Rissoa pulcherrima Jeffreys, 1848; subsequent designation Kobelt 1878: 128.

Holotype, DBUA 1051 (spc., 1.17 × 0.70 mm); paratype 1, DBUA 1070 (spc., 0.99 × 0.65 mm); paratype 2, DBUA 1071 (spc., 1.09 × 0.73 mm); paratype 3, DBUA 1072 (spc., 1.08 × 0.66 mm); paratype 4, DBUA 1073 (spc., 1.04 × 0.65 mm), Graciosa Island (Santa Cruz, intertidal, 01/08/2010); paratype 5, DBUA 1074 (sh., 0.95 × 0.65 mm); paratype 6, DBUA 1075 (sh., 1.02 × 0.61 mm); paratype 7, DBUA 1076 (sh., 1.07 × 0.68 mm), Pico Island (Lajes do Pico, intertidal, 07/1989); paratype 8, DBUA 1077 (spc., 0.91 × 0.62 mm); paratype 9, DBUA 1078 (spc., 1.10 × 0.65 mm), São Miguel Island (Caloura, 5–15 m depth, 21/05/1999).

Santa Cruz, Graciosa Island, Azores.

Graciosa Island: DBUA 35 (Fonte da Areia, intertidal, 3 spc., 10/06/1988); DBUA 37 (Porto Afonso, intertidal, 14 spc., 06/1988); DBUA 40 (Santa Cruz, intertidal, 1 sh., 06/1988); DBUA 48 (Baía da Folga, infralittoral, 1 sh., 06/1988); DBUA 50 (Baía da Folga, 8 m depth, 1 spc., 10/06/1988). Pico Island: DBUA 449 (Lajes do Pico, intertidal, 5 spc., 07/1989); DBUA 468 (Lajes do Pico, intertidal, 11 spc., 07/1989); DBUA 471 (Lajes do Pico, intertidal, 1 spc., 07/1989); DBUA 478 (Lajes do Pico, intertidal, 7 spc., 07/1989), DBUA 496 (Lajes do Pico, intertidal, 31 spc., 28/06/1991); and DBUA 662 (Lajes do Pico, 0–3 m depth, 1 sh., 19/08/1995). São Miguel Island: DBUA 704/A (São Vicente, 12 m depth, 1 spc., 18/07/1996); DBUA 787 (São Vicente, 15.1 m depth, 2 spc., 11/07/1997), DBUA 898 (Atalhada, 11.2 m depth, 4 spc., 10/10/1996), DBUA 901 (Ilhéu de Vila Franca do Campo, 15 m depth, 1 spc., 15/07/1996), DBUA 920 (Caloura, 10 m depth, 1 spc., 12/07/1997), DBUA 963 (Porto de Vila Franca do Campo, 6 m depth, 2 spc., 22/07/1997). Formigas Islets: DBUA 336 (intertidal, 2 spc., 07/1990); and DBUA 355 (15 m depth, 22 spc., 03/07/1991). Santa Maria Island: DBUA 1018 (Ilhéu da Vila, 17 m depth, 6 spc., 5 sh., 26/08/2004); and DBUA 1019 (Ilhéu da Vila, 17 m depth, 2 spc., 26/08/2004).

Named after Alexandra Castela, the wife of Sérgio Ávila.

Shell fragile, minute, translucent, oval-conical, up to 1.2 × 0.7 mm (Fig. 1A). Protoconch smooth, dome-shaped (typical of the genus), whorls 1.25, diameter 280 µm, separated from the teleoconch by a clearly visible line (Fig. 1D and E). Teleoconch with 2.5 to 3 inflated, rounded, strongly convex whorls; whorls with regular contour and conspicuous increase in width (Fig. 1B–D). Spire moderately high. Sculpture absent, except for very fine, inconspicuous growth lines (Fig. 1B–D). Suture deep, constricted (Fig. 1B–D). Last whorl large, globose, 70–75% of shell length (Fig. 1B and C). Base large, rounded. Aperture oval, oblique with continuous peristome, adapical angle somewhat acute (Fig. 1B and C). Parietal region thin, very slightly convex (Fig. 1B and C). Outer lip with very thin edge (Fig. 1B and C). Inner lip thin, very slightly recurved over umbilicus (Fig. 1B and C). Umbilicus a very narrow fissure (Fig. 1B and C). Animal light-yellow with dark-brown blotches visible at transparency (Fig. 1A). Operculum simple, thin, nucleus eccentric, yellowish at transparency (Fig. 1A and B).

