"Habitat in Brasilia, Dom. Reiche; Mus. Dom. Spinola".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂: Chrysis aequinoctialis Spin. inédite D. Reiche, Bresil.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis aequinottialis (sic!), 1, 34, 75, 1 (box 51).

Dahlbom (1854) described C. aequinoctialis based on at least a series of specimens. In the Spinola collection, only a male of this species is currently housed. Bohart pinned a lectotype label under this specimen, but the lectotype designation has not been published. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 425) placed C. aequinoctialis in synonymy with C. intricata Brullé, 1846 and reported "Syntype male, female; Brazil (Turin)". However, the female syntype is not preserved in the collection. Since the female is possibly lost and the above male of C. aequinoctialis corresponds to Dahlbom’s species description, we here designate the male specimen as lectotype of C. aequinoctialis. We deem Spinola’s collection as the right place for this lectotype designation, since the collection is cited in the original description and the choice of the male is to be preferred since the genitalia dissection can help in a future study of C. aequinoctialis.

C. aequinoctialis is currently considered as synonym of C. intricata Brullé, 1846 (Kimsey and Bohart 1991). Yet the interocellar distance measured between lateral ocelli (IOD), the length of the malar space and the transversal frontal carina (TFC) are distinctly different between the lectotype of C. aequinoctialis and those specimens described by Bohart and Kimsey (1982: 135). It belongs to the smaragdula group and a worldwide revision this group is needed.

Chrysis intricata Brullé, 1846 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 425).

Plate 1. 

Chrysis aequinoctialis Dahlbom, lectotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Aegypto et in Promontorio bonae spei, Museis DD. Drewsen, Spinola et Westermann".

Paralectotype 1 ♂. Chrysis vel Poecilochroa alternans Klug. cum var. β D. Draege Cap. B. Esp.

Paralectotypes 2 ♀♀. Idem.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis alternans, 13, 53, 21, 3 (box 51).

Paralectotype 1 ♂. Poecilochroa alternans, Klug.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Poecilochroa bifasciata, 132, 53, 0, 1 (box 52).

Dahlbom (1854) described three variations (a, b, c) of C. alternans. Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 381) designated a lectotype of C. alternans at ZMUC. Dahlbom’s three variations of C. alternans are nowadays considered distinct species, referring to two different species groups. In Spinola’s box 51, there are three specimens placed under the label C. alternans (Casolari and Casolari Moreno 1980: 79). Two of them belong to var. a, whereas the third refers to var. b and belongs to a different species with a similar colouration. A further specimen of "C. alternans" was found in box 52, under the name Poecilochroa alternans and should be considered as another paralectotype referring to var. b. The examination of the lectotype in ZMUC revealed that it belongs to var. a (Madl and Rosa 2012: 16). It belongs to the alternans group.

Chrysis alternans Dahlbom, 1854.

"Liguria".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂. Chrysis analis Spin. Ins. Lig. - non Meg.[erle] D. Ghiliani Genes [Genova] Espagne.

Paralectotype 1 ♂. Idem.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis analis, 1, 110/101, 33, 5 (box 51).

Spinola (1808) described C. analis based on a series of specimens: "Habitat passim in Liguria, haud infrequens". Today there are six specimens in the Spinola collection that refer to C. analis, even though Casolari and Casolari (1980: 79) listed only five. One specimen bears a rounded label that was likely acquired after the description of the species. Two other specimens bear handwritten labels. However, the handwriting is not by Spinola and thus the specimens cannot be considered as type material; they were very likely collected by Ghiliani in Spain and later sent to Spinola, as reported on the white label at the base of the series. One specimen is a male of C. splendidula Rossi. The remaining two specimens were collected at Genoa, as reported on the main underlying white label. Since there are different species found in the type series, we designate as lectotype of C. analis Spinola an undamaged male that matches Spinola’s description of this species and the current interpretation of the species by most currently active authors. It belongs to the comparata-scutellaris group.

Chrysis analis Spinola, 1808.

Plate 2. 

Chrysis analis Spinola, lectotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, lateral view D metasoma, dorso-lateral view.

"Habitat in Armenia, a D. Osculati detecta, Mus. D. Spinola".

Holotype ♂. Chrysis armena Spin. D. Osculati Arménie.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis armena, 1, 22, 65, 1 (box 51).

It belongs to the pallidicornis group.

Chrysis pallidicornis Spinola, 1838 (synonymised by Mocsáry 1887: 13).

"Habitat in Sicilia et Aegypto. Tria specimina lustravi: unum a D. Grohmann in Sicilia lectum, Mus. Vienn. teste D. Kollar; alterum e Stansnio a D. Loew communicatum, tertium ex Aegypto D. Walt, Mus. D. Spinola".

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis assimilis Spin. D. Waltl. Égypte.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis assimilis, 1, 23, 95, 1 (box 51).

Dahlbom (1854) described C. assimilis based on three syntypes. The Egyptian syntype is still in Spinola’s collection. The second syntype is apparently lost. The third syntype from Sicily is housed in NHMW. C. assimilis was considered as a valid species by different authors: Abeille (1879: 41), Gogorza (1887: 51), De Stefani (1888: 138), du Buysson (in André), 1893: 233). However, after publication of Mocsáry’s seminal monograph on cuckoo wasps (1889: 183), C. assimilis was considered by most authors as a synonym of C. pumila Klug, 1845.

Mocsáry (1889) placed all the known species relating to the genus Chrysidea Bischoff in synonym with Chrysis pumila (C. assimilis Dahlbom, C. virgo Abeille, C. tarsata Tournier, and C. persica Radoszkowski), and most authors followed this interpretation (Dalla Torre 1892: 37; Bischoff 1913: 35; Trautmann 1927: 102; Berland and Bernard 1938: 70; Linsenmaier 1951: 62; Balthasar 1953: 170).

Linsenmaier (1959: 171) recognized different species and subspecies of Chrysidea in Europe and the Mediterranean region and he listed characteristics to identify them. He treated Chrysidea Bischoff as a subgenus of Chrysis Linnaeus and considered C. pumila Klug and C. persica Radoszkowski as valid species, speculated about C. assimilis Dahlbom, 1854, possibly being a synonym of C. persica, and he described a new subspecies C. pumila: ssp. disclusa. A few years later, Linsenmaier (1987: 155) stated that C. pumilasensu auctorum does not occur at the species’ typical locality and consequently suggested synonymizing C. persica and C. pumila. He described the species previously named C. pumila as Chrysis (Trichrysis) pumilionis n. sp. Linsenmaier (1987: 155) and also assigned it the subspecies disclusa Linsenmaier, 1959. This combination is erroneous for nomenclatural reasons, and the name C. disclusa obviously has date priority over C. pumilionis, as already stated by Niehuis (2001: 122). Currently, the species belonging to the C. pumila group are included in the genus Chrysidea Bischoff, 1910 (Kimsey and Bohart 1991).

We examined both available syntypes of C. assimilis Dahlbom. They belong to two different species: the Egyptian specimen housed in MRSN is a female of C. persica (sensuLinsenmaier 1959 = C. pumilasensuLinsenmaier 1987); the Sicilian specimen housed in the NHMW is a male of C. pumila disclusa (sensuLinsenmaier 1959 = C. pumilionis disclusasensuLinsenmaier 1987).

Since there is no stability in the species names of the genus Chrysidea, we propose to designate a neotype of C. pumila Klug, 1845 and a lectotype of C. assimilis Dahlbom, 1854.

As neotype of C. pumila Klug, 1845, we designate a male housed in Linsenmaier’s collection. The type locality of C. pumila is Ambukhol, once being in Egypt, nowadays in North Sudan. Since there are no available specimens from the type locality in any visited European museum, the specimen selected as neotype was collected in the closest locality to Ambukhol know to us. Specifically, it was collected in Egypt and bears the following locality label: Aegypten Fayoum H. Suster 9.1948 Coll. Linsenmaier. The designation of this specimen as neotype of C. pumila retains Linsenmaier’s interpretation (1987 and following papers) of the species and that most European Hymenopterists adopted. We agree with Linsenmaier’s interpretation of the species, since C. pumilasensuLinsenmaier (1959) seems to be restricted in its occurrence to central and southern Europe. Mocsáry (1909: 406) was the last author to examine Klug’s type of C. pumila in MNHU. We searched for this type together the curator, Dr. Frank Koch, and his assistant, Viola Richter, at the MNHU, but in vain. All taxa deposited at MNHU are registered with an index card that includes information on the type status of each specimen. Klug’s types are registered with a red "T" [Type], except in the case of pumila, which is marked with a "T" written with drawing pencil. The type possibly had been lost already during compilation of the index cards.

As lectotype of C. assimilis Dahlbom, 1854, we designate a specimen housed in the Spinola collection labelled: Chrysis assimilis Spin. D. Waltl Égypte. This designation retains the synonymy of C. assimilis Dahlbom, 1854 and C. pumila Klug, 1845. In fact, a lectotype designation based on the Sicilian type specimen housed at NHMW would have caused nomenclatorial stability in the genus Chrysidea since C. assimilis is the second available name described.

In Europe and in the Mediterranean region, there are currently four known species and one subspecies of Chrysidea: C. asensioi Mingo, 1985 (distribution: Spain, south France, north Italy, Greece); C. disclusa Linsenmaier, 1959 (Spain, south France, Italy, Sicily, north Africa); C. pumila Klug, 1845 (Transpalaearctic: from the Iberian peninsula and northern Africa to China; Afrotropical); C. disclusa pumilionis Linsenmaier, 1987 (Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Macedonia, Morocco, Spain, Switzerland); C. rebecca Morice, 1909 (Palestine, Syria).

Chrysidea pumila (Klug, 1845) (synonymised by Mocsary 1887: 13; and transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 314).

Plate 3. 

Chrysis assimilis Dahlbom, lectotype A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view.

"Habitat in Algeria; D. Rambur, Mus. Spinolae".

Holotype ♂. Chrysis basalis Dlbm. D. Rambur Algérie.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis basalis, 1, 154, 23, 1 (box 50).

It belongs to the C. millenaris group.

Chrysis basalis Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 4. 

Chrysis basalis Dahlbom, holotype A Habitus, dorso-lateral view B mesosoma and metasoma, dorsal view C head, frontal view.

"Egypte".

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis bihamata Spin. D. Waltl Égypte.

Paralectotype 1 ♀. idem.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis bihamata, 1, 23, 95, 2 (box 51).

There are two syntypes of Chrysis bihamata in the Spinola collection. The first syntype was heavily damaged by a dermestid attack and it is almost unrecognizable. Therefore, we designate the second specimen, currently being in good condition, as lectotype. It is only partially covered by an old mould layer. C. bihamata is the first species described in the C. bihamata group.

Chrysis bihamata Spinola, 1838.

Plate 5. 

