length of functional and replacement odontostyle and body length yielded in identification of three juvenile stages (second stage juvenile not found). The tail in J1 elongated, sigmoid, in J3 tail elongate with long hyaline extension, ventrally arcuate, sometimes slightly sigmoid, sharply tipped; in J4 ventrally arcuate with gradually tapering distal part, c’ decreases during successive stages to females (Table 5).

The BLAST search using D2-D3 region sequence of P. paradoxus gen. n., comb. n. showed highest similarity (93%) to the sequences of several Opisthodorylaimus sylphoides (Williams, 1959) Carbonell & Coomans, 1985 clones and Prodorylaimus sp. (AY593008–10, EF207241, Holterman et al. 2008). The 18S rDNA sequence showed 99% similarity to several dorylaimid species belonging to different families including A. isokaryon, and various Aporcelaimellus spp. The hypothesis testing using closely and more distantly related 18S rDNA sequences (Figure 24) revealed distant relationship of P. paradoxus gen. n., comb. n. to the only available sequences of Rhyssocolpus Andrássy, 1971 (R. vinciguerrae Pedram, Pourjam, Robbins, Ye, Peña-Santiago, 2011, Figure 4) (fam. Nordiidae) and Eudorylaimus Andrássy, 1959 (two Eudorylaimus spp.) (fam. Qudsianematidae). The ambiguous position of both P. paradoxus gen. n., comb. n. and A. isokaryon could be a result of the low resolution of the SSU rDNA, non-monophyly of these four families and/or probably incorrect species identifications. The majority of the nematode sequences belonging to the superfamily Dorylaimoidea de Man, 1876 available at the GenBank have no morphological and metrical data and their identification is questionable.

In an additional analysis using the most closely related sequences performed in order to clarify the possible evolutionary relationships of P. paradoxus gen. n., comb. n. (Figure 25): it clustered into the same clade with A. isokaryon and some other species of the families Qudsianematidae, Dorylaimidae and Aporcelaimidae. Further, in the 28S rDNA-based phylogenetic tree P. paradoxus gen. n., comb. n. grouped with species belonging to different families (Figure 26) and no close relationships to any of them were revealed.

The specimens examined generally agree well with data reported for this species, although some differences occurred: lip region offset by slight depression vs deep depression; vulva transverse vs “probably pore-like rather than transverse”, smaller DN-DO distance (0.5–1 vs 1.6–3.4%) (Loof 1975). Further, the distinct sphincter at prerectum/rectum junction, tongue-like structure at the posterior end of intestine and subventral papillae in male were not mentioned in the original description.

Originally this species was attributed to family Qudsianematidae. Loof (1975) placed it in Eudorylaimus, because of widened near the middle pharynx and numerous ventromedian supplements. Nevertheless, he reported that it showed several characters close to Rhyssocolpus (shape of lip region, short odontostyle, and wrinkled cuticle near vulva, although he regarded the last one a not generic rank character). Subsequently Andrássy (1986) included it in family Nordiidae (genus Rhyssocolpus) ignoring the characters in which this species differs from the other members of genus Rhyssocolpus e.g. the greater number of contiguous ventromedian supplements and specific shape of pharyngeal expansion. Again, Loof (1988) reported that many features of this species (numerous and contiguous supplements, pharyngeal expansion at about half pharynx length, DN lying at about 60% of pharynx, distinct first pair of ventrosublateral pharyngeal glands) conflicted with the diagnosis of Rhyssocolpus and continued to regard this Antarctic species as a member of Eudorylaimus (Qudsianematidae). Very recently, Peña-Santiago et al. (2015) provided a revised taxonomy of the genus Rhyssocolpus and proposed R. paradoxus be retained under Eudorylaimus. However, it differs from the latter genus by the arrangement of ventromedian supplements in males (contiguous vs spaced), double vs single guiding ring, slender vs wider odontostyle and specific shape of pharyngeal expansion.