Figure 1. 

Setia alexandrae sp. n. A Holotype (1.17 × 0.70 mm), DBUA 1051 (shell) B Paratype 3 (1.08 × 0.66 mm), DBUA 1072 (shell) C Paratype 9 (1.10 × 0.65 mm), DBUA 1078 (shell) D Paratype 8, DBUA 1077 (shell, apical view) E Paratype 2, DBUA 1071 (protoconch).

On rocky shores covered by algae, from the intertidal down to 20 m depth.

Pico, Graciosa, São Miguel and Santa Maria Islands, and Formigas Islets. Probably endemic to the Azores.

Setia alexandrae sp. n. is distinguished from the other Azorean congeners by its smooth, transparent to translucent shell, and yellowish animal having light to dark-brown blotches over the entire body. Setia alexandrae sp. n. lacks any colour decoration/pattern on the shell. Colour is a distinctive feature of most of the known Setia (e.g., variably coloured flames, spots or vertical lines, sometimes interrupted medially), which are so abundant on the Azorean Setia subvaricosa Gofas, 1990, S. amabilis (Locard, 1886), S. ambigua (Brugnone, 1873) and S. scillae (Aradas & Benoit, 1876). Setia lacourti (Verduin, 1984) is similar in size (up to 1.2 mm in length) and also lacks any coloured pattern on the shell; this species was reported from the Azores by Segers (2002: 89) as Setia cf. lacourti. Setia alexandrae sp. n. clearly differs from S. lacourti in shell shape (more elongated on the first, flattened on the latter). Setia ambigua was also reported from the Azores (Hoenselaar and Goud in litt. 2002, Ávila et al. 2012), from Terceira Island (Praia da Vitória, 38°43'N, 27°04'W, sandy beach). Setia alexandrae sp. n. differs from S. ambigua by being about 50% smaller and by lacking any coloured decoration on the shell. A very similar specimen to Setia alexandrae sp. n. was recently found in the Pleistocene record of Santa Maria Island, Azores (Prainha outcrop, bed B1 of Ávila et al. (2009a); latitude 36°57'3.05"N, longitude 25°6'44.20"W). This well-preserved juvenile shell is herein reported as Setia cf. alexandrae DBUA-F 137/151-4 (0.61 × 0.40 mm). The protoconch and teleoconch shape and sculpture are identical to Setia alexandrae sp. n., as is the shape of the aperture. However, as it is a juvenile specimen we prefer to treat it as Setia cf. alexandrae until adult material is examined.

Holotype, DBUA 1058 (sh., 1.07 × 0.76 mm), São Miguel Island (Caloura, 5–15 m depth, 21/05/1999); paratype 1, DBUA 1079 (spc., 1.08 × 0.80 mm), Pico Island (Lajes do Pico, 1–2 m depth, 24/06/1991); paratype 2, DBUA 1080 (spc., 0.74 × 0.59 mm); paratype 3, DBUA 1081 (spc., 0.92 × 0.76 mm), Pico Island (Lajes do Pico, intertidal, 24/06/1991); paratype 4, DBUA 1082 (spc., 0.94 × 0.70 mm), Flores Island (Santa Cruz, intertidal, 09/07/1989); paratype 5, DBUA 1083 (spc., 0.79 × 0.63 mm); paratype 6, DBUA 1084 (spc., 0.94 × 0.66 mm); paratype 7, DBUA 1085 (spc., 0.78 × 0.62 mm), Flores Island (Santa Cruz, intertidal, 08/08/2010).