Chrysis bihamata Spinola, lectotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C metasoma, dorso-lateral view D second to third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Africa, ad Cap. bon. sp. a D. Draege detecta; Mus. Spinolae".

Holotype (sex unknown): Chrysis carinata / (Nemophora) Draege / D. Draege Cap. B. Esp.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis carinata, 45, 53, 21, 1 (box 50).

In the original description, Dahlbom (1854: 168) listed also the name Nemophora carinata Draege, the same name found on the label pinned with the specimen in the Spinola collection. The type is seriously damaged, only its mesosoma exists. It belongs to the C. oxygona group.

Chrysis capensis Mocsáry (1887: 14), replacement name for Chrysis carinata Dahlbom, 1854 (nec Block, 1799).

Chile "Esta especie es bastante comun en Chile y principalmente en las cercanias de Coquimbo, Illapel, etc.".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂. Chrysis chiliensis (sic!), Spin. / M. Gay / Chili.

Paralectotypes 2♀♀. idem.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis chiliensis, 1, 52, 32, 3 (box 51).

C. chilensis was described based on a syntype series that included males and females. Other syntypes are housed in LZM (Dahlbom’s collection) and MNHN (du Buysson 1898: 166).

Gay (1851: 404) erroneously assumed that C. chilensis Spinola was described in 1845 in Atlas Zoologico, Entomologia, Himenópteros, tav. 4, fig. 6. The same author therefore also considered C. chilensis a senior subjective synonym of C. grandis Brullé, 1846. Currently, C. chilensis Spinola, 1851 is considered a junior subjective synonym of C. grandis Brullé, 1846. Since we could not find the reference "Atlas Zoologico" cited by Gay, we consider C. chilensis Spinola, 1851 as the junior synonym of C. grandis Brullé, 1846. We designate the male specimen, still being in good condition, as the lectotype. It belongs to the C. grandis group.

Chrysis grandis Brullé, 1846 (synonymised by Mocsáry 1889: 404).

Plate 6. 

Chrysis chilensis Spinola, lectotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C metasoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorso-lateral view.

France "Meudon".

Syntypes 2♂♂. Chrysis comparata, Lepell. / D. De St. Fargeau, Paris.

Neotype (here designated) ♀. Sicile et Toscane / Lectotype ♀ Chrysis distinguenda Dhlb. P. Rosa des. 2012 / Neotypus Chrysis comparata Lepeletier des. P. Rosa 2013.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis comparata, 148, 185, 53, 3 (box 51).

In the Spinola collection, there are two identical specimens of C. comparata according to their general habitus, preparation and state of conservation. The type is likely housed in the Spinola collection, given that both Dahlbom (1854: 284) and Abeille (1879: 69) examined it there. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 399) listed syntype males and they assumed to be housed in MNHN. However, they refer to some specimens cited by du Buysson (1898: 166) not included to the type series. In any case, the type of C. comparata is not housed in MNHN (du Buysson 1899) and was not found during our research.

It is evident that Lepeletier’s description and drawing (Tav.1, fig.12) of C. comparata does not match the current interpretation of the species. It rather perfectly matches the description of the male of Chrysis pyrophana Dahlbom, 1854. No other European species, in comparison, has such small body length, colour of head, mesosoma and the anterior part of T-I green-blue combined with the anal margin with four blunt and weakly developed teeth. The interpretation of C. comparata (= male of C. pyrophana) was clear to Dahlbom (1854), Mocsáry (1889: 431) and Dalla Torre (1892: 52). Dahlbom (1854: 284) described the female under the name of Chrysis pyrophana Dahlbom, 1854, because of the remarkable sexual dimorphism.

Dahlbom (1854: 282) described Chrysis comparata in the modern sense under the name Chrysis distinguenda Dahlbom (nec Spinola, 1838). Mocsáry (1879: 10) recognized the homonymy with Spinola’s C. distinguenda and replaced the name C. distinguenda Dahlbom with the name Chrysis chevrieri Mocsáry (nec Abeille, 1877). This name remained in use for a long time in European collections.

The first wrong interpretation of this taxon dates back to Abeille (1879). His incorrect interpretation was already recognized by Mocsáry (1887: 14; 1889: 479), who included Chrysis comparatasensu Abeille in the synonymic list of Chrysis chevrieri Mocsáry, 1879. Please note that Abeille (1879) additionally independently described the male of C. pyrophana Dahlbom, 1854 under the name C. insoluta.

Mocsáry (1889: 431) correctly recognized the synonymy C. insoluta Abeille = C. comparata Lepeletier. Later, Bischoff (1913: 49) interpreted the name comparata Lepeletier as referring to females of C. distinguenda Dahlbom and C. chevrieri Mocsáry as well as the male of pyrophana (= insoluta Abeille).

The current (mis-) interpretation of the species Chrysis comparata was anchored in the taxonomic literature by Trautmann (1927: 154). His C. comparata is a large and robust species, with the entire metasoma golden, without the typical green-blue. Berland and Bernard (1938: 113) followed this interpretation, and so did Linsenmaier (1959: 148).

According to the Principle of Priority, C. pyrophana Dahlbom, 1854 should be named C. comparata Lepeletier, 1806 and the species currently identified as C. comparata Lepeletier should be named C. miegii Guérin, 1842, the first available name for this species. However, this change would compromise the nomenclatural stability, since the name C. comparata was recognized as a valid name for one of the most common European species by nearly all the authors in the last fifty years.

As already observed by Abeille (1879), the Spinola collection houses the type of C. distinguenda Dahlbom. This name was considered as a synonym of C. comparatasensu auctorum. To preserve the stability of nomenclature, we designate the neotype of C. comparata Lepeletier (Plate 8) based on a syntype ♀ of C. distinguenda Dahlbom (labels: Sicile et Toscane / Lectotype ♀ Chrysis distinguenda Dhlb. P. Rosa des. 2012 / Neotypus Chrysis comparata Lepeletier des. P. Rosa 2013), in accordance with Art. 75.6 of the Code: Conservation of prevailing usage by a neotype. The Article states that when an author discovers that the existing name-bearing type of a nominal species-group taxon is not in taxonomic accord with the prevailing usage of names and stability or universality is threatened thereby, he should maintain prevailing usage [Art. 82] and request the Commission to set aside under its plenary power [Art. 81] the existing name-bearing type and designate a neotype. It belongs to the comparata-scutellaris group.

Chrysis comparata Lepeletier, 1806.

Plate 7. 

Chrysis comparata Lepeletier, lectotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C metasoma, dorso-lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorso-lateral view.

Plate 8. 

Chrysis distinguenda Dahlbom, lectotype; Chrysis comparata Lepeletier, neotype A Habitus, dorsal view B second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Hab.[itat] le Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Collect. de M. Serville".

Holotype ♀. Chrysis cuprea Brullé / Coll. Serv.[ille], Cap B.[one] Esp.[érance].

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis cuprea, 13, 53, 79, 1 (box 51).

The type is badly damaged, only the mesosoma remains.

Chrysis mutata Mocsáry, 1882 (Mocsáry 1882: 50), replacement name for Chrysis cuprea Brullé 1846.

"Habitat in Austria D. D. Klug, Kollar, Parreys et Spinola; in Italia ad Buda, D. Zeller; in Asia minori ad Ephesum mense Aprili 1842, D. Loew".

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis dichroa, Klug / D. Parreyss, Dalmatia // Buda.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis dichroa 132, 81, 68, 3 (box 50).

Dahlbom (1854) described C. dichroa based on a syntypic series of specimens collected in Austria, Hungary (Buda, not Italy) and Turkey (Ephesus) lent by Klug, Kollár, Parreys, Spinola, Zeller, and Loew. The female syntype housed in the Spinola collection matches the current interpretation of the species and we designate it as a lectotype. The designation is necessary because during the last five decades, Linsenmaier (1959, 1968) and Arens (2001) described numerous species of the C. dichroa group collected in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Therefore, there is the possibility that syntypes of C. dichroa from Turkey could now belong to a different species. It belongs to the C. dichroa group.

Chrysura dichroa (Dahlbom, 1854) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 488).

Plate 9. 

Chrysis dichroa Dahlbom, lectotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C head, lateral view D head and mesosoma, dorsal view E metasoma, dorsal view F metasoma, ventral view.

"Habitat in America meridionali".

Syntype 1 ♂. Chrysis distinctissima / Dlbm. - Chr. fasciata, m. / D. Buquet, Cayenna // Holotype ♂. Chrysis intricans Spinola, R. M. Bohart det. // Lectotype ♂. Chrysis distinctissima Dahlbom, R. M. Bohart det.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis distinctissima, 27, 56, 1, 2 (box 51).

Spinola (1840: 202) gave the diagnosis of a male belonging to Chrysis fasciata Fabricius, 1804 (nec Olivier, 1790), collected at Cayenna in French Guyana by Leprieur and received via Buquet. In the same diagnosis, Spinola (1840: 203) described Chrysis intricans Spinola, 1840 ("n. sp.?", giving a complete description), based on a second specimen: "Celle-ci ne fait pas partie des récoltes de M. Leprieur, et elle est étrangère au sujet de ce Mémoire; je me contenterai d’en constater l’existance, et de signaler les traits qui la distinguent de notre n°50". Therefore, there should be theoretically both a specimen of C. fasciata Fabricius sensu Spinola as well as a holotype of C. intricans Spinola in the Spinola collection.

Dahlbom (1854: 211) described C. distinctissima based on one specimen examined in 1847 at LZM and on a second specimen loaned by Spinola under the name C. intricans. He considered as C. distinctissima also C. fasciata Spinola (nec Fabricius). In particular, Dahlbom listed in the type series: "Chrysis fasciata Spinol. Annal. Ent. 1840. 202: 50"; then the specimen from Lund; lastly the specimen known as C. intricans" Mus. Spinolae", without further remarks. Two pages after, Dahlbom (1854: 213) listed under the name C. coerulans Fabricius a second specimen from the Spinola collection named C. intricans collected at Cayenne and received by Buquet. This specimen should correspond to the holotype of C. fasciata Spinola (nec Fabricius). The Spinola collection does not house any sample labelled "C. intricans", but it houses two specimens label "Chrysis distinctissima Dlbm – Chr. fasciata m.[ihi]". The first is severly damaged, having no metasoma. The second is in good condition. The first was labelled by Bohart as holotype of C. intricans and lectotype of C. distinctissima; the second specimen was labelled by Bohart as C. excavata Brullé, 1846. The lectotype designation of C. distinctissima has not been published. In Dahlbom’s collection in LZM, there are no labels referring to C. distinctissima Dahlbom and there is only one specimen lablled C. fasciata Fabricius. Unfortunately, we currently cannot confidently infer which specimen could be the type of one species and which one could be the type of the second species, since Spinola’s descriptions are ambiguous. According to Kimsey and Boahrt (1991) it belongs to the C. intricans group.

Chrysis distinctissima Dahlbom, 1854.

