New samples of Dugesia from Israel were obtained during winter, spring and summer seasons in 2009 and 2010. We visited 32 localities (Table 1, Suppl. material 1).

Total genomic DNA was extracted by using the commercial reagent DNAzol (Molecular Research Center Inc., Cincinnanti, OH), following the manufacturer’s instructions. A fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was amplified using specific primers. Sequences and annealing temperatures for the pair of primers are given in Table 2. Final PCR reaction volume was 25 µl. To 1 µl of DNA sample to amplify we added (1) 5 µl of Promega 5X Buffer, (2) 1 µl of dNTP (10 mM), (3) 0.5 µl of each primer (25 µM), (4) 2 µl of MgCl₂ (2 mM), (5) 0.15 µl of Taq polymerase (GoTaq® Flexi DNA Polymerase of Promega). Double-distilled and autoclaved water was added to obtain the final PCR volume. The purification of the PCR products was done with the purification kit illustra^TM (GFX^TM PCR DNA and Gel Band of GE Healthcare) or by using a vacuum system (MultiScreen^TM_HTS Vacuum Manifold of Millipore). Sequencing reactions were performed by using Big-Dye (3.1., Applied Biosystems) with the same primers used to amplify the fragment, or with an inner forward COI sequence (COIEF3), due to sequencing problems when using BarT primer. The sequencing reactions were carried out and run in an automated sequencer ABI Prism 3730 by the Unitat de Genòmica of Centres Científics i Tecnològics of the Universitat de Barcelona or by Macrogen Corporation in Europe (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Obtained chromatograms were visually checked with the software Geneious v. 6.1.7.

The number of Dugesia individuals analyzed per locality ranged between 1 and 7, depending on the available number of specimens and the success of sequencing (Table 3). The sequences were aligned online with MAFFT version 7 by setting the iterative refinement method in G-INS-i (Katoh and Standley 2013). We used the software Network version 4.613 (Bandelt et al. 1999), using Median-Joining for network calculations. Parameters were set as default.

Material examined (collections Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden):

Dugesia biblica:

ZMA V.Pl. 698.1, Banias Waterfall, Israel, transverse sections on 6 slides, V.Pl. 698.2, ibid., sagittal sections on 8 slides.

ZMA V.Pl. 699.1, Ein El Hanea, Israel, January 1972, sagittal sections on 8 slides; V.Pl. 699.2., ibid., transverse sections on 12 slides.

ZMA V. Pl. 813.1, spring, 5 km NW of Bucak, Turkey, sagittal sections on 2 slides; V.Pl. 813.2, ibid., sagittal sections on 3 slides; V.Pl. 813.3, ibid., frontal sections on 2 slides.

ZMA V.Pl. 814.1, stream near Yerkopru, Hadim, Turkey, sagittal sections on 4 slides; V.Pl. 814.2, ibid., sagittal sections on 3 slides; V.Pl. 814.3, ibid., frontal sections on 3 slides.

Dugesia sicula:

ZMA V.Pl. 7152.1, Tripes, Chios, Greece, 2 May 2010, sagittal sections on 10 slides.

Out of the 32 localities that we visited in Israel, about one-third (11) yielded specimens of Dugesia (Fig. 1, Table 1, Suppl. material 1). At two of these localities we found some Dugesia specimens that were molecularly different from D. biblica or D. sicula. One of these two populations, from Dan Springs (Table 1), might be D. golanica, which was originally described from Dan Springs and also from Banyas Springs, in the vicinity of Dan Springs. Our second series of specimens, from Einot Huga, may represent a different species, according to its very distant phylogenetic position (data not shown). Perhaps specimens from the latter locality represent Dugesia salina (Whitehouse, 1913), currently a species inquirenda. According to Bromley (1980), the chromosomal complement for D. salina is 2n = 16 and is different from D. golanica, although she did not describe the chromosomes from the latter species. Whitehouse (1913) reported D. salina from near et-Tabghah (= En Sheva), while Bromley (1974, 1980) reported populations from En Sheva, En Soda, and from River Jordan at its outlet from Lake Kinneret. Our locality of Einot Huga is actually very close to En Soda. However, as these two species, D. golanica and D. salina, fall outside of the scope of the present study, we did not include the specimens in our analyses.

Figure 1. 

Map of Israeli localities sampled for this study: 1 Nahal Banias 2 Ein Te’o 3 Nahal Betzet 4 Ein Shefa 5 Ein Nun 6 Ein Tzuba 7 Ein Sataf 8 Ein Ovdat. For locality details, see Table 1.

Unfortunately, preservation and histological problems eventually prevented us of carrying out detailed morphological analyses on the reproductive apparatus of Israeli Dugesia specimens from the various newly sampled populations (Table 1, specimens from localities EOV, EHU, TZU, DAN).