Caloura, São Miguel Island, Azores.

Pico Island: DBUA 467 (Lajes do Pico, intertidal, 1 sh., 07/1989). São Miguel Island: DBUA 137 (Ilhéu de Vila Franca do Campo, intertidal, 2 spc., 07/1988); DBUA 689 (São Vicente, 22 m depth, 1 sh., 15/07/1996); DBUA 899 (Faial da Terra, 8.3 m depth, 2 spc., 10/10/1996); DBUA 957 (Pesqueiro, 5.6 m depth, 1 spc., 19/07/1997).

Named after Ermelindo Ávila, a writer and historian from Pico Island.

Shell minute, translucent, globose, up to 1.1 × 0.8 mm (Fig. 2A). Protoconch paucispiral, whorls 1.25, diameter 225–235 µm, smooth, with no visible sculpture, except for a few faintly developed axial growth lines, separated from the teleoconch by a clearly visible line (Fig. 1G and H). Teleoconch with 1.75 to 2 inflated, rounded, strongly convex whorls sculptured by faint axial lines (no spiral sculpture present); whorls with regular contour and conspicuous increase in width (Fig. 2B–E). Spire short. Suture deep, constricted (Fig. 2B–E). Last whorl very large, globose, 75–80% of shell length (Fig. 2B–E). Base large, rounded. Aperture oval and oblique with faint posterior angulation (Fig. 2B–E). Parietal region moderately thickened, rather straight to very slightly convex (Fig. 2B–E). Outer lip thin, smooth inner surface (Fig. 2B–D). Inner lip thin, slightly reflected over umbilicus (Fig. 2B–E). Umbilicus a moderately enlarged fissure (Fig. 2B–E). One axial threads always present and running abapically nearby the umbilicus (Fig. 2D). Animal black (Fig. 2A). Foot whitish. Operculum simple, thin, nucleus eccentric, translucent (Fig. 2E and F).

Figure 2. 

Setia ermelindoi sp. n. A Holotype (1.07 × 0.76 mm), DBUA 1058 B Paratype 2 (0.74 × 0.59 mm), DBUA 1080 (shell) C Paratype 5 (0.79 × 0.63 mm), DBUA 1083 (shell) D Paratype 1 (1.08 × 0.80 mm), DBUA 1079 (shell) E Paratype 6 (0.94 × 0.66 mm), DBUA 1084 (shell) F Paratype 6, DBUA 1084 (operculum) G Paratype 7, DBUA 1085 (apical view) H Paratype 7, DBUA 1085 (protoconch).

On rocky shores covered by algae, from the intertidal down to 25 m depth.

Flores, Pico and São Miguel Islands. Probably endemic to the Azores.

This species differs from most of the known Setia species by its globose shell. Setia lacourti (Verduin, 1984) and Setia valvatoides (Milaschewitsch, 1909) also have globose shells, but Setia ermelindoi sp. n. is easily separated from these species by the aperture shape, which is oval in S. ermelindoi sp. n. and rounded in S. lacourti and S. valvatoides. S. ermelindoi sp. n. is also distinguished by the axial thread running abapically near the umbilicus. The shell shape of Setia ermelindoi sp. n. resembles that of some Rissoella species (e.g., R. contrerasi Rolán & Hernández, 2004 and R. inflata (Monterosato, 1880)). However, the animal lacks the typical two pairs of head tentacles found in all Rissoella; instead, it has only one pair typical of Rissoidae. Moreover, Setia ermelindoi sp. n. does not have the pigmented hypobranchial gland (observable through the transparent shell) of several Rissoella (a species-diagnostic character, cf. Rolán and Hernández 2003; e.g., R. contrerasi, R. luteonigra Rolán & Rubio, 2001, R. trigoi Rolán & Hernández, 2004, R. caribaea Rehder, 1943, and R. ornata Simone, 1995).