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis distinguenda, Spin.; Sicile et Toscane.

Paralectotypes 3 ♀♀. idem.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis distinguenda, 1, 204/96, 0, 4 e 0, 96, 85, 3 (box 51).

Paralectotype 1 ♀. Chrysis distinguenda, 1 ♀ aut potius Chr. ignita, var. a ?; D. de Sanvitali. Toscana.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis distinguenda 0, 96, 85, 3 (box 51).

Dahlbom (1854: 282) described C. distinguenda Dahlbom (nec Spinola, 1838) based on a unspecified number of specimens housed in the Spinola collection. He knew that Spinola did not include these specimens in his description of C. distinguenda Spinola, 1838. In fact, Dahlbom explicitely wrote: "Chrysis distinguenda Mus. Spinolae (non Annales Entomol. 1838. 450: VII, quae species est toto corpore cyaneo-viridis)".Dahlbom (1854) gave a new accurate description of C. distinguenda Dahlbom, more than two pages with some drawings. Mocsáry (1879, 1889) realized that C. distinguenda Dahlbom a synonym of comparatasensu auctorum, and that C. distinguenda Spinola most likely represented a separate and unknown species, the type of which apparently has been lost. Mocsáry (1879) replaced the name C. distinguenda Dahlbom, 1854 (nec Spinola, 1838) with C. chevrieri nec Abeille, 1879. Finally, Linsenmaier (1999: 221) considered C. distinguenda Spinola as a separate species belonging to the C. ignita group, although he seemingly never studied type specimens in Spinola’s collection.

We consider five specimens in the Spinola collection as syntypes of C. distinguenda Dahlbom, 1854. In box 51, there are two main labels bearing the name C. distinguenda. Under the second label, there are three specimens: the last two are males of C. comta Förster, 1853 and are likely the specimens listed by Spinola as C. ignita var. a on the label. We select one female syntype of C. distinguenda Dahlbom as neotype of C. comparata Lepeletier (Plate 8) (labels: Sicile et Toscane / Lectotype ♀ Chrysis distinguenda Dhlb. P. Rosa des. 2012 / Neotypus Chrysis comparata Lepeletier des. P. Rosa 2013). For further notes see remarks under C. comparata Lepeletier. The type of C. distinguenda Spinola, 1838 is currently lost (see the chapter II Types not housed in the Spinola collection).

Chrysis comparata Lepeletier, 1806 (synonymised by Trautmann 1927: 154).

"Habitat in Sicilia, D. Grohmann; Mus. D. Spinola."

Holotype ♀. Chrysis dives Kl. M. Ber. / D. Grohmann, Sicile.

Neotype (here designated): ♀ Rákospalota [= Budapest] 23.V.1879 leg. Biró.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis dives, 141, 204, 34, 1 (box 51).

The type of C. dives is badly damaged, lacking its head and metasoma. Even if only the mesosoma had remained, it is clear that the current interpretation of the species does not match the type. The mesosoma clearly refers to a species that is well known under the name C. varidens Abeille, 1878. Dahlbom (1854: 300) considered C. dives as the female (var. b) of C. pulchella Spinola, 1808, till then known only from a single male. But on the following page of his description of C. dives (1854: 301), Dahlbom described C. dives as a valid species, not as a variation of C. pulchella. The description does not match the current interpretation of the species. The females of C. pulchella and of C. calimorpha Mocsáry, 1882 sensu auctorum (replacement name for C. dives Dahlbom (nec Lucas, 1849)) have the same size and the shape as conspecific males; they differ from each other by their punctuation on the head and mesosoma, (Rosa 2005, 2006).

Mocsáry (1882: 71, 90) observed that the name C. dives Dahlbom, 1854 is a junior homonym of C. dives Lucas, 1849. Therefore, he replaced the name C. dives Dahlbom with C. calimorpha Mocsáry. In the same article, Mocsáry (1882: 71) listed two specimens of C. calimorpha collected in central Hungary. Later, Móczár (1965: 179) designated these two specimens as lecto- and paralectotype of C. calimorpha. These two Hungarian specimens do not belong to the type series, because C. calimorpha is the replacement name of C. dives. The only holotype by monotypy of this species is the Sicilian specimen housed in the Spinola collection. According to Art. 74.2 of the Code when it is demonstrated that a specimen is not a syntype, it automatically loses its status of lectotype. Móczár's lectotype is consequently set aside, since the selected specimen is not a syntype.

Given the holotype of C. dives Dahlbom is almost destroyed, the mesosoma clearly belongs to a different species relative to the current interpretation of C. calimorphasensu auctorum, and because the history of the name calimorpha is complex, we will ask for the suppression of the type of C. dives to the Commission on the ICZN. We designate as neotype of C. dives the female of C. calimorpha Mocsáry, selected by Móczár as lectotype and bearing the following labels: Rákospalota [= Budapest] 23.V.1879 leg. Biró (Plate 11). It belongs to the C. pulchella group.

Chrysis calimorpha Mocsáry, 1882 (Mocsáry 1882: 71), replacement name for Chrysis dives Dahlbom 1854.

Plate 10. 

Chrysis dives Dahlbom, holotype A Mesosoma and metasoma, dorsal view B mesosoma and metasoma, dorso-lateral view.

Plate 11. 

Chrysis calimorpha Mocsáry, neotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C metasoma, lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

unknown.

Holotype (?) ♀. Chrysis elegans, Lepell. et Dlbm. var. a, ♀. - β. id. var. ab / Dlbm. - Chr. sicula, mihi olim / D. Grohmann. Sicilia.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis elegans, 164, 204, 34, 2 (box 50).

Two specimens are found under the label Chrysis elegans in the Spinola collection. One bears a single label (β) and likely refers to C. sicula Dahlbom (see under the name sicula). The second specimen could be the holotype of C. elegans Lepeletier, 1806. The type of C. elegans is not housed in MNHN (du Buysson 1898). Because the second specimen above matches the sex (femelle) and the colour drawing (pl. 6: fig. 20) given by Lepeletier 1806 it could be the holotype that arrived in the Spinola collection together with other types (e.g. C. comparata).

Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 407) designated the lectotype of C. elegans Lepeletier in MNHN. This designation has to be set aside because it is based on a male (and not female as given in the description), and it was collected in Greece (the typical locality was unknown: "Je ne sais de quel pays elle est."). Hence it cannot be a syntype (or a holotype, to be more accurate). The specimen selected by Bohart is not a syntype and it cannot be considered as a lectotype according to Art. 74.2. It belongs to the C. elegans group.

Chrysis elegans Lepeletier, 1806.

Egypt.

Holotype ♀. Chrysis alternans Kl. // var. - Chr. elegantula, n. // olim // D. Waltl, Egypt.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis alternans, 132, 23, 95, 1 (box 51).

In Casolari and Casolari Moreno (1980: 79) under the name Chrysis alternans, the specimen is surely the type of C. elegantula. Dahlbom (1854: 236) reported exactly the same names: "Chrysis alternans var. c ♂ - Chrysis elegantula Mus. Spinola". The type is a female and not a male. It belongs to the comparata-scutellaris group.

Chrysis elegantula Spinola, 1838.

Plate 12. 

Chrysis elegantula Spinola, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C metasoma, lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat prope Novas [Novara], rarissima".

Holotype ♂. Chrysis emarginatula / Spin. Ins. Lig. / Génes [= Genoa].

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis emarginatula, 1, 110, 0, 1 (box 50).

The type locality in the description does not match the locality written on the label. At Spinola's time Novara was under the dominion of Genoa, and this is the reason for the different localities. There are no known records of C. emarginatula around Genoa. It belongs to the C. elegans group.

Chrysis emarginatula Spinola, 1808.

Plate 13. 

Chrysis emarginatula Spinola, holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorso-lateral view.

Egypt.

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis episcopalis, Spin.; D. Waltl, Égypte.

Paralectotype 1♀. idem.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis episcopalis, 1, 23, 95, 2 (box 51).

We designate a lectotype of C. episcopalis Spinola using one of two syntypes, the one less severely damaged. The second available syntype is badly damaged, with its metasoma glued on the mesosoma. The name C. episcopalis Spinola was used as a valid name until recently, when Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 469) observed that it was a junior homonym of C. episcopalis Block, 1799. They suggested to use the name C. syriaca Guérin, 1842. However, C. episcopalis Block is no longer congeneric with Chrysis and no author has used the name episcopalis Block after the year 1899. Therefore, according to Article 23.9.5 of the Code, the name C. episcopalis Spinola is a valid and available name in the genus Chrysis. It belongs to the C. viridissima group.

Chrysis syriaca Guérin, 1842 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 469).

"Patria ignota, forte Bengalia; specimen unicum ut. "Chr. fulgidae varietas" amice communicavit D. Spinola".

Holotype ♂. Chrysis exsulans, Dlbm. // Bengala.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis exsulans, 27, 42, 0, 1 (box 51).

Dahlbom realized that this specimen does not have an "exotic" habitus (Bengala was the old name of a district between NW India and Bangladesh) and cited the type locality as "forte Bengalia" [accidentally Bengalia for Bengala]. The species is distributed in North Africa and Near East (Linsenmaier 1999: 218). The type is missing the ventral surface of the metasoma, due to a dermestid attack. It belongs to the C. ignita group.

Chrysis exsulans Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 14. 

Chrysis exsulans Dahlbom, holotype. A Habitus, dorso-lateral view B head, frontal view C first and second metasomal tergites, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

Cayenne (French Guyana).

Holotype ♂ (?): Chrysis distinctissima Dlbm. - Chr. fasciata, m.[ihi] D. Buquet, Cayenna // Holotype ♂. Chrysis intricans Spinola, R. M. Bohart det. // Lectotype ♂. Chrysis distinctissima Dahlbom, R.M. Bohart det.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis distinctissima, 27, 56, 1, 2 (box 51).

See the remarks under Chrysis distinctissima Dahlbom, 1854. It belongs to the C. intricans group.

Chrysis intricans Spinola, 1840.

Chile.

Holotype ♀. Chrysis Gayi, Spin. // M. Gay // Chili.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis gayi, 1, 52, 32, 1 (box 51).

It belongs to the C. gibba group.

Chrysis gibba Brullé, 1846 (synonymised by Mocsáry 1889: 403).

Plate 15. 

Chrysis gayi Spinola, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C metasoma, lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Sicilia, a D. Grohmann olim detecta, Mus. D. Spinola".

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis grohmanni, n. / D. Grohmann, Sicilia.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis grohmanni, 1, 204, 34, 3 (box 51).

Dahlbom (1854) described C. grohmanni based on two specimens: one from the Spinola collection, the other from the Paykull collection (= C. gloriosa Dahlbom, 1845). We found three specimens under the name C. grohmanni in the Spinola collection, but only one belongs to C. grohmanni in its current taxonomic interpretation. The other two specimens are a female of C. gracillima Förster, 1853 and a female of C. bicolor Lepeletier, 1806, bearing the labels "6288" and "C. bicolor Lepel. 127", respectively.

