Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “Turkey; (Van), 30 km N [of] Baskale, 2700 m, 11.vii.1987, R. Hensen”.

Head flattened dorsally, in front of occipital carina with small and shallow medio-posterior depression (Fig. 12); face moderately wide (Fig. 11); frons and vertex rather matt and densely and very finely transverse aciculate (Fig. 12); occipital carina narrowly lamelliform and dark brown; vertex without punctures; mandible dark brown basally; propleuron stout, coriaceous and 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina narrow and non-lamelliform; middle lobe of mesoscutum transversely rugose, without punctures and with satin sheen, lateral lobe regularly transversely rugulose with fine coriaceous interspaces and medio-posteriorly irregularly reticulate-rugose (Fig. 8); scutellum superficially coriaceous, weakly transversely rugulose and with satin sheen; ventral half of mesopleuron and metapleuron silvery pilose (Fig. 7); hind basitarsus dark brown basally, apical half largely ivory; hind tibia moderately slender and with subbasal ivory patch (Fig. 13); ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as body, 1.4 times as long as metasoma, 2.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 4.2 times hind tibia; white apical part of ovipositor sheath 2.1 times as long as hind basitarsus; length of body 11 mm.

Female, length of body 11.2 mm (of fore wing 5.5 mm).

Head. Head flattened dorsally, in front of occipital carina with small and shallow medio-posterior depression (Fig. 12); face anteriorly conspicuously silvery pilose; occipital carina narrowly lamelliform, dark brown (Figs 5, 7, 12); third and fourth antennal segments 1.6 and 2.2 times as long as second segment, apical segment 1.9 times as long as penultimate segment; face moderately wide (Fig. 11); frons and vertex rather matt and densely and very finely transverse aciculate (Fig. 12); ventrally head not enlarged in anterior view, malar space 0.3 times length of pedicellus.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; propleuron stout and 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae, matt and distinctly coriaceous; laterally pronotum largely rugose antero-ventrally and superficial coriaceous postero-ventrally; side of pronotum with medium-sized obtuse tooth antero-ventrally; antesternal carina narrow and non-lamelliform; middle lobe of mesoscutum transversely rugose, without punctures and with satin sheen, lateral lobe regularly transversely rugulose with fine coriaceous interspaces and medio-posteriorly irregularly reticulate-rugose (Fig. 8); notauli narrow and moderately impressed; scutellum superficially coriaceous, weakly transversely rugulose and with satin sheen; coriaceous dorsal area of mesopleuron large; mesopleuron ventrally and metapleuron silvery pilose (Fig. 7).

Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.6, 4.4 and 5.2 times their width, respectively; hind tibia moderately slender and ventrally curved (Fig. 13); hind coxa densely rugulose antero-dorsally, transversely striate postero-dorsally; hind basitarsus moderately slender, as long as remainder of tarsus and hardly widened in dorsal view.

Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as body, 1.4 times as long as metasoma, 2.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 4.2 times hind tibia; white apical part of ovipositor sheath 2.1 times as long as hind basitarsus (Fig. 10).

Colour. Black; mandible, antenna from fourth segment, tegulae, palpi, pterostigma, fore and middle femora and tibiae (except ivory base and apex of tibiae), telotarsi, hind tarsus (except apical ivory part of basitarsus and apices of second-fourth segments), metasoma (but second-fourth tergites apically and apical half of hypopygium and apices of other sternites yellowish brown), more or less dark brown; hind tibia subbasally and apical half of hind basitarsus ivory; hind tibial spurs dark brown and slightly paler than base of hind basitarsus; remainder of tarsi yellowish brown; apex of ovipositor sheath white; wing membrane slightly infuscate.

Male. Unknown.

Turkey.

Unknown. Collected in July.

Named “aciculatum”, because of the very finely aciculate frons and vertex.

Figures 5–13. 