Holotype, DBUA 745 (1 spc., 1.57 × 0.90 mm); paratype 1, DBUA 1086 (1 spc., 1.55 × 0.89 mm), São Miguel Island (Baía de Rosto do Cão, low intertidal, 07/1990); paratype 2, DBUA 1087 (1 spc., 1.15 × 0.70 mm); paratype 3, DBUA 1088 (1 spc., 1.17 × 0.71 mm), São Miguel Island (Baía de Belém, São Roque, 8.6 m depth, 04/07/1990); paratype 4, DBUA 1089 (spc., 1.26 × 0.74 mm); paratype 5, DBUA 1090 (spc., 1.12 × 0.68 mm), paratype 6, DBUA 1091 (spc., 1.36 × 0.79 mm), Graciosa Island (Baía da Folga, 8 m depth, 10/06/1988); paratype 7, DBUA 264 (1 sh., 2.09 × 1.07 mm), Flores Island (Lajes das Flores, 6–10 m depth, 27/10/1990).

Baía de Rosto do Cão, São Miguel Island, Azores.

Named after Ana Neto, an Azorean marine phycologist from the University of the Azores.

Shell minute, cream to translucent in colour, oval-high conical, up to 2.1 × 1.1 mm (Fig. 3A–D and F). Protoconch dome-shaped (typical of the genus), smooth, whorls 1.25, diameter 250 µm, separated from the teleoconch by a clearly visible line (Fig. 3G). Teleoconch with 3.5 to 4 inflated, rounded, strongly convex whorls sculptured with weak axial growth lines; whorls with regular contour and conspicuous increase in width (Fig. 3A–F). Spire moderately high. Suture deep, constricted (Fig. 3E). Last whorl large, globose, 60% of shell length (Fig. 3A–F). Base large, rounded (Fig. 3E). Aperture oval, oblique with continuous and simple peristome (smooth within), and posterior angulation (Fig. 3E). Parietal region thin, rather straight (Fig. 3E). Outer and inner lip with a thin edge (not thickened) (Fig. 3E). Umbilicus a very narrow fissure (Fig. 3E). Animal bright-yellow, with very distinctive single dark-brown patch to inner side of head, readily visible at transparency (Fig. 3A–C and F). Operculum simple, thin, nucleus eccentric, yellowish at transparency (Fig. 3A, B and F).

Figure 3. 

Setia netoae sp. n. A Holotype (1.57 × 0.90 mm mm), DBUA 745 (shell) B Paratype 6 (1.36 × 0.79 mm mm), DBUA 1091 (shell) C Paratype 6, DBUA 1091 (shell, lateral view) D Paratype 7 (2.09 × 1.07 mm), DBUA 264 (shell) E Paratype 1 (1.55 × 0.89 mm), DBUA 1086 (shell) F Paratype 5 (1.12 × 0.68 mm), DBUA 1090 (shell) G Paratype 1, DBUA 1086 (protoconch, apical view).

On rocky shores covered by algae, from the intertidal down to 10 m depth.

Flores, Graciosa and São Miguel Islands. Probably endemic to the Azores.

This species appears to be uncommon on the Azorean shores. It differs from S. subvaricosa by lacking the vertical reddish flames on the shell that characterizes this species. It further differs from S. subvaricosa by the thinner outer lip of the aperture and by the absence of spiral threads on the protoconch. Setia netoae sp. n. differs from S. alexandrae sp. n. in having a more slender shell, 4 instead of 3 whorls on the teleoconch, by the distinctive colour pattern of the animal, and by the proportions of the last whorl/total length of the shell, which are 60% versus 70–75%, respectively. Setia netoae sp. n. differs from other Atlantic congeners (cf. Ávila et al. 2012; and present study) by lacking the usual colourful patterns, such as wavy flames, blotches and lines, observed in the shells of this genus. It also has a more elongate shell than most of the known Setia. The shell resembles that of similar sized Setia antipolitana (van der Linden & Wagner, 1987), but the latter has vertical lines interrupted medially that are not present in S. netoae sp. n.

Turbo costatus J. Adams, 1798, by original designation (=Turbo crassus Kanmacher, 1798; non Turbo costatus von Salis Marschlins, 1793).