Since there are different species in the series, we designate a lectotype of C. grohmanni using the only female matching the original description of the species. The specimen is missing the last seven flagellomeres of the left antenna, and the right wings is glued to the metasoma. It belongs to the C. succincta group.

Chrysis grohmanni Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 16. 

Chrysis grohmanni Dahlbom, lectotype. A Habitus, dorso-lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

Corse. "Cette espèce nous a été rapportée de la Corse par M. le docteur Chiesi, de Pise".

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis incrassata, Spin.; D. Chiesi, Corse.

Paralectotype 1 ♀. idem.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis incrassata, 1, 51, 12, 2 (box 50).

Spinola (1838) did not write how many specimens the type series consisted of. In the Spinola collection, there are two specimens prepared in the same way under one locality written on the main label. These two specimens likely represent syntypes. One of the syntypes is badly damaged by a dermestid attack. We designate a lectotype of C. incrassata Spinola using the less damaged of the above two specimens. The lectotype lacks the last flagellomeres of the right antenna and the last tarsi of the right hind leg. The type locality is Corsica and not Egypt, even though C. incrassata was described by Spinola in the paper on Egyptian Hymenoptera.

Pseudospinolia incrassata (Spinola, 1838) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 547).

Plate 17. 

Chrysis incrassata Spinola, lectotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

unkown.

Holotype ♂. Chrysis distinctissima / Dlbm. - Chr. fasciata, m. / D. Buquet, Cayenna // Holotype ♂. Chrysis intricans Spinola, R. M. Bohart det. // Lectotype ♂. Chrysis distinctissima Dahlbom, R.M. Bohart det.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis distinctissima, 27, 56, 1, 2 (box 51).

See the remarks under the name Chrysis distinctissima Dahlbom, 1854. It belongs to the C. intricans group.

Chrysis intricans Spinola, 1840.

"Habitat in promontorio bonae spei, D. Draege, Mus. DD. Drewsen et Spinola; in Guinea, D. Westermann".

Paralectotypes 1 ♂ and 3♀♀. Chrysis laeta, Dr.; D. Draege, Cap. B. Esp.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis laeta, 45, 53, 21, 4 (box 51).

Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 430) designated a lectotype using a specimen housed in ZMUC. The interpretation of the species given by Linsenmaier (1999: 177) is not correct, since it belongs to the C. splendidula-senegalensis group and not to the comparata-scutellaris group.

Chrysis laeta Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 18. 

Chrysis laeta Dahlbom, paralectotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Africa meridionali, ad promontorium bonae spei a Dom. Draege detecta. Specimina tantum 2 vidi, unum a Dom. Spinola et alterum a Dom. Drewsen communicata".

Paralectotype 1 ♀. Chrysis malachitica, Dr..; inédite; D. Drage, Cap. B. Esp.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis malachitica, 45, 53, 21, 1 (box 51).

Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 435) designated a lectotype at ZMUC. It belongs to the C. smaragdula group.

Chrysis malachitica Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 19. 

Chrysis malachitica Dahlbom, paralectotype. A Head and mesosoma, lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat ad Veronam, a D. Conti detecta; Mus. Spinolae".

Holotype ♂. Chrysis megerlei Dlbm. - Chr. analis, Meg.[erle] D. Conti, Verona.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis megerlei, 27, 229, 14, 2 (box 51).

Praestochrysis megerlei (Dahlbom, 1854) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 533).

Plate 20. 

Chrysis megerlei Dahlbom, holotype. A Habitus, dorso-lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Africa; 3 specimina vidimus; unum in Guinea lectum, a D. Westermann nobis olim donatum; alterum e promontorio bonae spei a D. Spinola ut variet. Chrysidis malachiticae communicatura; tertium e Port Natal a D. J. Wahlberg reportatum, Mus. R. Acad. Scient. Stockholm".

Paralectotype 1 ♀. Chrysis modica, Dlbm. D. Dreage, Pr. B. Esp.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis modica, 27, 53, 21, 1 (box 51).

Dahlbom (1854) described C. modica based on three specimens collected in Guinea (ZMUC), Cape of Good Hope (Spinola’s collection) and Port Natal (NHRS). Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 437) selected the latter as lectotype. It belongs to the C. smaragdula group.

Chrysis mediocris Dahlbom, 1845 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 437).

"Habitat in Africa meridionali, ad promontorium bonae spei a Dom. Draege detecta; unicum specimen nobis communicavit Dom. Spinola".

Holotype ♀. Chrysis mucronata Dlbm – (Pyria) Encycl. Sud Africa.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis mucronata, 27, 211, 0, 1 (box 51).

It is considered as a synonym of C. laborans Costa, 1865. The type of C. laborans should be housed in Napoli (Museum of the Ferdinando II University), but it is lost. The last author who examined this type was du Buysson (1905). It belongs to the C. wahlbergi group.

Chrysis laborans Costa, 1865 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 429).

Plate 21. 

Chrysis mucronata Dahlbom, holotype A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, lateral view.

Egypt.

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis pallidicornis m. N. sp., Egitto / 204.

Paralectotype 1 ♂, no labels.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis pallidicornis, 1, 23, 0, 2 (box 51).

There are two specimens under this name in the Spinola collection: one male and one female. However, they do not exhibit the typical large label at the base of the specimen series. Only the female bears two labels: [204] and [Chrysis pallidicornis m. [mihi] n. sp., Egitto] handwritten by Spinola. Linsenmaier (1959) examined both types. Since it is not mentioned in the original description how many specimens the author examined, Linsenmaier considered both as syntypes. We designate the specimen bearing Spinola’s handwritten labels as lectotype to ensure a correct future identification in this species, which belong to a species-rich and taxonomically currently complicated species group (Zimmermann 1959). The selected specimen matches Linsenmaier’s interpretation of the species (Linsenmaier 1959). On Plate 22, the type label is erroneously given as holotype instead of lectotype. It belongs to the C. pallidicornis group.

Chrysis pallidicornis Spinola, 1838.

Plate 22. 

Chrysis pallidicornis Spinola, lectotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

Egypt.

Holotype ♂. Chrysis palliditarsis, Spin.; … fasciolata, Klug ?; D. Waltl, Égypte.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis palliditarsis, 1, 23, 95, 1 (box 51).

The type is badly damaged, lacking the metasoma. It belongs to the C. comparata-scutellaris group.

Chrysis palliditarsis Spinola, 1838.

Plate 23. 

Chrysis palliditarsis Spinola, holotype A Head and mesosoma, dorsal view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D head and mesosoma, lateral view.

"Habitat in agro Arquatensi [Arquata Scrivia], rara".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂. Chrysis pulchella Lepell. Liguria.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis pulchella, 148, 145, 0, 3 (box 51).

The type series was based on multiple specimens. When Spinola wrote "rara" it meant that he examined few specimens; when he wrote "rarissima" it meant that he examined only one specimen. At present there are three specimens in the Spinola collection under the name C. pulchella: one male, without a metasoma, acquired via the Serville collection; one male of C. bicolor Lepeletier, received by a French entomologist and bearing a rounded numerical label (6298); and a male specimen that is referable to the original description of the species and designated here as lectotype. It is unfortunately badly damaged, missing part of its head, all sternites, the internal urites, and some of its legs. It belongs to the C. pulchella group.

Chrysis pulchella Spinola, 1808.

Plate 24. 

Chrysis pulchella Spinola, lectotype A Habitus, lateral view B habitus, dorsal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

Cayenne, French Guyana.

Syntypes 1♂ and 2♀♀. Chrysis fasciata Fab. – Chr. punctatissima m.[ihi], olim D. Buquet, Cayenna / Chrysis carina ♂ R. M. Bohart det.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis punctatissima, 59, 56, 1, 3 (box 51).

Dahlbom (1854: 197) treated this species as a synonym of Chrysis fasciata Fabricius; for likely this reason, we find written on Spinola’s label: "Chrysis fasciata Fab - Chr. punctatissima mihi".

Neochrysis carina (Brullé, 1846) (synonymised by Mocsáry 1889: 339; N. carina is the first available name; transferred by Kimsey 1985: 276).

Plate 25. 

Chrysis punctatissima Spinola, lectotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

Neotype ♀. Euchroeus purpureus Latr.. – purpuratus, (Chr.) Fab. Coll. Latr., Fr. mérid. // Chrysis purpurata F. 1787 Neotypus M. Pavesi & F. Strumia det. 1998.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Euchraeus purpureus, 149, 99, 51, 4 (box 52).

Kimsey (1988: 272) designated the lectotype of C. purpurata at ZMUC, based on one specimen labelled C. purpurata but belonging to another species: Chrysis iris Christ, 1791. The consequence was that the generic name Euchroeus Latreille, 1809 became a junior synonym of Chrysis Linnaeus, 1761 (Pavesi and Strumia 1997) and the generic name Euchroeus was replaced by the first available name: Brugmoia Radoszkowski, 1877. The species formerly known as Euchroeus purpuratus auctorum was replaced by the name Brugmoia quadrata (Shuckard, 1837). The Commission on the ICZN approved the documentations provided by Pavesi and Strumia (1997) as valid and suppressed the lectotype designated by Kimsey and conserved the generic name Euchroeus Latreille and the specific name purpurata Fabricius. Pavesi and Strumia (ICZN 1998) designated the neotype of C. purpurata in the Spinola collection.

Euchroeus purpuratus (Fabricius, 1787) (transferred by Latreille 1809).

Plate 26. 

A Chrysis purpurata Fabricius, neotype, habitus, lateral view B Chrysis splendens Dahlbom, lectotype, head and mesosoma, dorsal view C Hedychrum virens Dahlbom, lectotype, habitus, dorsal view D Spinolia magnifica Dahlbom, holotype, habitus, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Europa meridionali rarius; marem unicum in Hispania a D. Rambur detectum et feminam unicam in Lombardia a D. Christophori lectam communicavit D. Spinola".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂. Chrysis Ramburi, Spin. n. sp.?. D. Rambur, Espagne, Sierra Nevada.

Paralectotype ♀. Chrysis Ramburi, Spin. n. sp.?. D. Rambur, Espagne, Sierra Nevada.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis ramburi, 1, 101, 74, 2 (box 51).

The type series includes two specimens: one male from Spain and one female from Lombardy (Italy). Both syntypes are housed in the Spinola collection. They match the original description, but they belong to two different species. The male belongs to C. ramburi Dahlbom, whereas the female to C. chrysostigma Mocsáry, 1889. Dahlbom (1854) described them as male and female of the same species based on the colour of the last visible tergite. The differences given in the text between the two taxa were supposed to be sexual dimorphic characteristics.

