Review Article |
Corresponding author: Ding Yang ( dyangcau@126.com ) Academic editor: Vladimir Blagoderov
© 2015 Xiao Zhang, Yan Li, Ding Yang.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zhang X, Li Y, Yang D (2015) A review of the genus Toxorhina Loew from China, with descriptions of three new species (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limoniinae). ZooKeys 480: 59-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.480.7526
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The genus Toxorhina Loew from China is reviewed. Seven species belonging to the subgenus Ceratocheilus Wesche are recognized, of which three species, T. (C.) huanglicasp. n., T. (C.) omnifuscasp. n. and T. (C.) univirgatasp. n., are described as new to science, T. (C.) fuscolimbata Alexander is recorded from China for the first time, and three known species are redescribed and illustrated.
China, Diptera , Limoniidae , new species, Toxorhina
The genus Toxorhina was erected by Loew in
The genus Toxorhina is widely distributed in the world except the Palaearctic Region. It has 148 known species, of which 2 species are from the Nearctic Region, 37 species are from the Neotropic Region, 36 species are from the Afrotropical Region, 33 species are from the Oriental Region, and 40 species are from the Australasian (Oceanian) Region. The subgenus Ceratocheilus has 77 known species, of which 12 species are from the Neotropic Region, 24 species are from the Afrotropical Region, 17 species are from the Oriental Region, and 24 species are from the Australasian (Oceanian) Region (
This paper redescribed and illustrated three known species and one new record from China, including detailed descriptions and illustrations of male of T. (C.) tinctipennis, T. (C.) taiwanicola for the first time. In addition, three new species, T. (C.) huanglica sp. n., T. (C.) omnifusca sp. n. and T. (C.) univirgata sp. n., are described and illustrated.
The specimens were studied and illustrated with ZEISS Stemi 2000-c stereo microscope. Details of coloration were mainly checked in specimens immersed in 75% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH). Genitalic preparations were made by macerating the apical portion of the abdomen in cold 10% NaOH for 12–15 hours. After examination it was transferred to fresh glycerin (C3H8O3) and stored in a micro vial pinned below the specimen. Type specimens of T. (C.) formosensis, T. (C.) taiwanicola and T. (C.) tinctipennis are deposited in USNM (the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA). The other studied specimens, including type specimens of T. (C.) huanglica sp. n., T. (C.) omnifusca sp. n. and T. (C.) univirgata sp. n., are deposited in CAU (the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University, Beijing, China).
The morphological terminology mainly follows
1 | Wing with darkened seams along several veins (Fig. |
2 |
– | Wing unpatterned | 4 |
2 | Wing with basal section of CuA1 beyond fork of M (Fig. |
T. fuscolimbata Alexander, 1967 (China; India) |
– | Wing with basal section of CuA1 at or close to fork of M | 3 |
3 | Size medium (wing length 5.0 mm); legs with coxae and trochanters yellow, fore pair weakly darkened; haltere pale yellow ( |
T. capnitis Alexander, 1956 (Thailand) |
– | Size relatively large (wing length 6.5 mm), legs with coxae ochreous, trochanters blackish; haltere white ( |
T. majus (Edwards, 1926) (Malaysia) |
4 | Pleuron with conspicuous darkened stripe(s) (Figs |
5 |
– | Pleuron uniformly concolorous or with darker or paler region, without conspicuous stripe | 8 |
5 | Wing with R2+3 ending before end of basal section of R4+5, R2+3 nearly perpendicular at origin ( |
T. romblonensis (Alexander, 1929) (Philippines) |
– | Wing with R2+3 ending at or beyond end of basal section of R4+5, R2+3 not as above | 6 |
6 | Abdomen bicolored (Fig. |
T. huanglica sp. n. (China) |
– | Abdomen not as above; gonocoxite of male hypopygium without lobe near base | 7 |
7 | Male hypopygium with rods of aedeagus short ( |
T. monostyla Alexander, 1962 (India) |