Holotype, DBUA 788 (sh., 1.75 × 1.13 mm); paratype 1, DBUA 1092 (sh., 1.88 × 1.20 mm); paratype 2, DBUA 1093 (sh., 1.76 × 1.14 mm); paratype 3, DBUA 1094 (sh., 1.72 × 1.10 mm); paratype 4, DBUA 1095 (sh., 1.76 × 1.06 mm), São Miguel Island (São Vicente Ferreira, 4.7 m depth, 16/07/1997).

São Vicente Ferreira, São Miguel Island, Azores.

Named after António M. de Frias Martins, a malacologist from the University of the Azores.

Shell minute, white, oval-conical, up to 1.9 × 1.2 mm (Fig. 4A). Protoconch paucispiral, clearly demarcated convex whorls 1.25, diameter 340–365 µm; whorls with a pronounced keel adapically (Fig. 4I) and 5–6 faint spiral cords visible on surface between suture and keel (Fig. 4H and I). Teleoconch with 3 to 3.5 inflated, rounded, strongly convex whorls, angulated at a distance abapically from suture (Fig. 4B–F). Spire moderately high. Suture very deep, strongly constricted (Fig. 4B–F). Last whorl large, globose, 65% of shell length (Fig. 4B–D and F). Base large, rounded (Fig. 4B–D and F). Spiral sculpture consisting of flat cords (5–6 on first teleoconch whorl, 8–9 on penultimate whorl and 9–10 on body whorl) equal to two times broader than the interspaces ornamented with minute pits arranged in spiral lines (Fig. 4G); interspaces with 4 to 6 raised spiral striae (Fig. 4G). Abapical area of body whorl (base) with two strong spiral cords separated by broad spiral depression; third spiral cord located nearer the lip may be present (Fig. 4B and F). Axial sculpture consisting of 10–14 flexuous, opisthocline, moderately broad and strongly elevated ribs (body whorl), fading on base (about 7–8th spiral cord) (Fig. 4B, D and F). Intersection of axial and spiral sculptures raising small knobs (Fig. 4E). Aperture oval, strongly thickened, oblique with continuous peristome (Fig. 4B–D and F). Parietal region slightly convex (Fig. 4B–D and F). Outer lip with very thickened edge (smooth inside) (Fig. 4B–D and F). Inner lip moderately thickened and slightly concave (Fig. 4B–D and F). Umbilicus lacking (Fig. 4B–D and F).

Figure 4. 

Manzonia martinsi sp. n. A Holotype DBUA 788 (1.75 × 1.13 mm) B Paratype 1 (1.88 × 1.20 mm), DBUA 1092 (shell) C Paratype 2 (1.76 × 1.14 mm), DBUA 1093 (shell) D Paratype 3 (1.72 × 1.10 mm), DBUA 1094 (shell) E Paratype 1, DBUA 1092 (shell, apical view) F Paratype 4 (1.76 × 1.06 mm), DBUA 1095 (shell) G Paratype 1, DBUA 1092 (microsculpture of the bodywhorl) H Paratype 1, DBUA 1092 (protoconch, lateral view) I Paratype 1, DBUA 1092 (protoconch, apical view).

In the infralittoral on rocks covered by algae.

São Miguel Island. Probably endemic to the Azores.

Manzonia martinsi sp. n. is similar in shell shape to Manzonia lusitanica Gofas, 2007 and Manzonia crispa (Watson, 1873). It differs from Manzonia lusitanica in having a lower number of spiral cords on the body whorl (9–10 in the new species and 12–13 in M. lusitanica). Manzonia martinsi sp. n. has 9–10 spiral cords on the body whorl and 4–6 raised spiral striae on the interspaces between cords, while M. crispa has 7 spiral cords on the body whorl and 8–10 lower spiral striae between cords. Manzonia martinsi sp. n. differs from M. arata Gofas, 2007 in the number of raised spiral striae on the interspaces as well as on the number of spiral lines with pits on the spiral cords, which are lower 2 to 3 times in the new species (Table 1).