C. ramburi in Europe is present only on the Iberian Peninsula and occasionally in south France, whereas it is more frequent in North Africa, particularly in Morocco. C. chrysostigma, on the other hand, is widely distributed in southern Europe from France to the Czech Republic, and it is quite common in Italy. The two species were already considered separate taxa by various authors (e.g. Linsenmaier 1987: 151; Tyrner 2007: 48). Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 455) placed C. chrysostigma in synonymy of C. ramburi. Móczár (1965: 172) designated a lectotype of C. chrysostigma at HNHM. We therefore designate a lectotype of C. ramburi Dahlbom to fix the current interpretation of the species and to avoid future misidentifications based on the fact that Dahlbom described two different species under one and the same name. The selected lectotype is based on the male specimen with a thin layer of mould. It belongs to the C. comparata-scutellaris group.

Chrysis ramburi Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 27. 

Chrysis ramburi Dahlbom, lectotype A Habitus, lateral view B second and third metasomal tergites, dorso-lateral view C head, frontal view.

"Habitat prope Genuam [Genoa], haud infrequens".

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis refulgens, Spin. 36. scutellata, Panz. Genes [= Genoa].

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis refulgens, 1, 110, 0, 2 (box 50).

Spinola (1806) described C. refulgens based on a number of specimens (haud infrequens) collected in Liguria (Genoa). In his collection, there are two specimens collected at Genoa, but only the single one female specimen of these belongs to this species; the male specimen belongs to C. graelsii Guérin, 1846, which therefore has to be excluded from the syntype series. To avoid future misinterpretation of the specimens in the Spinola collection, we designate the above female matching the description provided by Spinola as the lectotype of C. refulgens Spinola. It is missing the right antenna and the left flagellum. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 495) cited another type at MNHN. It belongs to the C. radians group.

Chrysura refulgens (Spinola, 1806) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 495).

Plate 28. 

Chrysis refulgens Spinola, lectotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Africa meridionali ad Caput bonae spei, Mus. D. Spinolae".

Holotype ♀. Chrysis reichei, Spin. D. Reiche Coromandal.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis reichei, 1, 55, 75, 1 (box 51).

Spinola (1838: 448) described Pyria reichei (currently Chrysis lincea Fabricius, 1775) based on one specimen collected by Reiche at Cape of Good Hope, in South Africa. Dahlbom (1854: 218) described a new species based on another specimen received from Spinola under the name C. reichei and collected at Coromandel in the province of Minas Gerais in Brazil. This species is clearly different from Pyria reichei Spinola. Dahlbom (1854) redescribed the species because the specimen received earlier did not match the original description. However, he actually described a new species, confused the type locality Coromandel, Brazil, with Coromandal, which is in South Africa, Mpumalanga State. The holotype of Pyria reichei Spinola is currently considered lost. It belongs to the ignita group.

Chrysis brasiliensis Brullé, 1846 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 391).

Plate 29. 

Chrysis reichei Dahlbom, holotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Lusitania, Italia, Gallia, Turcia ad Constantinopol. Feminam, in Tirolia a CI. Prof. Apex, detectam, in Museo Berolinensi anno 1847 vidi.".

Syntype 1 ♂. Chrysis rutilans, Oliv. Coll. Latr., Fr. mérid.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis rutilans, 199, 99, 51, 1 (box 51).

Syntype (sex unknwon; 1 ♂ according the description): Chrysis bicolor, Dlbm D. Friwaldsky, Graecia.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis bicolor, 27, 109, 30, 1 (box 50).

In the Spinola collection there are two specimens listed by Dahlbom (1854) under his diagnosis of C. rutilans. Dahlbom (1854) gave a description of C. rutilans Olivier, assuming that at least one of Spinola’s specimens was a type or was compared by Latreille (Dahlbom 1854) with a type: "Chrysis rutilans Olivier, teste Latreille olim in litteris ad Spinola" and "Chrysis Friwaldskyi Spinola" both specimens housed in "Mus. Spinolae". The same species had been described one year before by Förster (1953) as C. chrysoprasina. It belongs to the C. comparata-scutellaris group.

Chrysis chrysoprasina Förster, 1853 (synonymised by Mocsáry 1887: 16).

Sicily.

Holotype (?) ♀. Chrysis elegans, Lepell. et Dlbm. var. a, ♀ - β. id. var. ab. Dlbm. - Chr. sicula, mihi olim D. Grohmann. Sicilia.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis elegans, 164, 204, 34, 2 (box 50).

Dahlbom (1854) refered to three specimens housed in the Spinola collection named C. sicula. The male specimen is no longer present in the collection, and it was not listed by Spinola himself, who listed only two female specimens: C. elegans var. a and "β" var. ab. However, there is no perfect match between Dahlbom (1854) descriptions and Spinola’s label, since the form "β" referred to a male (described with green mesosoma), whereas in the Spinola collection the label "β" refers to a female. We interpret Chrysis sicula as a new synonym of Chrysis elegans Lepeletier, 1806. It belongs to the C. elegans group.

Chrysis elegans Lepeletier Lepeletier, 1806.

Egypt.

Holotype ♀. Spintharis singularis (Chrysis) Spin. D. Waltl, Égypte.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Spintharis singularis, 1, 23, 91, 1 (box 52).

Euchroeus singularis (Spinola, 1838) (transferred by Linsenmaier 1959: 71).

Plate 30. 

Chrysis singularis Spinola, holotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

French Guyana (introduced or locality in error).

Holotype ♀. C. smaragdula, Fab. Lepel.; Affrica, America, 125 // 6278.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis smaradgula, 148, 0, 0, 1 (box 52).

It belongs to the C. smaradgula group.

Chrysis stilboides Spinola, 1838 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 466).

Plate 31. 

Chrysis smaragdula Lepeletier & Serville, holotype A Habitus, dorsal view B second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

Cayenne (French Guyana).

Holotype ♀. Chrysis spinigera, Spin. D. Buquet, Cayenne.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis spinigera, 1, 56, 1, 1 (box 51).

Exochrysis spinigera (Spinola, 1840) (transferred by Kimsey 1985: 271).

Plate 32. 

Chrysis spinigera Spinola, holotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Africa meridionali ad promontorium bonae spei, Mus. D. Spinola".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂. Chrysis splendens, Kl. (Pyrosomus) Klug D. Klug, Cap. B. Esp.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis splendens, 132, 53, 49, 1 (box 51).

Dahlbom (1854) described C. splendens based on at least two specimens found in the Spinola collection and listed as var. a and var. b. Only one specimen seems to be preserved. This specimen is seriously damaged, missing its metasoma (except for the first tergite), its compound eyes, the flagellomeres of the right antenna, and the right foreleg. Therefore, it is impossibile to assign this specimen to one of the two variations described by Dahlbom. However, the remaining part of the head and the mesosoma are species-diagnostic of this beautiful African species. Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 465) designated the male as lectotype in the Spinola collection, but the only specimen left in the collection is without any label. We do not consider this a valid lectotype designation and set it aside. We here designate the above specimen as lectotype of C. splendens, because it is housed in the author’s collection (Recommendation 74D of the Code) and Bohart (1991) already listed it in this collection. It belongs to the C. splendens group.

Chrysis splendens Dahlbom, 1854.

"Habitat in Europa media et meridionali ad Berolinum, D. Klug ad Genuam D. Spinola; ad Milanum, D. Christophori."

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis succinctula, Sp. n. sp. cum var. - Chrysis assimilis, De Crist. Genes [Genova] et Milan.

Paralectotype 1 ♀. idem.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis succinctula, 1, 110/160, 0, 3 (box 51).

The description of C. succinctula is based on at least three specimens: two Italian specimens collected at Genoa and Milan (listed under the unpublished names C. succinctula and Chrysis assimilis De Cristofori) housed in the Spinola collection and the third one from the MNHU (Klug), without locality. We were not able to find the specimen in MNHU. It was presumably destroyed or merged with samples of other species and now cannot be identified as syntype any more. In the Spinola collection, there are two syntypes and a third specimen collected in Corsica and belonging to the species C. pseudogribodoi Linsenmaier, most likely added in the column after the death of Spinola. In any case, it does not belong to the type series. The two syntypes do not match the current interpretation of the species given by Linsenmaier (1959: 115), since they belong to the species C. germari Wesmael, 1839. The description and the drawings given by Dahlbom agree with this new synonymy. Dahlbom described succinctula in his third "Phalanx" (Chrysides ano unidentate) and placed in this group only two species: C. succinctula and C. leachii Shuchard, 1837. Both C. germari and C. leachii have the last tergite with a visible tooth or emargination. Even Dahlbom’s description of C. succinctula does not exclude synonymy with C. germari: "Pronotum 1. cyaneum 1. violascens, antice fascia aut fasciola viridi-aurea; dorsulum saturatius aureum; scutellum 1. concolor 1. viride l. cyaneum". Dahlbom (1854: 137) considered as C. germari the only dimorphic male of this species, which is without teeth on the anal margin. He placed the male of C. germari in his first "Phalanx". The description was based on one specimen received by Zetterstedt and still housed in his collection in Lund ("Habitat in Europa meridionali rar.; in Croatia a D. Germar detecta [the type]; in insula Melita maris mediterranei a D. Antonio Schembri inventa, teste D. Zetterstedt qui specimen Melitense mihi dono dedit"). Dahlbom’s interpretation of this species as C. germari was confirmed by other authors (e.g. Eversmann 1857: 555). The only doubt relates to the third syntype; this specimen (not found in MNHU) with "scutellum cyaneum" could be related to any other species of the succincta group. However, the drawings to Dahlboms description (plate IX; figs. 101a, b, c) are clear and depict Chrysis succinctula with the main features of Chrysis germari.

We select from the above specimens the only specimen in good condition as a lectotype, since the second syntype is severly damaged and its metasoma is glued to the mesosoma. The lectotype is missing the last two flagellomeres of the right antenna. The lectotype designation is given to prevent a future incorrect designation of the lectotype based on the third specimen not belonging to the syntype series; this specimen has a similar colour to C. succinctulasensu Linsenmaier and might create confusion. We therefore propose Chrysis succinctula Dahlbom, 1854 as a new synonym of Chrysis germari Wesmael, 1839.

The species identified as C. succinctula by Linsenmaier has to receive a new name. After having studied all possible synonyms of C. succincta and related taxa, the first available name for this species is C. tristicula Linsenmaier, 1959. Based on this research, we can summarize the results as follows:

• Chrysis obtusiventris Förster, 1853. Name included by Förster only in the key. The short description is enough to consider it as a valid name. Mocsáry (1889: 312) and Dalla Torre (1892: 99) placed it in doubt as a junior synonym of C. succincta. It was later included it in the synonymic list of C. succincta by Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 467). Since Förster (1853) did not give a complete description of this species, the type is lost, the locality is unknown, and no author used this name as a valid species, we suggest the suppression of this name. In a different paper, we will refer the case to the Commission on the ICZN.