We were successful in obtaining COI sequences for 8 out of the 9 sampling localities; 25 out of the 35 sequences obtained for the present study presented no polymorphism, while the remaining sequences showed between 1 and 12 polymorphic positions. We used both the 25 COI non-polymorphic sequences from presumed Israeli D. biblica obtained for this study (Table 3), as well as those of D. sicula, as obtained in a previous phylogeographic study of this species (95 sequences; GenBank Acc. number: KC536630–KC536644 and KC577271–KC577350; Lázaro and Riutort 2013) in order to carry out a haplotype network analysis. The alignment contained 120 COI sequences, included 604 nucleotides, and presented 15 polymorphic positions.

Most of the Israeli COI haplotypes are identical or are only 1−4 positions removed from the major D. siculaCOI haplotype B (Fig. 2). One individual sequence (D01TEO) belongs to the other major COI haplotype, viz haplotype A (cf. Lázaro and Riutort 2013; Fig. 2). The geographical extension of the B haplogroup in the present study widens its known distributional range to the coast of Israel. The A haplogroup ranges from Morocco to Israel on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea.

Figure 2. 

Haplotype network of Dugesia sicula and presumed D. biblicaCOI sequences. Filled red circles correspond to haplogroup A, filled blue circles correspond to haplogroup B, and filled brown circles correspond to haplogroup C of D. sicula (as defined in Lázaro and Riutort 2013). The size of the coloured circles is proportional to the haplotype representation. Small black dots indicate intermediate haplotypes (not-obtained). Numbers indicate the identity of Israeli haplotypes; for further details see Table 3.

Additionally, we compared the polymorphic sequences of the Israeli Dugesia not included in the haplotype network (Table 3) with the sequences of D. siculaCOI haplotypes already defined (Lázaro and Riutort 2013; present work). We found that the polymorphic positions corresponded with those that are variable between haplotypes, indicating that these organisms were heteroplasmic for various known haplotypes.

The results of our molecular analyses suggest a wide distribution of D. sicula throughout Israel (Fig. 1), as well as the absence of any other molecularly related species in this area.

We have been unable to find any stable structural morphological difference between sicula populations and presumed biblica populations. All of these animals are characterized by distinctly acentral opening of the ejaculatory duct; asymmetrical oviducal openings into the bursal canal; rather thick layer of circular muscles around bursal canal; bursal canal that runs somewhat laterally to the penis; zone of mesenchymatic gland cells around bursal canal; somewhat bilobed seminal vesicle; somewhat irregularly running bursal canal, with irregular diameter; distinct patch of cyanophil secretion in dorsal section of penis papilla. Benazzi and Banchetti (1973) described for D. biblica an outer pharynx musculature consisting of three layers. However, De Vries (1988) already correctly observed that such an extra, third layer is not present in biblica specimens from Israel. Bromley (1979) described atrial folds for D. biblica, but such structures were not observed by us in the available material from Israel. The vacuolated tissue that Bromley (1979) described for the penis of D. biblica in our opinion merely concerns tears in the mesenchyme of the penis papilla. Such tears or spaces in the dorsal part of the penis papilla, near its tip, were observed in histological preparations of specimens from several populations of D. sicula, e.g. specimen ZMA V.Pl. 7152.1 from Chios.

Characteristic of D. biblica is the occurrence in the field of a sexually reproducing diploid form with a chromosome complement of 2n = 18, and a triploid form that reproduces asexually by fission with a set of 3n = 27 + 1−5 supernumerary chromosomes. Under laboratory conditions, the normally fissioning animals can be induced to develop reproductive organs. The structure of the copulatory organs of these sexualized animals is identical to that of the normally sexually reproducing diploid forms. However, in the diploid forms, testes and ovaries show their normal dimensions and development, whereas in the sexualized animals the testes are underdeveloped and the ovaries hyperplasic (cf. Bromley 1974, 1977, 1979). The difference in karyology between the asexual individuals and the naturally sexual animals induced Bromley (1979, 1980) to coin the subspecies Dugesia biblica biblica Benazzi & Banchetti, 1973 and D. biblica monticola Bromley, 1980, respectively.

The situation that (1) in the field some populations may reproduce asexually and show a triploid set of 3n = 27 + 2−3 B chromosomes, (2) others reproduce sexually and show a complement of 2n = 18 gradually decreasing, metacentric chromosomes, and (3) sexualized, triploid specimens show hyperplasic ovaries and poorly developed testes is well-known for D. sicula (cf. Charni et al. 2004 and references therein). Thus, also from this perspective, there seems to be no difference between D. sicula and D. biblica.