Gasteruption aciculatum sp. n., female, holotype. 5 head lateral 6 hypopygium, ventral 7 mesosoma lateral 8 mesonotum dorsal 9 fore wing 10 apex of ovipositor sheath 11 head anterior 12 head dorsal 13 hind leg.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N. Iran: Qazvin, Zereshk Road, MT5, 28.vii.-18.viii.2011, M. Khayrandish, RMNH’12”. Paratypes (34 ♀ + 25 ♂): 1 ♀ (RMNH), “N. Iran: Tehran, Shahriar, MT25, 11-18.v.2010, M. Khayrandish, RMNH’12”; 1 ♀ (TMUT), id., but MT 24, 1–8.vi.2010, A. Nadimi; 1 ♀ (MZL) [Lausanne], “Iran, Tehran”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Iran: Azer. e Sh. prov., Sis, 10 km E [of] Shabestar, N38°26', E45°86', 1540 m, 19.vi.2010, Mi. Halada”; 1 ♀ (BZL), “Iran cent., env. Nain, 5.v.1999, K. Deneš sen.”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Jordan E., Rawayshid, 24.iv.1996, Marek Halada”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “Jordan W., 10 km N [of] Petra, 3.v.1996, Marek Halada”; 3 ♂ (BZL, RMNH), “Syria, 40 km NE of Damascus, 13.v.1996, Mi. Halada ing.”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Syria west, 50 km S [of] Homs, 24.v.1996, Ma. Halada”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Syria N, Marbij, 9.v.1996, Marek Halada”; 1 ♀ (BZL, RMNH), “Turkey east, 20 km W [of] Van, 5.vii.1997. Ma. Halada”; 3 ♂ (BZL, RMNH), “Turkey east, 10 km N [of] Tatvan, 24.vi.1997, Ma. Halada”; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (BZL), “TR. or., env. Agri, 27.vi.[19]93, Jiroušek”; 1 ♀ + 2 ♂ (BZL), “Turkey E., 40 km NE [of] Muradiye, 2200 m, 5.vii.2000, M. Halada”; 1 ♀ (BZL), “Türkei, Konya: Sille, 12.vi.1978, Max Schwarz”, “Gasteruption psilomma Kieff., ♀, det. Madl, 1988”; 1 ♀ (CSC), “Türkei, Konya: 10 km S [of] Karaman, 19.vi.1985, Max Schwarz”, det. id.; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Türkei, Konya: Obruk, 7.vi.1978, Max Schwarz”, det. id. but ♂; 23 ♀ + 7 ♂ (BZL, RMNH), “TR, Burdur, 20 km SW [of] Burdur, N37°37', E30°9', 940 m, 7.vii.2006, M. Halada”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “TR. or., env. Tatvan, 30.vi.[19]93, K. Deneš”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Turkey, Hakkari prov., Akcali, 35 km S [of] Hakkari, N37°71', E44°3', 1700 m, 21.vi.2010, M. Halada”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Türkei mer. or., Halfeti env., 3–5.v.1994, Mi. Halada”; 1 ♂ (CSC), “Türkei, Nevsehir: Ürgüp, 4.vi.1978, Max. Schwarz”; 1 ♀ (Beograd University Collection), “[Greece], Creta, Iraklion, 25.ix.[19]59, Stancic”; 1 ♀ (MHNG), “[S. Russia,] Sarepta, Becker”, (Sarepta is a former German colony of Moravian Brothers founded in 1765 near Astrakhan, Volga Delta in South Russia).

Head moderately convex dorsally in lateral view (Fig. 14), in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face medium-sized (Fig. 18); frons and vertex shiny and superficially finely punctulate mixed with some fine punctures (Fig. 19); occipital carina narrow, non-lamelliform; propleuron 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae and large smooth and shiny; pronotal side mainly punctate and shiny ventrally (Fig. 15); antesternal carina narrow and non-lamelliform; middle and lateral lobe of mesoscutum coarsely transversely reticulate-rugose and shiny (Fig. 16); mesopleuron and metapleuron conspicuously white pilose (Fig. 15); middle lobe rounded antero-laterally (Fig. 16); fore coxa close to mesopleuron (Fig. 15); hind basitarsus entirely dark brown; hind tibia rather swollen and entirely dark brown (Fig. 17); fifth sternite of female orange brown (Fig. 21); apical 0.4–0.5 of hypopygium of female incised; ovipositor sheath 1.1–1.2 times as long as body, 1.6–1.8 times as long as metasoma, 5.0–5.7 times as long as hind tibia and 3.7–4.3 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; pale brown or ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 0.2–0.5 times as long as hind basitarsus; paramere of male black apically (Fig. 25); third antennal segment of male 1.3 times as long as second segment, fourth segment 1.8 times third segment and as long as second and third segments combined, fifth segment as long as fourth segment (Fig. 28); hind tibia of both sexes entirely dark brown or blackish; length of body 10–17 mm. Some of the paratypes has been identified as G. psilomma Kieffer or G. schlettereri. The new species disagrees from G. schlettereri by the length of the short pale apical part of the ovipositor sheath (long in G. schlettereri), smaller ocelli (larger), hind basitarsus dark brown (partly ivory), propleuron largely smooth (distinctly sculptured) and sternites (except hypopygium) orange or reddish brown (dark brown). The interpretation of the Spanish G. psilomma Kieffer, 1904, is problematical. The male holotype of G. psilomma from Spain (Ribas, Catalonia) could not be found in the Mercet Collection (Madrid), as reported before by Madl (1988b). According to his redescription G. psilomma is close to G. trichotomma from which it could be separated according to Kieffer (1904a) by having the ovipositor slightly longer than the metasoma and the distance between the posterior ocelli equal to the distance from the ocelli to the eyes. However, in 1904 Kieffer did not mention the ovipositor in the description; he had only the male holotype! For the interpretation of G. psilomma is better to examine carefully Spanish male specimens which agree with the original description. Most striking in the original description is the combination of red second and third metasomal tergites with a black hind leg, a short third antennal segment (1.3 times as long as second segment) and a shiny line in front of the anterior ocellus. Males of G. forticorne Semenov, 1892, fit well and, therefore, we synonymise G. psilomma with G. forticorne (syn. n.). The new species differs by the short malar space (distinctly developed in G. forticorne), the reticulate mesoscutum (transversely rugose), the short pale apical part of the ovipositor sheath (medium-sized) and dark brown hind basitarsus (partly ivory). Among the East Palaearctic species the new species is rather similar to G. argentatum Semenov & Kostylev, 1928. The new species has the temple distinctly shorter than the eyes in dorsal view (about as long in G. argentatum), the mesoscutum coarsely reticulate, sparsely setose and no smooth interspaces (punctate, densely setose and with smooth interspaces), the hind basitarsus 0.8 times as long as remainder of tarsus without claws (about of equal length) and length of ovipositor sheath 1.1–1.2 times as long as body and 5.0–5.7 times as long as hind tibia (0.7–0.8 times as long as body and 3.1–3.3 times as long as hind tibia).