• Chrysis tarsata Dahlbom, 1854. Two syntypes collected in Berlin, examined and housed at MNHU. The species is synonym of C. succincta Linnaeus, 1767 sensu auctorum.

• Chrysis minutula Schenck, 1871. Mocsáry (1889: 312) placed C. minutula in synonymy of C. succincta and recognized that the type was a male and not a female. Dalla Torre (1892: 99) and Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 467) followed Mocsáry interpretation. However, the description of this species is clear and refers to a small male of C. germari Wesmael. Schenck considered C. minutula close to C. leachii, which is characterized by a different thorax colour (mesonotum and scutellum contrasting with the posterior margin of the prothorax and the metanotum) compared with C. succincta.

• Chrysis aeneipes Tournier, 1879. The species was described based on two syntypes (both males) collected at Peney (Geneva) on the 19^th July 1876 and 25^th of June 1878. The two syntypes have been examined and are still preserved in MHNG. They belong to C. germari Wesmael. C. aeneipes was already synonymized by Mocsáry (1889: 314). Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 468) placed it in synonym of C. succincta.

• Chrysis frivaldszkyi Mocsáry, 1882. C. frivaldszkyi was always considered as a valid species after Linsenmaier (1959). Kimsey and Bohart (1991:468) placed it in synonym of C. succincta, but it was later revaluated by Strumia (1995: 5) and subsequent authors (e.g. Linsenmaier 1997, Rosa 2005). The lectotype of C. frivaldszkyi was examined and it matches Linsenmaier’s (1959) interpretation. In the literature, this taxon is written in different ways: C. friwaldszkyi (Berland and Bernard 1938), C. frivaldskyi (Linsenmaier 1959, 1968; Strumia 1995), C. frivaldszkii (Kimsey and Bohart 1991). The original spelling is C. frivaldszkyi.

• Chrysis bicolor var. abeillei Frey-Gessner, 1887. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 468) placed C. abeillei as a synonym of C. succincta. We could not find the type, but according to the description, the species is more closely related to C. bicolor and C. illigeri.

• Chrysis succincta var. sparsepunctata du Buysson (in André), 1892. This specimen is closely related to C. frivaldszkyi, as correctly interpreted by Linsenmaier (1959). The type was examined and it is housed in ISEA-PAS.

• Chrysis succincta var. alicantina Mercet, 1904. C. alicantina is a valid Iberian endemic species, correctly identified by Linsenmaier (1968, 1997), morphologically and chromatically different from C. succincta and similar to C. chrysoscutella Linsenmaier and C. germari Wesmael.

• Chrysis succincta var. ignifacies Mercet, 1904. This is a valid Iberian endemic species, closely related to C. germari Wesmael, but easily recognizible for the colour, the double punctuation on the metasoma, the length of the malar spaces and other morphological characteristics. C. ignifacialis Linsenmaier, 1959 is an unnecessary replacement name for C. ignifacies Mercet.

• Chrysis succincta var. hirsuta Trautmann, 1926 (nec Gerstaecker, 1869). The type of C. succincta var. hirsuta is lost; however, based on the description and the collecting place it belongs to Chrysis lucida Linsenmaier, 1951.

• Chrysis succincta var. asiatica Trautmann, 1926 (nec Radoszkowski, 1889). The type is lost. Balthasar (1953: 286) replaced the name asiatica Trautmann with the new name ferghanensis. Based on the original description and the key given by Balthasar, the species resembles C. frivaldszkyi and C. kesleri Radoszkowski, described from the same area.

• Chrysis succincta var. germanica Trautmann, 1926. The type is lost but the description excludes any possible synonym with C. succincta. C. succincta var. germanica has evident teeth and a unique body colouration. In Northern Europe and Scandinavia, the only a similar species present is C. westerlundi.

• Chrysis succincta var. pulcherrima Trautmann, 1926 (nec Lepeletier, 1806). Type lost, Balthasar (1953: 286) replaced the name pulcherrima with perelegans. Based on the description, it is clearly referrable to the female of C. albanica Trautmann, 1927.

• Chrysis succincta var. virideocincta Trautmann, 1927 (based on the type of C. succincta ab. virideocincta Hellén, 1919, unavailable). It is a synonym of C. bicolor Lepeletier, 1806. The syntypes have been examined and Paukkunen et al. (2014) designated the lectotype.

• Chrysis succincta var. noskiewiczi Trautmann, 1927. The type is lost. The short description is related to a colour variation of C. frivaldszkyi.

• Chrysis succincta var. transsylvanica Kiss-Endre, 1927. The type is housed in MNHM and was already placed in synonymy of Chrysis albanica by Móczár (1965).

• Chrysis succincta var. pannonica Hoffmann, 1935. The examination of the type material in NHMW confirmed that it is a synonym of C. frivaldszkyi (Rosa 2009).

• Chrysis succincta var. decorata Hoffmann, 1937. Type not found. The description is clear and the species is phenotypically close to C. bicolor or C. illigeri bearing four visible teeth on the last visible tergite.

• Chrysis succincta var. komareki Balthasar, 1953. This species was already placed in synonymy of frivaldszkyi by Linsenmaier (1959). Kimsey and Bohart (1991) placed it in synonymy of succincta together with frivaldszkyi.

• Chrysis succincta f. pumilio Balthasar, 1953. It not even clear from the short description whether or not pumilio belongs to the C. succincta or C. leachii group. It could be conspecific with C. cypruscula Linsenmaier, 1959.

• Chrysis tristicula Linsenmaier, 1959, stat. n. is a very variable species, due to its large distribution in the Mediterrean region. The southern Spanish and Moroccan specimens show a darker colouration of the metasoma. It varies from violet to bluish on the margin of the second and third tergites. In some cases, also the margin of the first tergite can be darker to violet or bluish. This particular colouration of the metasoma is not present in the French, Italian and Swiss specimens, even if a darker to violet reflection can be found on the anal margin of the third tergite, after the pit row. However, some African specimens show the colour of the metasoma without violet or bluish reflections (Linsenmaier 1999). The only morphological distinctive characteristics given by Linsenmaier to identify this species is the punctuation of the body "a little" finer and on the metasoma "a little" denser (Pkt ein wenig feiner, auf Abd auch etwas dichter) than C. succincta. This characteristic is observed not only in the African specimens, but also in the Spanish ones. The Alpine specimens show a different punctuation, with sparse punctures decreasing in diameter on the second tergite, from the base to the apical margin, with shining intervals. However, the colour and the punctuation on the metasoma vary more or less gradually from the Alps to South Spain, but all the main morphological characteristics, from the length of the flagellomeres (with F-III longer than F-II) to the genital capsula, remain the same in all the examined specimens from the SW Mediterranean countries.

Chrysis germari Wesmael, 1839.

Plate 33. 

Chrysis succinctula Spinola, lectotype A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Brasilia, Mus. Spinolae; qui specimen e Collectione Latreillei acceptum benigne communicavit".

Holotype ♀. Chrysis truncatella, Spin. inédit Coll. Latr. M. Buquet. Brésil.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis truncatella, 1, 34, 1, 1 (box 51).

Caenochrysis parvula (Fabricius, 1804) (synonymised and tranferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 303).

Plate 34. 

Chrysis truncatella Dahlbom, holotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

Egypt.

Holotype ♂. Chrysis varicornis, Spin. M. Waltl, Égypte.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis varicornis, 1, 23, 95, 2 (box 50).

Two specimens are found under the name C. varicornis in the Spinola collection. One does not belong to the type series bearing the label: "Espagne, M. Rambur". The second specimen is likely the type but does not carry a label. However, the main label states: "Chrysis varicornis, Spin. / M. Waltl. Egypte". It matches the current interpretation of the species. It belongs to the C. radians group.

Chrysura varicornis (Spinola, 1838) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 497).

Plate 35. 

Chrysis varicornis Spinola, holotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, lateral view.

"Habitat passim in Liguria, haud infrequens".

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Chrysis versicolor, Spin. Ins. Lig. Typus. β var e Coll. Latr. Genes [Genoa].

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis versicolor, 1, 110, 0, 2 (box 51).

Only two specimens are found unter the name C. versicolor in the Spinola collection. One is not a syntype, since it bears a rounded label (6295) and was acquired with other specimens of the Latreille collection. The second specimen is labelled "Type", and it was collected at Genoa, as written on the main label. Spinola’s description is surely based on a syntype series ("haud infrequens"), therefore we here designate as lectotype the last syntype left in the collection, even though the specimen is badly damaged. It lacks the metasoma, the right flagellum and almost all of the left flagellum; only the right mesoleg is complete. However, many diagnostic characteristics are still visible and even the sex is identifiable.

Spintharina versicolor (Spinola, 1808) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 558).

Plate 36. 

Chrysis versicolor Spinola, lectotype A Head, frontal view B mesosoma, dorsal view.

Chile. "De Santa Rosa y de la Ligua".

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Elampus Gayi, Spin. / D. Gay, Chili. // Paralectotype 1♀. Elampus Gayi Spinola, det. L. D. French.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Elampus gayi, 1, 52, 32, 1 (box 50).

French labelled the specimen as paralectotype, but the designation was not published. The species was described based on at least two males (sexo dudoso) collected at Santa Rosa and Ligua. The second syntype is housed in MNHN (du Buysson 1898: 519). Du Buysson completed the description of this species, even though the specimen was missing the head and part of metasoma. Later, du Buysson (1899: 160) removed this specimen from the catalogue of the types housed in the MNHN. Since the syntype in MNHN is badly damaged and it was not considered as a type by du Buysson (1899), we here designate the syntype of E. gayi as lectotype in the Spinola collection, according to the Recommendation 74D of the Code. The specimen is in good condition, even though it is missing the last three flagellomeres of the left antenna and five of the right antenna.

Elampus gayi Spinola, 1851.

Plate 37. 

Elampus gayi Spinola, lectotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, and anal margin of the last tergite, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D habitus, lateral view.

"Habitat in Africa ad promontorium bonae spei; Mus. Dom. Spinola".

Holotype ♀. Euchroeus candens, Kl. / D. Klug, Cap. B. Esp.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno.Euchraeus (sic) candens, 132, 53, 49, 1 (box 52).

In Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 297), under the name Brugmoia [= Euchroeus] torrida (Mocsáry, 1889). The generic name Euchroeus Latreille was conserved by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, Opinion 1906). The name candens was considered as a junior secondary homonym of C. candens Germar, 1817 (currently Chrysura candens) by Mocsáry (1889). Since the two respective species have been considered as belonging to different genera after 1889, the name E. candens must be considered as a valid name (Madl and Rosa 2012: 84).

Euchroeus candens Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 38. 

Euchroeus candens Dahlbom, holotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Habitat in Africa ad promontorium bonae spei, Mus. Dom. Spinola".

Holotype (sex unknown): Euchroeus coerulans, Kl. // D. Klug, Cap. B. Esp.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Euchraeus coerulans, 132, 53, 49, 1 (box 52).