– | Male hypopygium with rods of aedeagus long (Fig. |
T. univirgata sp. n. (China) |
8 | Wing with basal section of CuA1 beyond fork of M | 9 |
– | Wing with basal section of CuA1 before or close to fork of M | 10 |
9 | Antenna black throughout; rostrum shorter than wing or remainder of body ( |
T. bistyla Alexander, 1967 (India) |
– | Antenna black with scape obscure yellow; rostrum longer than wing or remainder of body ( |
T. brevifrons (Brunetti, 1918) (India) |
10 | Abdomen light brown, hinder half of segments distinctly darker | T. latifrons (Brunetti, 1918) (Malaysia) |
– | Abdomen not as above | 11 |
11 | Male hypopygium with rods of aedeagus long | 12 |
– | Male hypopygium with rods of aedeagus short | 14 |
12 | Rostrum longer than wing ( |
T. fulvicolor Alexander, 1967 (India) |
– | Rostrum shorter than wing | 13 |
13 | Wing with R2+3 short, with a rather strong double curve; male hypopygium with gonostylus rather slender and mainly pale, with a long black tooth in middle at right angles to main axis ( |
T. contractifrons (Edwards, 1933) (Malaysia) |
– | Wing with R2+3 long, gently sinuous (Fig. |
T. formosensis (Alexander, 1928) (China) |
14 | Gonocoxite of male hypopygium without lobe near base | 15 |
– | Gonocoxite of male hypopygium with a blunt lobe near base | 16 |
15 | Wing with Sc1 ending near middle of Rs; gonocoxite of male hypopygium with two dense areas of setae beyond middle and near apex ( |
T. luteibasis Alexander, 1962 (India) |
– | Wing with Sc1 just before origin of Rs (Fig. |
T. omnifusca sp. n. (China) |
16 | Pleuron uniformly brownish black or black | 17 |
– | Pleuron dark brown with ventral region paler | 18 |
17 | Wing with a strong brown suffusion, R2+3 ending beyond or close to end of basal section of R4+5 (Fig. |
T. tinctipennis (Alexander, 1930) (China) |
– | Wing subhyaline with base more yellowed, R2+3 ending before end of basal section of R4+5 ( |
T. tuberifera Alexander, 1966 (India) |
18 | Male hypopygium with gonostylus as long as gonocoxite ( |
T. simplicistyla Alexander, 1967 (India) |
– | Male hypopygium with gonostylus conspicuously shorter than gonocoxite | 19 |
19 | Wing with R2+3 ending beyond end of basal section of R4+5; gonostylus of male hypopygium with a spine near basal third ( |
T. mesorhyncha Alexander, 1936 (India) |
– | Wing with R2+3 ending before end of basal section of R4+5 (Fig. |
T. taiwanicola (Alexander, 1923) (China) |
Ceratocheilus formosensis
Rostrum shorter than wing. Prescutum brown with three broad dark brown stripes. Pleuron generally dark brown. Wing tinged pale grey; R2+3 ending beyond end of basal section of R4+5, basal section of CuA1 before fork of M. Abdomen Generally brown to dark brown. Gonostylus stout and entirely blackened, outer lateral angle with a slender rod. Rods of aedeagus long.
Male. Body length 4.2 mm, wing length 5.2 mm, rostrum length 4.0 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax. Generally brown to dark brown. Pronotum brown. Prescutum brown with three broad dark brown stripes. Scutum dark brown with middle area paler. Scutellum and mediotergite brown (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Hypopygium (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype male (USNM), China: Taiwan, Mt. Rantaizan (1829 m), 1927.VI.3, Syuti Issiki. (One wing and hypopygium are mounted on a similarly labeled microscope slide. Two fore legs and two mid legs are still attached to the dry mounted body, and two hind legs are absent.)
China (Taiwan).
For description and illustration of this species, also see
Toxorhina (Ceratocheilus) fuscolimbata
Rostrum shorter than wing. Prescutum brownish yellow with three broad and nearly confluent brownish black stripes. Pleuron yellow with two black stripes. Wing tinged pale grey, black seams along cord and m-m and paler seam over base of CuA; R2+3 ending beyond end of basal section of R4+5, basal section of CuA1 beyond fork of M and at one-third of cell dm. Abdomen with sternites more or less bicolored. Male hypopygium with two pairs of gonostyl. Rods of aedeagus short.