Female, length of body 13.0 mm (of fore wing 6.1 mm).

Head. Head moderately convex dorsally in lateral view, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face, frons anteriorly and temples conspicuously silvery pilose; occipital carina non-lamelliform (Fig. 14); third and fourth antennal segments 1.7 and 2.5 times as long as second segment; face medium-sized (Fig. 18); frons and vertex shiny and superficially finely punctulate mixed with some fine punctures; temples gradually narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 19); ventrally head not enlarged in anterior view, malar space 0.2 times length of pedicellus.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; propleuron 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae, stout and shiny, with long silvery setae and some punctures; pronotal side mainly punctate and shiny ventrally, remainder reticulate-punctate but with nearly smooth patch, sparsely setose except long setae dorsally and posteriorly; side of pronotum with a distinct acute tooth antero-ventrally; antesternal carina narrow lamelliform; middle and lateral lobe of mesoscutum coarsely transversely reticulate-rugose and shiny (Fig. 16); scutellum coarsely transversely rugose and with some coarse punctures; mesopleuron and metapleuron conspicuously silvery pilose (Fig. 15); propodeum without distinct median carina.

Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.4, 4.5 and 5.2 times their width, respectively; hind tibia rather slender and ventrally moderately curved (Fig. 17); fore coxa close to mesopleuron; hind coxa coarsely transversely rugose antero-dorsally, silvery pilose and ventrally coriaceous; hind basitarsus rather stout and 0.8 times as long as remainder of tarsus without claws (Fig. 17), widened basally in dorsal view.

Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 1.1 times as long as body, 1.8 times as long as metasoma, 5.7 times as long as hind tibia and 3.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; dark ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 0.3 times as long as hind basitarsus.

Colour. Black; tegulae pale yellowish; mandible (including base except dorsal corner), clypeus largely, pronotum, propleuron, mesoscutum, scutellum posteriorly, fore coxa mainly, mesopleuron dorsally, second-fifth tergites, sternites (but hypopygium dark brown except basally) orange brown; bases and apices of fore and middle tibiae ivory; fore and middle tarsi, base of hind tibia and pterostigma medially brown; remainder of legs and first tergite dark brown; pterostigma laterally and veins dark brown; fifth and following antennal segments (except apical dark brown segment) brownish ventrally; wing membrane subhyaline.

Male. Very similar to female, but mandible and sternites medially dark brown or black. Third antennal segment 1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth segment twice as long as third segment and 1.2 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth segment 0.9 times as long as fourth segment (Fig. 28); hind tibia and basitarsus entirely dark brown or blackish; apex of paramere black (Fig. 24).

Variation. Length of body of ♀ 12.5–17.3 mm (of ♂ 10.3–14.1 mm); mandible yellowish or orange brown or dark brown basally; mesosoma entirely black to anterior half largely orange brown; ovipositor sheath 1.1–1.2 times as long as body, 1.6–1.8 times as long as metasoma, 5.0–5.7 times as long as hind tibia and 3.6–4.3 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; pale brown or ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 0.2–0.5 times as long as hind basitarsus.

Iran, Greece, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Russia.

Unknown. Collected in April-September.

Named after “agrenon”, (Greek for “net”) because of the reticulate sculpture of the mesoscutum.

Examined from Turkey a pale specimen with frons and vertex with satin sheen, hind tibia subbasally and hind basitarsus largely ivory, ovipositor sheath about 4 times as long as hind tibia and middle and hind coxae reddish brown which may belong to this species.

Figures 14–22. 

Gasteruption agrenum sp. n., female, holotype. 14 head lateral 15 mesosoma lateral 16 mesonotum dorsal 17 hind leg 18 head anterior 19 head dorsal 20 fore wing 21 hypopygium, ventral 22 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 23–28. 

Gasteruption agrenum sp. n., male, paratype. 23 mesonotum dorsal 24 hind leg 25 male genitalia 26 head dorsal 27 head lateral 28 basal antennal segments.

The Nearctic synonyms as given by Smith (1996) are not repeated here and need reconfirmation.

Lectotype of G. assectator here designated, ♀ coll. no. 2652 in the Linnean Society London, “49, assectator”, and examined by Roman (1932) and Fitton (1978). The lectotype has been studied digitally (www.linnean-online.org) by the first author; no. 2653 is damaged and is a paralectotype. Lectotype of G. nigritarsis ♀ (ZIL) from “Lund, 8/53 [= viii.1853]”, “nigritarsis”, “Lectotypus Foenus nigritarsis Thoms., ♀, K.-J. Hedqvist, det. 1972”. Lectotype of G. fumipenne ♀ (ZIL) without metasoma from “Olle Han [? name of collector, according to original description from Gottland and Skäne, Sweden], d.15.vii.1850”, “fumipennis”, “Lectotypus Foenus fumipennis Thoms., ♀, K.-J. Hedqvist, det. 1972”; lectotype has spurious vein on vein 1-SR. Holotype of G. margotae in Zoological Museum Helsinki (from Finland, Suoniemi, 26. vi.1947) was re-examined by Madl (1990b). Holotype of G. brevicauda in MNHN, female from Algeria (Orléansville) was examined by Madl (1987a).