The type is badly damaged, having no head and metasoma, (except first tergite, which is still present).

Euchroeus candens Dahlbom, 1854 (synonymised by Mocsáry 1889: 600).

"Habitat in Brasilia: D. Buquet, Mus. Spinolae".

Holotype ♂. Hedychrum brasilianum Spin. D. Klug. Brasil // Holotype Hedychrum brasilianum ♂ Dahlbom det. L. D. French.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum brasilianum, 1, 34, 1, 1 (box 50).

The type is in bad condition. It lacks the head, forelegs, right mesoleg, and the tarsi of the right metaleg. The ventral surface of the metasoma is missing due to a dermestid attack.

Hedychrum brasilianum Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 39. 

Hedychrum brasilianum Dahlbom, holotype A Mesosoma and metasoma, lateral view B mesosoma, dorsal view C mesosoma, lateral view D third metasomal tergite, dorsal view.

"Mâle et femelle. Donné par M. Walkenaer qui l’a trouvée aux environs de Paris".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂. H. caeruleus (Chrysis) Deg. [De Geer] – (Omalus) Dhlbm. Hedychrum caerulescens Lepel. 122 coll. St. Fargeau, Parisiae.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum caeruleus, 36, 185, 53, 1 (box 50).

Lepeletier (1806) described H. caerulescens based on two specimens, one male and one female. One of these two syntypes was acquired by Spinola and belongs to the species Pseudomalus violaceus (Scopoli, 1763); the second syntype is housed at MNHN. Du Buysson (1898: 563) listed one specimen in Lepeletier’s collection H. coerulescens = Ellampus caeruleus (De Geer), but it is not listed as a type. We examined the second syntype (currently in the general collection MNHN box 8). It belongs to the same species, P. violaceus (Scopoli), even though it is placed under the name of Omalus aeneus (Fabricius).

We designate as lectotype of He. caerulescens Lepeletier the syntype male. The reason is to fix the synonym with P. violaceus (Scopoli). The specimen is damaged, lacking its fore wings and left hind wing, and it is partially covered by mould.

Pseudomalus violaceus (Scopoli, 1763) (synonymised by Dalla Torre 1892: 19; transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 270).

"Habitat in Europa media et meridionali mensibus Majo - Julio passim; Turcia: D. Drewsen; Graecia: D. Loew; Austria: D. D. De Christophori, Kollàr et Megerle von Mühlfeld; Silesia: D. Zeller".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂. Hedychrum chloroideum // (Chrysis) Ziegl. // D. De Cristofori, Autriche.

Paralectotypes 3 ♂♂. idem.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum chloroideum, 84, 9, 19, 4 (box 50).

The specimens of He. chloroideum collected in Austria by Ziegler and listed as syntypes by Dahlbom (1854: 66) are still housed in the Spinola collection. The syntype series given by Dahlbom includes specimens collected in Turkey (coll. Drewsen, ZMUC), Greece (coll. Loew), Austria (coll. De Christophori, Kollár, Megerle, MRSN), and Silesia (coll. Zeller, LZM). The original description is based only on males, characterized by the green colour, sometimes light green to blue-green. The name chloroideum is derived from this particular colouration. The female is easily recognizable by the shape and the colouration of its body. It has an elongated metasoma and red-purple colour on head and on the dorsal part of the mesosom. The metasoma, the propodeum, and ventral surface are a contrasting blue colour. In Dahlbom’s time, the female was known as He. fervidum (Fabricius). Males and females were considered as different species because of the remarkable sexual dimorphism and dichroism. Ho. chloroidea (Dahlbom, 1854) as well as Ho. curvata (Förster, 1853) (name with priority) had been considered as a valid species for a very long time. The hypothesis given by Trautmann (1922: 321) that Ho. curvata (= Ho. chloroidea) could be the male of Ho. fervida was not immediately accepted (e.g. Invrea, 1923: 13). Once the synonym was accepted, all the authors agreed on this fact, except Linsenmaier. Linsenmaier (1959, 1968, 1969) considered Ho. chloroidea as a separate subspecies of Ho. fervida distributed in Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Cyprus. His interpretation, even though not in contrast with the original distribution of Ho. chloroideum as outlined by Dahlbom, can be a source of taxonomical instability. This is because the oriental form of Ho. fervida, exhibiting a coarser punctuation, is currently referred to as Ho. fervida ssp. buyssoni Mercet, 1902. To retain nomeclatural stability, we designate a lectotype of He. chloroideum Dahlbom that clearly does not refer to this subspecies. We select the specimen from the above three mentioned ones that is only partially damaged, lacking the right flagellum, tibia and tarsi of the left foreleg, femur, tibia and tarsi of the mid and left metaleg.

Kimsey (1986: 108) designated a lectotype of He. chloroideum Dahlbom at MNHN, but the designation was based on a female collected in France ("env. de Paris") and found in the Lepeletier collection. The original description is based only on males and no syntype was collected in France or was housed in Lepeletier’s collection. This specimen is not a syntype and therefore it cannot be considered as a lectotype, according to the Art. 74.2.

Holopyga fervida (Fabricius, 1781) (synonymised by Trautmann 1922: 321).

"Egypte".

Holotype (?) ♀. Hedychrum coelestinum Kl. D.D. Waltl Égypte et Klug, Cap. B. Esp. // Paralectotype Hedychrum coelestinum ♀ Spinola det. L. D. French.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum coelestinum, 132, 23/53, 95, 2 (box 50).

In the Spinola collection, two specimens from Egypt (D. Waltl) and South Africa (Cap B. [onne] Esp. [érance]" (D. Klug)) referring to this species are present. Only one specimen belongs to the original type series. However, it is currently impossible to state which one, since both specimens lack locality labels. At present, we cannot identify the specimen that had been collected in Egypt. Both specimens were examined by Dahlbom (1854: 60) and they are found under the name "Hedychrum cœlestinum Kl.", a species never described by Klug. Dahlbom (1854) erroneusly assigned this species to Klug and not to Spinola, even though he knew Spinola’s (1838) paper. Furthermore, Dahlbom (1854) named this species "caelestinum", which we consider an incorrect subsequent spelling (Madl and Rosa 2012: 96). The two specimens were labelled as lectotype and paralectotype by L.D. French, but the lectotype designation has not been published. The two females have different colours: one is greenish and the second is a deep blue. The blue one was labelled by French as paralectotype, but the colour matches Spinola’s description ("La couleur du corps est d’un bleu plus intense") and we suppose that this one could be the type. In Dahlbom’s collection in LZM, there is another specimen labelled as type by a former curator, not by Dahlbom himself, and that refers to the specimen listed as "caelestinum Kl." (Dahlbom 1854: 60).

Hedychrum coelestinum Spinola, 1838.

Chile.

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Hedychrum difficile, Spin. D. Gay, Chili. // Paralectotype Hedychrum difficile ♂ Spinola det. L. D. French.

Paralectotype (sex unknown): idem // Paralectotype 1 ♂. Hedychrum difficile Spinola, det. L. D. French.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum difficile, 1, 52, 32, 2 (box 50).

Spinola (1851: 411) described He. difficile on various female specimens, and at least one specimen considered as a possible male ("Macho dudoso", "Uno solo de los individuis cojidos por M. Gay está en este caso."). In the Spinola collection there are two specimens collected in Chile by Gay matching the original description and bearing French’s paralectotype labels. The lectotype designation has not been published, however. French (1985: 622) wrote that he examined the female holotype in MNHN; this information was later reported in Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 174). He. difficile is a common species in Chile and the specimen found at MNHN (box number 16 of the general collection) is a syntype as well. Du Buysson (1899: 161, sub Hedychridium) listed the specimen in MNHN without any type status.

We designate a lectotype of He. difficile. It is a female (not male, as reported on the label) in perfect condition; the second specimen, the paralectotype, is badly damaged, being without metasoma, legs and two wings. We prefer to designate the specimen in MRSN because it is based on a specimen housed in the collection of the describing author (Recommendation 74D of the Code).

Exallopyga difficile (Spinola, 1851) (transferred by French 1985: 622).

Plate 40. 

Hedychrum difficile Spinola, lectotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"Exemplar varietatis c e Mexico a D. Dupont reportatum in Museo Excell. Spinolae (Hedychrum Duponti Spin." nominatum) examinavi".

Holotype (sex unknown): Hedychrum Duponti Spin. / Hed. Minutum var. Dhlbm / D. Dupont. Mexico.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum duponti, 1, 154, 23, 1 (box 50).

The type is closely related to Hedychridium krajniki Balthasar, 1946. The type locality could be in error.

Hedychridium duponti Dahlbom, 1854.

"Habitat in Sicilia: D. Chiliani (sic), Mus. D. Spinolae".

Holotype ♂. Hedychrum incrassatum / Spin. - inedit; D. Ghiliani, Sicile. // Holotype Hedychrum incrassatum ♂ Spinola det. L. D. French.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum incrassatum, 1, 204, 33, 1 (box 50).

Hedychridium incrassatum (Dahlbom, 1854) (transferred by du Buysson (in André), 1891: 188).

Plate 41. 

Hedychrum incrassatum Dahlbom, holotype A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view.

"Habitat in Anglia, Germania, Gallia, Hispania, passim".

Syntypes 2 ♂♂, ♀. Hedychr. rutilans, Meg. var. c, Dhlbm. - Hed. regium, Lep. Liguria.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum rutilans, 186, 145, 0, 3 (box 50).

Dahlbom (1854) described He. rutilans based on a syntype series subdivided into three varieties (var. a, var. b, var. c). The syntypes listed by Dahlbom are housed in the following museums: He. rutilans var. a: NHMW (teste Kollar), MNHU (teste Klug), ZMUC (teste Drewsen); He. rutilans var. b: MNHU (teste Klug); He. rutilans var. c: MRSN (Spinola coll., "Hedychrum regium Pellet. secund. Spin. in litt." e "Hedychrum intermedium Mus. Spinolae"). These syntypes are still housed in the listed museums. Morgan (1984: 10) designated the lectotype on a specimen collected by Zeller and housed in the Dahlbom Collection at LZM. This specimen is labelled: "Hed. rutilans Megerl. Dahl. var. a". According to the Art. 74.2 of the Code this specimen is not a syntype, therefore it loses its status of lectotype.