Male. Body length 5.0–5.5 mm, wing length 5.5–6.0 mm, rostrum length 3.5 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax. Pronotum brownish black. Prescutum brownish yellow with three broad and nearly confluent brownish black stripes. Scutum brownish black with middle area paler, each lobe with a light yellow spot. Scutellum and mediotergite brownish black (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Hypopygium (Fig.
Female. Body length 6.0–7.0 mm, wing length 5.5–6.0 mm, rostrum length 3.5–3.8 mm. Similar to male. But antenna obviously longer, each flagellomere subequal. Tenth tergite pale brown. Cercus dark brownish yellow. Hypogynial valve brownish yellow with base brownish black. Tip of hypogynial valve reaching at 2/5 of cercus (Fig.
2 males 2 females (CAU), China: Guangxi, Baise, Mt. Cenwanglao (24°29'12"N, 106°20'55"E, 1300 m), 2013.VII.29, Yuting Dai & Mengchao Tan. 4 males (CAU), China: Yunnan, Gongshan, Dulongjiang (27°40'32"N, 98°20'3"E, 1542 m), 2013.VII.1, Wei Zhang. 1 male (CAU), China: Xizang, Yigong (2300 m), 1978.VII.29, Fasheng Li.
China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Xizang); India.
This species is recorded from China for the first time. For description and illustration of this species, also see
Rostrum shorter than wing. Prescutum brownish yellow with three broad dark brown stripes. Pleuron dark yellow with two black stripes. Wing tinged pale brown; R2+3 ending at or slightly beyond end of basal section of R4+5, basal section of CuA1 at or slightly before fork of M. Abdomen bicolored. Gonostylus with a stout spine near middle. Rods of aedeagus relatively short.
Male. Body length 5.0–5.5 mm, wing length 4.5–5.0 mm, rostrum length 3.5 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax. Pronotum dark brown. Prescutum brownish yellow with three broad dark brown stripes. Scutum dark brown with middle area paler, each lobe with a light yellow spot. Scutellum brown. Mediotergite dark brown to brownish black (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Hypopygium (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype male (CAU), China: Yunnan, Lvchun, Mt. Huanglian, Qimaba (22°48'36"N, 102°14'24"E, 1012 m), 2013.VI.11, Jinying Yang (light trap). Paratypes: 4 males (CAU), same data as holotype.
China (Yunnan).
The species is named after the type locality Mt. Huanglian.
This new species is somewhat similar to T. (C.) fuscolimbata in having the similar body color, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by the wing without conspicuous black seams and with basal section of CuA1 at or slightly before fork of M (Fig.
Rostrum shorter than wing. Prescutum dark brown. Pleuron dark brown with central region slightly darker. Wing tinged pale brown; R2+3 ending at or slightly beyond end of basal section of R4+5, basal section of CuA1 at or slightly before fork of M. Abdomen dark brown with with segments six to eight slightly darker. Male hypopygium with two pairs of gonostyl. Rods of aedeagus relatively short.
Male. Body length 6.0 mm, wing length 5.5 mm, rostrum length 3.5 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax. Generally dark brown. Pronotum and prescutum dark brown. Scutum dark brown with middle area paler, each lobe with a paler spot. Scutellum brown with borders darker. Mediotergite dark brown (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Hypopygium (Fig.
Female. Body length 8.5 mm, wing length 6.5 mm, rostrum length 4.0 mm. Similar to male. Abdomen uniformly brown except hypopygium. Tenth tergite dark yellow to brownish yellow. Cercus brownish yellow with base paler. Hypogynial valve brownish yellow to brown with base yellow and middle area darker. Tip of hypogynial valve reaching just beyond middle of cercus (Fig.
Holotype male (CAU), China: Sichuan, Pingwu, Laohegou (32°18'33"N, 104°42'45"E, 1100 m), 2012.V.22, Yang Li & Sipei Liu (light trap). Paratype: 1 female (CAU), same data as holotype.
China (Sichuan).
The specific epithet is an adjective and refers to the almost uniformly dark brown body (from Latin omnifuscus = omni- (adj., meaning “all”) + fuscus (adj., meaning “brown”)).
This new species is somewhat similar to T. (C.) tinctipennis in having the similar body color and venation of wing, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by the male hypopygium with two pairs of gonostyl, the gonocoxite without lobe near base, and the interbase nearly oval (Fig.