*Iran (Alborz, Chalous Road Shahrestanak; id., Arangeh; Qazvin, Zereshk Road; Azer. e Sh., Sis, 10 km E of Shabestar, 1540 m); Turkey (Anatolia, Lycia, Kemer; Pasli, 50 km S of Kars; 10 km W of Ürgüp; Bursa, near Cagliyan; 15 km W of Refahye, W of Erzincan, 1600 m; Konya, 10 km S of Aksehir Mts.; id., 30 km S of Aksehir; Sakarya, near Karasu; near Agri; near Akyaka, 40 m; near Fethiye; 40 km N of Muradye, 2200 m; Aciöl, near Cardak; Trabzon, near Macka; Avgadi, 30 km NW of Erdemli, 1300 m; Denizli, 10 km NE of Denizli, 270 m; Mansisa, 15 km SEE of Salihli, 170 m; Van, 30 km N of Baskale, 2700 m; Hakkari, Mt. Sat, SW of Yüksekova, Varegös, 1650 m; Nevsehir, Ürgüp, 1100 m; Gümüshane, Köse Dagh Gecidi, 1700 m; Pirene).

Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish; ovipositor sheath 0.8-1.3 times as long as hind tibia and 0.4–0.8 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina obsolescent medio-dorsally (Figs 29, 39) and rather protruding ventro-posteriorly (Fig. 29); antesternal carina narrow; head, laterally mesosoma and scapus black; head in anterior view slightly protruding below lower level of eyes by less than basal width of mandible and mandibular condylus near lower level of eyes (Fig. 33); in lateral view condylar incision of malar space close to eye (Fig. 29); clypeus with small depression or depression obsolescent; eyes shortly setose; fourth and fifth antennal segment 1.2–1.3 and 1.0–1.1 (♀)-1.3 (♂) times as long as third segment, respectively (Figs 29, 38); apical antennal segment at most 1.2 times as long as third antennal segment and its colour similar to colour of medial segments; antenna of female may be partly yellowish-brown; mesoscutum and head similarly coriaceous (Fig. 30), at most mesoscutum superficially rugulose; hind coxa often transversely rugose dorsally, but sometimes mainly coriaceous; hind tibia stout, with a distinct subbasal ivory ring and swollen, resulting in a distinctly convex ventral border (Fig. 32); hind basitarsus rather long (Fig. 32); hind tibial spurs yellowish-brown or brown; hind tarsus brown, dark brown or blackish; incision of hypopygium shallow.

Holarctic, Turkey, Iran. New for the fauna of Iran.

Predator-inquiline of Hylaeus spp. and small Megachilinae. Collected in June–August.

Figures 29–36. 

Gasteruption assectator (Linnaeus), female, Netherlands. 29 head lateral 30 mesosoma lateral 31 mesonotum dorsal 32 hind leg 33 head anterior 34 head dorsal 35 fore wing 36 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 37–47. 

Gasteruption assectator (Linnaeus), male, Sweden, but 42–45 from Austria and 46–47 of female from Austria. 37 mesonotum dorsal 38 basal antennal segments 39 head lateral 40 head dorsal 41 hind leg 42,44, 46 hind tibia dorsal 43, 45, 47 hind femur latero-ventral.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “TR [= Turkey], 54 km W [of] Kayseri, Göreme, 38°39'N, 34°52'E, 17.vii.1998, TR-nevA, [C.] Schmid-Egger”. Paratypes (5 ♀): 1 ♀ (CSEC), same label data; 4 ♀ (BZL, RMNH) “Turkey, 15 km W [of] Refahye, W of Erzincan, 1600 m, 7.vii.2000, M. Halada”.

Head in front of occipital carina without depression (Fig. 54), in lateral view slightly convex dorsally and occipital carina narrow medio-dorsally and non-lamelliform (Fig. 48); vertex and frons matt, finely and densely coriaceous; antesternal carina narrow and non-lamelliform, antesternal carina and prepectal carina medio-ventrally similarly developed (Fig. 49); head subquadrate and gradually narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view and temples convex (Fig. 54); temple 0.9 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth and fifth antennal segments of ♀ 1.2 and 1.1 times as long as third segment, respectively; fourth segment of ♀ 0.7 times as long as second and third segments combined; apical antennal segment 1.8 times as long as penultimate segment; head not protruding below eyes and malar space 0.3 times length of second antennal segment and 0.2 times basal width of mandible and mandibular condylus close to lower level of eyes (Fig. 53); mandible dark brown and with deep basal depression; eye setose; propleuron stout, with satin sheen, 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae and coriaceous (Fig. 49); antero-lateral teeth of pronotum absent; mesoscutum stout and inconspicuously setose (Fig. 50), anteriorly truncate, matt and largely finely and densely coriaceous; hind femur short and widened (Fig. 55), ventro-basally slightly depressed (Figs 57, 60, 62); hind coxa matt and coriaceous (but rugulose postero-dorsally); hind tibia inflated, its basal petiolar part short and wide in dorsal view (Figs 58, 59, 61); ovipositor sheath 0.4 times as long as metasoma, 0.7 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 1.0–1.2 times as long as hind tibia; apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown; length of body 9–10 mm.