The name He. rutilans is a matter of conflict between entomologists. The history of the names He. rutilans and He. intermedium is long and complicated. Linsenmaier (1959, 1968, 1997a, 1997b, 1999) used the name He. intermedium Dahlbom, 1845, instead of He. rutilans Dahlbom, 1854, as many other authors did in the past. In various European collections, specimens belonging to this species are still found under the name He. intermedium. Many entomologists, in fact, still follow Linsenmaier’s interpretation. Linsemaier never accepted the synonymy proposed by Morgan (1984: 8) and that was accepted by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Morgan (1984), in fact, discovered that the holotype of He. intermedium belongs to the genus Holopyga. Unfortunately, Morgan did not provide any further information on the species nor in which museum he examined this type. After an extensive tour in the European museums, we found out that the type of He. intermedium is housed in LZM. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 232) wrote that they examined this holotype at MNHN, and later Linsenmaier (1997a) argued that Dufour’s specimens are housed at MNHN. After studying all relevant type material at MNHN and after having conducted an extensive literature survey, we are confident in writing that not one specimen labelled "Hol. intermedia Gall. Dufour","Holopyga intermedia" or "Hedychrum intermedium" is housed at MNHN. In the "General collection" in MNHN there are two specimens labelled "Hedychrum rutilans" and "Coll. Dufour 1834". These two specimens had not been studied by Morgan, yet they were listed by du Buysson (1898: 521) and mentioned as possible "types" by Linsenmaier (1997a), since their labels match the original data cited by Dahlbom (1845). Based on the erroneous information given by Kimsey and Bohart (1991) on the type depository, Linsenmaier (1997a) did not accept Morgan’s interpretation and stated that labeles must have been exchanged. Moreover, Linsenmaier argued that it was not possible that Dahlbom, who described the genus Holopyga in the same paper, would have confused it with Hedychrum.

At the beginning of our studies, we agreed with Linsenmaier and we also noticed that no other European Hedychrum has the described colour "♂ thorax antice viridis postice cyaneus"; only the male of Ho. ignicollissensu Linsenmaier (= Holopyga aureomaculata Abeille) shows a similar colouration. We concluded that Morgan probably confused the type of He. intermedium with the type of another mysterious species described in the same work by Dahlbom on Dufour material collected in France: Holopyga nitidula. In this sense, the examination of the Dahlbom collection in LZM was fundamental. The specimen cited by Morgan is indeed the type of He. intermedium. This confirmation is not only based on the precise labels, already cited by Morgan, but also on the morphological and chromatic characteristics given by Dahlbom. This specimen is a male of Ho. fervida (Fabricius, 1781) with colouration similar to Ho. fervida var. taorminensis Trautmann: pronotum and mesonotum light bluish-greenish, in contrast with the rest of the mesosoma. But the most important characteristic is the punctuation on the mesosoma: ‘pronotum et dorsulum nitida sparse punctata’. No Hedychrum species has this peculiar punctuation, but Ho. fervida has it.

It is not strange that Dahlbom in 1845 identified the male of Ho. fervida as Hedychrum. In fact, Dahlbom in 1854 described again the males of Ho. fervida as He. chloroideum, based on specimens entirely green or bluish-green, without any contrasts in the colouration of the mesosoma.

It seems that Linsenmaier was influenced by Richards (1935: 158). This important author received the type of He. intermedium and He. rutilans by Kemner (Lund): "Through the kindness of Dr. N. A. Kemner, we have examined the type ofHedychrum rutilansDahlbom, 1854. It is a female bearing two labels (1)" Z. Mer."or"L. Mer."and (2)" Hed. rutilans. Megerl. Secund. M.B. Dhbm. var. a."The specimen agrees with Dahlbom’s description of his var. a. (i.e. the typical form of the species) and also with the modern interpretation of his name (e.g. Trautmann, 1928). Dr. Kemner also sent what is almost certainly the type ofHedychrum intermediumDahlbom, 1845. This species was described in 1845 from France but in 1854 Dahlbom dropped the nameintermedium; his var. c. ofH. rutilansagrees with the earlier described intermedium. The probable type ofintermediumis a male bearing two labels: (1)" Hedychr. rutilansDhlbm. var. c."and (2) " Hab.? Fontainebleau Collect. Barbut."This specimen agrees with the original description ofintermedium. It is a male of one of the greenish forms ofH. rutilans. It may be described as follows: - Green; slight trace of copper on central lobe of mesonotum. Postscutellum and propodeum blue. Abdomen green, disc of second tergite and whole of third, copper-tinged. Legs blue. Venter of abdomen black. In my opinion, therefore, the species should be known asHedychrum intermediumDahlbom, 1845".

Nevertheless, Richards did not realize that none of the examined specimens was truly a type. In particular, He. intermedium did not match the original type, since it was collected at Fontainebleau by Barbut and not by Dufour. This should be the reason different authors, including Linsenmaier, considered He. intermedium had priority over the name He. rutilans.

In conclusion, we formally propose here the new synonymy: Hedychrum intermedium Dahlbom, 1845 = Holopyga fervida (Fabricius, 1781). The valid name for one of the most common European species is therefore He. rutilans Dahlbom, 1854, as already stated by Morgan (1984).

Hedychrum rutilans Dahlbom, 1854.

"Habitat in Rossia meridionali et Lusitania forte rarissime".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂. Hedychrum virens Kl. Dlbm ♀. Coll. Rambur. Russ. mer. // Sud Russ.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum virens, 135, 199, 74, 1 (box 50).

Dahlbom (1854: 74) described He. virens based on two specimens, one male and one female: the male was collected in Portugal (Lusitania) and housed in MNHU; the female was collected in Southern Russia and housed in the Spinola collection. We found that the specimen in the Spinola collection is a male and not a female. We designate this specimen as lectotype of He. virens since it matches the current interpretation of the species. It is in perfect condition and it is prepared with open wings. It is possible that the Iberian population could be considered as a separate subspecies. The species shows a peculiar distribution, and in Western Europe is found only on the Iberian Peninsula. The rest of its known distribution extends from Greece over the Middle East to central Asia. There are some old records from Italy collected in the 19th century in various museums (MRSN, MHNG, MCZ).

Hedychrum virens (Dahlbom, 1854).

"Habitat in Africa, ad Promontorium Bonae Spei a D. Westermann detecta et ibidem a D. Draege revisa. Museis D. D. Westermann et Spinola".

Lectotype (here designated) ♀. Hedychrum janthinum (Holopyga) Dahlb. - Dr D. Draege. Cap. B. Esp. // Lectotype Holopyga janthina ♀ Dahlbom det. L. D. French.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum janthinum, 27, 53, 21, 1 (box 50).

Dahlbom (1854: 50) described Ho. janthina based on a series of specimens received by Westermann and Draege. These syntypes are now housed in MRSN and ZMUC. French pinned a lectotype label, but the designation has not been published. We designate a lectotype of Ho. janthina Dahlbom, using the same syntype that was selected by French, to fix the current interpretation of the species. The head of the lectotype is broken and glued on a white label; the right antenna is without the last six flagellomeres, the left one is without the last seven flagellomeres, the right foreleg is missing the tibia and tarsi; the right mesoleg and the forelegs are without the last tarsi.

Holopyga janthina Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 42. 

Holopyga janthina Dahlbom, lectotype A Head, frontal view B head, dorsal view C metasoma, dorsal view D mesosoma and metasoma, lateral view.

"Habitat in Brasilia, D. D. Milde et Spinola, qui specimina benevole communicarunt".

Lectotype (here designated) ♂. Hedychrum lazulinum (Holopyga) Dahlb. - M.B. Klug. D. Klug. Brasil // Lectotype ♂. Holopyga lazulina Dahlbom, det. L. D. French.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum lazulinum, 27, 34, 49, 2 (box 50).

Dahlbom (1854: 49) described Ho. luzulina based on two specimens received from Milde and Spinola. French labelled the specimen in the Spinola collection as lectotype, but the designation has not been published. Since we could not find the second syntype in MNHU, we designate the lectotype of Ho. luzulina Dahlbom to fix the current interpretation of the species. After Dahlbom, many South American Holopyga have been described, and there is the possibility that the other syntype belongs to a different species, as found in other cases (e.g. Holopyga dohrni Dahlbom, 1854, with different syntypes from U.S.A. and Cuba). The type is missing tibia and tarsi of the right foreleg and left mesoleg and also the femora, tibiae, and tarsi of the left metaleg; a thin mould layer covers the right side of the body. The second specimen placed under the name Ho. luzulina is a male of He. rutilans Dahlbom, 1854, most likely placed in this position in recent times.

Holopyga luzulina Dahlbom, 1854.

Plate 43. 

Holopyga luzulina Dahlbom, lectotype A Habitus, dorsal view B Mesosoma, dorsal view C head, dorsal view D head, frontal view E head and mesosoma lateral view F second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

"In Insulis Archipelagi: D. Loew; Italia: D. Spinola; Austria: D. Kollàr; Prussia: D. D. Dohrn et Lüben; Svecia: Scania (ad Esperöd d. 12. Augusti 1838), – Ostro-Gothia (in monte Omberg d. 22. Juli 1835 in copula cum var. c!) et Gottlandia (in pratis Gothem d. 18. Juli 1841) mihi obvia".

Syntype 1 ♀. Hedychrum ovatum (Chrysis) Pallas – (Holopyga) Dahlb. var. B – Hedych. regium olim Lombardia.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Hedychrum ovatum, 199, 144, 0, 1 (box 50).

The syntype is badly damaged; the head and metasoma are glued on a separated label pinned in box 52.

Holopyga generosa (Förster, 1853) (synonymised by Linsenmaier 1987: 135).

Egypt.

Holotype ♂. Parnopes denticulatus Spin. / D. Waltl Égypte.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Parnopes denticulatus, 1, 23, 0, 1 (box 52).

The type is badly damaged, without the dorsal and frontal part of the head; only the occipital part as far as the mandible complex, the clypeus and antennae are left.

Cephaloparnops denticulatus (Spinola, 1838) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 578).

Plate 44. 

Parnopes denticulatus Spinola, holotype A Habitus, lateral view B fourth metasomal tergite, posterior view C mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view.

Egypt.

Holotype ♀. Parnopes Fischeri, Spin.; Égypte ?

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Parnopes fischeri, 1, 23, 91, 1 (box 52).

Parnopes fischeri Spinola, 1838.

Plate 45. 

Parnopes fischeri Spinola, holotype A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view.

Egypt.

Holotype ♀. Chrysis nobilis, Kl. Pyria producta, m. ol.[im] D. Waltl, Egyptus.

Catalogue Casolari & Casolari Moreno. Chrysis nobilis, 132, 23, 0, 2 (box 51).

Spinola (1838) described P. stilboides based on one female. The are two specimens of this species in the Spinola collection; one female, perfectly conserved, which we consider the holotype, and a second specimen, badly damaged, which we exclude from the type series. The names written on the label (and in Casolari & Casolari Moreno) refer to Dahlbom’s monograph (1854: 347), in which P. stilboides is considered a synonym of C. nobilis. The second specimen, according to Spinola’s label and Dahlbom’s work, was named C. producta.

Chrysis stilboides (Spinola, 1838) (tranferred by du Buysson (in André) 1896: 649).

Plate 46. 

Pyria stilboides Spinola, holotype A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D third metasomal tergite, dorsal view.