Ceratocheilus taiwanicola
Rostrum shorter than wing. Prescutum brownish yellow with three broad dark brown stripes. Pleuron dark brown with ventral region paler. Wing tinged pale grey; R2+3 ending before end of basal section of R4+5, basal section of CuA1 before fork of M. Abdomen dark brown. Gonostylus with a relatively small spine near middle. Rods of aedeagus relatively short.
Male. Body length 4.3–4.6 mm, wing length 4.5–5.4 mm, rostrum length 3.5 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax. Generally brownish yellow to brown. Pronotum dark brown. Prescutum brownish yellow with three broad dark brown stripes. Scutum, scutellum and mediotergite dark brown (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Hypopygium (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype male (USNM), China: Taiwan, Tattaka (2250 m), 1921.VIII.18, Teiso Esaki. (One wing and hypopygium are mounted on a similarly labeled microscope slide. All six legs are still attached to the dry mounted body.) Other material: 1 male (CAU), China: Hainan, Ledong, Jianfengling, Mingfenggu (18°42'32"N, 108°49'41"E, 800 m), 2007.X.25, Xingyue Liu.
China (Jiangxi, Taiwan, Hainan).
Male hypopygium of this species is described in detail and illustrated for the first time. For description of this species, also see
Ceratocheilus tinctipennis
Rostrum shorter than wing. Prescutum brownish black. Pleuron brownish black. Wing with a strong brown suffusion; R2+3 ending beyond or close to end of basal section of R4+5, basal section of CuA1 before or close to fork of M. Abdomen dark brown with segments six to eight darker. Gonostylus with a very small spine near middle. Rods of aedeagus short.
Male. Body length 5.0–6.0 mm, wing length 4.5–5.0 mm, rostrum length 3.0–3.5 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax. Generally dark brown to brownish black. Pronotum dark brown. Prescutum brownish black. Scutum dark brown with middle area slightly paler. Scutellum dark brown with borders brownish black to black. Mediotergite dark brown (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Hypopygium (Fig.
Female (Fig.
Holotype female (USNM), China: Taiwan, Jiayi, Mt. Ali (1981–2438 m), 1929.VII.7, Syuti Issiki. (One wing and one fore leg are mounted on a similarly labeled microscope slide. Only one mid leg is still attached to the dry mounted body, and the remaining four legs are absent.) Other materials: 8 males 1 female (CAU), China: Taiwan, Jiayi, Mt. Ali (23°26'24"N, 120°46'48"E, 1100 m), 2012.VI.7, Lihua Wang.
China (Taiwan).
Male of this species is described and illustrated for the first time. For description and illustration of this species, also see
Prescutum brownish yellow with three broad brown stripes. Pleuron yellow with one dark brown stripe. Wing tinged pale grey; R2+3 ending beyond end of basal section of R4+5, basal section of CuA1 slightly before fork of M. Sternites of abdomen brown with basal several segments paler. Gonostylus with base stout, middle with a stout and ventrally curved spine. Rods of aedeagus very long.
Male. Body length 5.5 mm, wing length 5.5 mm, rostrum broken with remaining part length 1.5 mm.
Head (Fig.
Thorax. Pronotum dark brown. Prescutum brownish yellow with three broad brown stripes. Scutum dark brown with middle area paler, each lobe with a light yellow spot. Scutellum and mediotergite dark brown (Fig.
Abdomen (Fig.
Hypopygium (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype male (CAU), China: Yunnan, Lvchun, Mt. Huanglian (26°34'36"N, 113°28'12"E, 1542 m), 2013.VII.25, Mengchao Tan (light trap).
China (Yunnan).
The specific epithet is an adjective and refers to the dark brown stripe on pleuron (from Latin univirgatus = uni- (adj., meaning “single”) + virgatus (adj., meaning striped)).
This new species is somewhat similar to T. (C.) fulvicolor in having the similar male hypopygium and wing, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by the prescutum (Fig.
We are very grateful to Dr. Jon K. Gelhaus (Philadelphia) and Dr. David G. Furth (Washington D.C.) for their great help during the study of type material from USNM, and two anonymous reviewers for providing useful comments on the drafts of this paper.