The new species shares with G. paglianoi the widened hind femur and apically yellowish brown antenna; the new species has the hypopygium (except apically) dark brown (entirely pale yellowish brown in G. paglianoi), the hind femur slightly depressed ventro-basally (slightly convex) and the short and widened basal petiolar part of the hind tibia (medium-sized and narrower).

Holotype, female, length of body 9.0 mm (of fore wing 4.9 mm).

Head. Vertex and frons matt, finely and densely coriaceous and in front of occipital carina without medial depression (Fig. 54), in lateral view slightly convex and occipital carina narrow medio-dorsally and non-lamelliform (Fig. 48); head subquadrate and gradually narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view, convex laterally (Fig. 54); temple 0.9 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fifth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment; clypeus nearly flat medially and only near ventral margin impressed; head not protruding below eyes and malar space 0.3 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 53).

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; pronotal side high, largely coriaceous with faint rugulae, matt and grooves narrow and distinct; antero-lateral teeth of pronotum absent; propleuron with satin sheen and coriaceous, 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae and stout (Fig. 49); antesternal carina non-lamelliform, antesternal carina and prepectal carina medio-ventrally similarly developed (Fig. 49); mesoscutum stout and inconspicuously setose (Fig. 50), anteriorly truncate, matt and largely finely and densely coriaceous; scutellum similarly but more superficially sculptured than mesoscutum.

Legs. Hind coxa matt and mainly coriaceous, but rugulose postero-dorsally; hind femur distinctly widened (Fig. 55) and ventro-basally slightly concave (Figs 57, 60, 62); hind tibia strongly inflated, 3.3 times as long as hind femur and its basal petiolar part short and widened in dorsal view (Figs 58, 59, 61); length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 3.1, 3.0 and 3.9 times their width, respectively, and with very short setae; hind basitarsus widened basally in dorsal view and as long as remainder of tarsus; pale hind tibial spurs contrasting with dark brown hind basitarsus.

Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.4 times as long as metasoma, 0.7 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 1.2 times as long as hind tibia; hypopygium shallowly incised (Fig. 52).

Colour. Black or blackish-brown; tegulae, palpi, pterostigma, ovipositor sheath (including apex), metasoma (but second-fourth tergites orange brown apically) and legs dark brown, but base of fore and middle tibiae and subbasal band of hind tibia ivory; hind tibial spurs yellowish-brown; apex of hypopygium pale brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Male. Unknown.

Variation. Length of body of ♀ 9.0–9.8 mm; length of ovipositor sheath 1.0–1.2 times as long as hind tibia; apical 0.3–0.7 of antenna yellowish brown; coxae dark brown or black.

Turkey.

Unknown. Collected in July.

Named after the short petiolate base of the hind tibia; “brevis”, is Latin for “short”, and “basis”, is Latin for “base”.

Figures 48–58. 

Gasteruption brevibasale sp. n., female, holotype. 48 head lateral 49 mesosoma lateral 50 mesonotum dorsal 51 antenna 52 hypopygium ventral 53 head anterior 54 head dorsal 55 hind leg 56 apex of ovipositor sheath 57 hind femur latero-ventral 58 hind tibia dorsal.

Figures 59–62. 

Gasteruption brevibasale sp. n., female, paratypes. 59, 61 hind tibia dorsal 60, 62 hind femur latero-ventral.

Holotype of G. caucasicum ♀ (MCG), “Foenus caucasicus Guer. Ic. R.A. [= Iconographie du Règne Animal de Georges Cuvier], (type), Caucase, Motschulsky”, “Museo Genova, coll. G. Gribodo (asquisto 1924)”. Holotype of G. pedemontanum, ♀ (MHNG), “[Italy], Aosta, [Piemonte], 6.vii.[18]76”, “Cn Tournier”, “Type”, Foenus pedemontanum Tourn., ♀”. Lectotype of G. terrestris here designated, ♀ (MHNG), “[Switzerland], P. [= Peney, near Genève], 16.viii.[18]76”, “Cn Tournier”, “Type”, “Foenus terrestris Tourn., ♀”, “Lectotypus, des. Madl, 1987”, “Gasteruption pedemontanum Tour., det. Madl, 1986”; paralectotypes: topotypic, 1 ♀ (MHNG) with same date of collecting as lectotype and 1 ♂ (MNHG) collected 21.vi.1875. Holotype of G. trifossulatum Kieffer ♂ (NHRS) from Egypt examined by Madl 1988c. Type series of G. ignoratum consists of 2 ♂ + 2 ♀ from S France identified by Abeille de Perrin as Foenus terrestris; lectotype ♂ (MNHN) from Marseille here designated, “Museum Paris, coll. Abeille de Perrin, 1919”, “terrestris Tourn., Mll.”; the metasoma is missing.