Recent molecular studies (Holterman et al. 2008; Pedram et al. 2011; Peña-Santiago et al. 2015) as well as our molecular data inferred from the analysis of 18S and D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S rDNA, showed that this genus could not be assigned to any known Dorylaimoidea family.

With considering the differences discussed above, as well as molecular data, the herein studied species cannot be regarded either as a member of the genus Rhyssocolpus or the genus Eudorylaimus and their attributed families, consequently a new genus Pararhyssocolpus gen. n., and a new family Pararhyssocolpidae fam. n. are proposed to accommodate this species.

Dorylaimoidea. Nematodes of a medium sized body, 2–3 mm. Cuticle dorylaimoid, finely transversally striated. Lip region rounded, inner labial papillae distinct, not elevated, amalgamated and close to oral aperture, outer labial and cephalic papillae below the margin of oral field. Odontostyle slender, shorter than or as long as labial diameter, with narrow aperture, indistinct under LM and clear lumen. Odontophore simple. Guiding ring double. Pharynx occupying about half total pharynx length. Female genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, uterus bipartite, pars refringens vaginae well developed, vulva transverse. Irregularities and ruptures of body cuticle around vulva present. Spicules dorylaimoid, lateral guiding piece simple. Ventromedian supplements contiguous, numerous. Tail similar in both sexes, conical, ventrally arcuate, distal part long, finger-like. First stage juvenile with long sigmoid tail.

With characters of the family.

On the basis of main characters, this genus/family appears close to family Nordiidae, Qudsianematidae (subfamily Qudsianematinae Jairajpuri, 1965) and Dorylaimidae. The new family differs from the first family in pharynx widening at the middle of neck vs pharynx widening behind the middle of the neck, the pharyngeal expansion shape (somewhat “bibulbar”, with narrower middle part vs cylindrical), ventromedian supplements contiguous vs mostly spaced (except Lenonchium Siddiqi, 1965, it differs from the new family by its longer and filiform tail). From subfamily Qudsianematinae, Pararhyssocolpidae fam. n. can be differentiated by its double vs single guiding ring and labial papillae arrangement (small vs larger distance between inner labial papillae), indistinct vs distinct aperture of odontostyle. Also, the new family differs from fam. Dorylaimidae in odontostyle aperture (indistinct vs distinct) and especially in its characteristic postembryonic development pattern – J1 with long tail, c’ decreasing in successive stages and adults caused by the increasing of anal diameter rather than shortening of tail, adults with similar tail shape - conical with distal third much narrower, finger-like vs one or more juvenile stages bearing long (filiform or conical elongated) caudal region, adults with similar (either long or short and rounded, never conical) or dissimilar (long in females, short and rounded, exceptionally conical, in males) tail (Peña-Santiago and Álvarez-Ortega 2014). Recent studies based on molecular data (Holterman et al. 2008; Pedram et al. 2011; Álvarez-Ortega et al. 2013a, c; Peña-Santiago et al. 2015) show that the current classification of superfamily Dorylaimoidea is questionable with most families being not monophyletic taxa, as some of the genera are closer to members of other families. Further integrative studies are needed to clarify its phylogeny and systematics and to understand which characters are homologous and which are the results of convergent or parallel evolution (Vinciguerra et al. 2014).

This species (genus, family) is endemic in Maritime Antarctic, having been recorded from many islands: Signy (Loof 1975; Maslen 1979; 1981), Coronation, Elephant, Intercurrence, Galindez, Blaiklock, Limpet (Loof 1975; Maslen 1979), Guébriant (Maslen 1979), Adelaide (Maslen and Convey 2006; Newsham et al. 2006), Anchorage, Leonie (Maslen and Convey 2006), Livingston (Peneva et al. 2009), Francis (Velasco-Castrillón and Stevens 2014) and King George Islands (Kito 2009; Russell et al. 2014). This is the first report of the species from Nelson Island.