Iran (Tehran, Shahriar, Chalous Road; id., Shahrestanak; Gilan, Astaneh, Eshman Kamachal; Roodsar, Ziaz; Qazvin, Zereshk Road); Turkey (Hakkari, Mt. Sat, Varegös, SW of Yüksekova, 1700 m; id., Akcali, 35 km S of Hakkari, 1700 m; Birecik, Halfeti; Erkenek, 80 km SW of Malatya; Sultan Daglari, near Yalvac; Antalya, east of dunes; Mersin, Kuzucubelen; Bursa, near Caglian; Denizli, 10 km NE of Denizli, 290 m; Burdur, 20 km SW of Burdur, 940 m; Hakkari, Akcali, 35 km S of Hakkari, 1700 m; near Akyaka, 40 m; Mansisa, 35 km SEE of Salihli, 900 m; Fethiye, Mugla; Mugla, near Göktepe; Anatalya, 5 km W of Manavgat, Side, 10 m; id., 10 km SW of Manavgat, 50 m; Marmaris; Bitez, 8 km W of Bodrum; Adana, 10 km S of Karatepe, 200 m).

Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 0.7–1.6 times as long as hind basitarsus; head with middle depression in front of occipital carina very deep and wider than long and with two more or less developed lateral depressions (Figs 63, 68, 72, 76), rarely lateral depressions obsolescent; occipital carina distinctly lamelliform and medium-sized to wide (Figs 63, 72); antesternal carina rather wide and lamelliform, distinctly elevated above mesosternum (Fig. 64); frons densely punctulate or densely very finely aciculate and without distinct interspaces; vertex more or less finely transversely aciculate and with satin sheen; head in dorsal view strongly narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 68); propleuron distinctly shiny and with distinct rugulae; ovipositor sheath about 1.2 times as long as body and about 1.8 times as long as metasoma; pterostigma dark brown medially. Small specimens have scutellum largely smooth.

Europe, Caucasus, Iran, Turkey. One of the first two species of Gasteruption reported from Iran (Semenov 1892; as G. pedemontanum) and originating from NE Iran (Gorgan, Astrabad).

Predator-inquiline of Colletinae (Colletes and Hylaeus spp.). Collected in May-September.

Figures 63–70. 

Gasteruption caucasicum (Guérin-Méneville), female, Turkey. 63 head lateral 64 mesosoma lateral 65 mesonotum dorsal 66 hind leg 67 head anterior 68 head dorsal 69 fore wing 70 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 71–79. 

Gasteruption caucasicum (Guérin-Méneville), males, Iran. 71 mesonotum dorsal 72 head dorso-lateral 73 basal segments of antenna 74 head lateral 75 propleuron ventral 76 head dorsal 77, 78 hind leg 79 genitalia.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N. Iran: Tehran, Shahriar, M[alaise]T[rap] 25, 11–18.v.2010, M. Khayrandish, RMNH’12”. Paratypes (24 ♀ + 27 ♂): 1 ♂ (RMNH), same label data as holotype; 2 ♀ (RMNH), id., but 7–14.ix.2010; 1 ♀ + 3 ♂ (RMNH, TMUT), id., but 22–29.vi.2010; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id., but 18–25.v.2010; 2 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 5–13.x.2010; 2 ♀ (RMNH, TMUT), id., but 8–15.vi.2010, G 5 or G14; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id., 1–7.ix.2010, G11; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id, but MT 24, 14–20.vii.2010; 1 ♀ (TMUT), id, but 11–18.v.2010; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id, but 1–7.ix.2010; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 22–28.ix.2010; 1 ♀ (TMUT), id, but 7–14.ix.2010; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 8–15.vi.2010; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id, but 9–16.viii.2010; 1 ♀ + 3 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 15–22.vi.2010; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (RMNH, TMUT), id, but 1–8.vi.2010; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 4–11.v.2010; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 29.vi.–6.vii.2010; 2 ♂ (RMNH, TMUT), id., but 28.ix.-5.x.2010; 1 ♀ + 2 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 5–13.x.2010; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 29.vi.-6.vii.2010; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 15–22.vi.2010; 2 ♂ (RMNH, TMUT), id., but 15–22.vi.2010; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “N. Iran: Alborz, Karaj, MT 27, 22–28.ix.2010, M. Khayrandish, RMNH’12”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id, but 15–22.vi.2010, G4; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id, but 5–13.x.2010; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “N. Iran: Qazvin, Zereshk Road, MT5, 7–22.vi.2011, A. Nadimi, RMNH’12”; 3 ♂ (RMNH, TMUT), “N. Iran: Qazvin, Zereshk Road, MT 3 or 5, 26.v.–9.vi.2011, A. Nadimi, RMNH’12”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id, but 28.vii.-18.viii.2011; 1 ♀ (BZL), “Iran cent., Pasargad env., 8.v.1999, K. Deneš sen.”; 1 ♀ (BZL), “Turkey, 15 km E Malatya, 27.vi.2000, M. Halada”; 1 ♀ (BZL), “Turkey, 80 km SW Malatya, Erkenek, 9.vii.[19]97, Ma. Halada”; 1 ♀ (BZL), “Turkey, 20 km W Van, 5.vii.1997, Ma. Halada”.

Head evenly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face rather narrow (Fig. 84); frons and vertex superficially coriaceous and with satin sheen (Fig. 85), frons with medium-sized punctures; occipital carina non-lamelliform medio-dorsally and dark brown; mandible dark brown basally; propleuron 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina narrow and non-lamelliform; middle lobe of mesoscutum with satin sheen, protuberant and coriaceous, medially finely transversely rugulose and with more or less isolated and hardly visible punctures, medio-posteriorly with some rugae and lateral lobe mainly finely coriaceous (Fig. 82); scutellum finely coriaceous; mesosoma laterally largely silvery pilose (Fig. 81); hind basitarsus entirely dark brown; hind tibia rather swollen and subbasally pale brown (Fig. 83), ivory in male (Figs 91, 98); ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.2 times as long as body, 1.4–1.7 times as long as metasoma and 4.8–6.5 times hind tibia; white or ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 0.2–0.7 (rarely 1.0) times as long as hind basitarsus (Fig. 88); length of body 7–13 mm; paramere dark brown apically (Fig. 94).

Close to G. schlettereri Magretti, but the new species has the antesternal carina non-lamelliform (rather narrow lamelliform in G. schlettereri), the frons with medium-sized punctures (absent), the hypopygium pale brown apically (dark brown) and the hind basitarsus tricoloured (uni- and bicoloured of males and females, respectively).

Similar to the East Palaearctic G. gracilis Alekseev, 1995, and G. dimidiatum Semenov, 1892. The new species has the mesoscutum with small punctures anteriorly and with transverse rugae medio-posteriorly (entirely very finely coriaceous in G. gracilis and with large isolated punctures in G. dimidiatum), the hypopygium of female is black (orange-brown in G. dimidiatum), the pronotal side is at least partly conspicuously setose (inconspicuously shortly setose in G. gracilis) and the apex of the ovipositor sheath ivory (dark brown or yellowish-brown in G. dimidiatum). Resembles the Central Asian G. praestans Semenov & Kostylev, 1928, but the new species has the occipital carina non-lamelliform (narrow lamelliform in G. praestans), the apex of the ovipositor sheath ivory (dark brown) and the head rather slender (rather wide). Specimens with rather long parallel-sided head may be easily confused with the European G. phragmiticola Saure, 2006. The new species has the hind coxa coriaceous or finely rugulose dorsally (distinctly rugose (male) or rugulose (female) in G. phragmiticola), the face narrower (rather wide), the propleuron in ventral view slightly slenderer (less slender), and part of the punctures of the middle lobe of mesoscutum separated from rugulae or punctures obsolescent (punctures as far as differentiated connected to rugae). The head in dorsal view is subparallel-sided in G. phragmiticola and usually more narrowed in the new species, but sometimes also subparallel-sided in the new species.

Female, length of body 7.5 mm (of fore wing 3.7 mm).

Head. Head evenly convex dorsally, without medio-posterior depression; face, frons anteriorly and temples inconspicuously pilose; occipital carina non-lamelliform, dark brown (Fig. 80); third and fourth antennal segments 1.3 and 1.8 times as long as second segment, apical segment 1.7 times as long as penultimate segment; face rather narrow (Fig. 84); frons and vertex superficially coriaceous and with satin sheen (Fig. 85), frons with separate punctures; ventrally head not enlarged in anterior view (Fig. 84), malar space short, 0.3 times as long as second antennal segment.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.8 times its height; propleuron 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae, stout posteriorly; laterally pronotum entirely coriaceous except for crenulate grooves and partly pilose, with a small acute tooth antero-ventrally; antesternal carina non-lamelliform and narrow; middle lobe of mesoscutum with satin sheen, protuberant and coriaceous, medially finely transversely rugulose and with more or less isolated and hardly visible punctures, medio-posteriorly with some rugae and lateral lobe mainly finely coriaceous (Fig. 82); scutellum finely coriaceous; laterally most of mesosoma silvery pilose (Fig. 81).

Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.7, 4.3 and 5.0 times their width, respectively; hind tibia rather swollen and ventrally curved (Fig. 83); fore coxa close to mesopleuron; hind coxa finely coriaceous dorsally; hind basitarsus moderately widened dorso-basally.

Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as body, 1.4 times as long as metasoma, 2.8 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 4.8 times hind tibia; ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 0.2 times as long as hind basitarsus; apical half of hypopygium incised.

Colour. Dark brown or blackish brown; mandible dark brown basally; trochantelli, palpi, tegulae, hind tibia basally and hind tarsus, brown; fore and middle tarsi pale brown; bases of fore and middle tibiae and apex of ovipositor sheath ivory; apex of second tergite of metasoma yellowish brown, apex of hypopygium dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Male. Very similar to female, but middle lobe of mesoscutum rugulose with some punctures to mainly rugose (Figs 90, 96), pronotal side with some rugulae ventrally, hind coxa usually rugulose dorsally and malar space nearly absent (Fig. 89). Third antennal segment 1.5–1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth segment 1.6–1.8 times third segment and 0.9–1.0 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth segment about as long as fourth segment (Figs 92, 97); hind tibia dark brown and with wide subbasal white or ivory band, only ventrally white and dorsally ivory or pale brown (Figs 91, 98), rarely (as in holotype) brown subbasally; hind tibia usually dark brown ventrally (except subbasally), but more or less yellowish brown in pale specimens (Fig. 98); mandible usually dark brown basally, but sometimes yellowish basally; hind tarsus brown or dark brown; apex of paramere dark brown (Fig. 94).

Variation. Length of body of ♀ 7.5–13.4 mm (of ♂ 7.6–9.8 mm); variable in colour: dark forms (as holotype) have metasoma and mandible dark brown and hind tibia subbasally brown or rarely dark brown; pale forms have second-fourth tergites largely and fifth tergite partly orange brown and hind tibia ivory subbasally; most of specimens are intermediate, either mainly dark brown or black, some pale specimens have also the mandible yellowish brown basally and males have the hind tibia more or less yellowish-brown ventrally (Fig. 98). Vertex matt or with satin sheen; mesoscutum often with some large but shallow punctures medially; ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.2 times as long as body, 1.4–1.7 times as long as metasoma and 4.8–6.5 times hind tibia; white or ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 0.2–0.7 (rarely 1.0) times as long as hind basitarsus; palpi brown or dark brown.

Iran, Turkey.

Unknown. Collected in May-October.

Name derived from “coriaceus”, (Latin for “leathery”) and “coxis”, (Latin for “hip”) because of the leathery sculptured hind coxae.

Especially small specimens are darker than large specimens and have usually a shorter ovipositor sheath.

Figures 80–88. 

Gasteruption coriacoxale sp. n., female, holotype. 80 head lateral 81 mesosoma lateral 82 mesonotum dorsal 83 hind leg 84 head anterior 85 head dorsal 86 fore wing 87 hypopygium ventral 88 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 89–95. 

Gasteruption coriacoxale sp. n., dark form of male, paratype, but 95 of female paratype. 89 head lateral 90 mesonotum dorsal 91 hind leg 92 basal segments of antenna 93 head dorsal 94 genitalia 95 propleuron ventral.

Figures 96–100. 

Gasteruption coriacoxale sp. n., pale form of male, paratype. 96 mesonotum dorsal 97 basal segments of antenna 98 hind leg 99 head dorsal 100 propleuron ventral.

Lectotype of G. diversipes here designated, ♀ (MNHN) from S France, “Museum Paris EY 0000003926”, “Museum Paris, coll. Abeille de Perrin, 1919”, “Gasteruption diversipes Ab., ♀, det. Madl, 1987 / lectotypus des. Madl”, “Lectotypus, des. Madl, 1987”; according to the original description there are additional types from Province (rare), Marseille (common), Pyrenees, Languedoc and Gascoigne. Lectotype of G. distinguendum is here designated ♀ (NMW; in collection under G. granulithorax) “[Austria], Piesting, Tschek, 1872”; according to the original description there should be additional paralectotypes from Italy (Bozen, Triest, Fiume, Ragusa, Livorno), France (Versailles) and “Balkan”. Holotype of G. dusmeti ♀ (MNCN) “[Spain], Alcalá, Mz. Escalera”, “MNCN_Ent. Cat. No. 43293”, “Holotipo”, “Gasteruption Dusmeti K.”, “Gasteruption diversipes Abeille = dusmeti Kieff., n. syn., C. Rey det.”, “MNCN Cat. Tipos No. 2044”. Holotype of G. striaticeps ♂ (NHRS) “German. [Germany]”, “Mewe”, “Type”, “Gasteruption kriechbaumeri var. striaticeps”, “Riksmuseum Stockholm”, “Gasteruption diversipes Ab., det. Madl, 1986”, “NHRS-HEVA 000000009”; the metasoma and the hind legs are missing.

Turkey (Konya, Konya, Alaâdin hill, 1050m; Urfa, Halfeti, 400 m).

Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.4–2.5 times as long as hind basitarsus; head flat in front of occipital carina, without any depression; antesternal carina lamelliform and distinctly curved up, rather wide lamelliform (Fig. 102), but wider in male (Fig. 111); propleuron normal, 0.8–0.9 times distance between tegulae and anterior border of mesoscutum or less (Fig. 102); head below eyes in frontal view short, narrowed (Fig. 105); temple in lateral view rather wide (Fig. 101); third antennal segment of female 1.9–2.1 times as long as second segment; occipital carina at most moderately lamelliform and much less than diameter of posterior ocellus (Fig. 102); frons flattened and finely transversely rugulose; vertex finely aciculate; pronotal teeth small; mesoscutum coarsely reticulate-rugose or rugose-reticulate (Figs 103, 109), its lateral lobes without separate punctures; hind coxa finely and densely striate or aciculate dorsally; hind tibia rather slender (Fig. 107); hind basitarsus largely pale (Fig. 107); ovipositor sheath 1.0–1.6 times as long as metasoma and 3.3–4.7 times as long as hind tibia. Male has third antennal segment rather short, hardly longer than second segment (Fig. 110) and fourth antennal segment about 1.2–1.4 times as long as second and third segments combined.

Europe, Iran, Turkey.

Unknown. Collected in July-September.

Gasteruption diversipes was reported by Yildirim et al. (2004) from Turkey and by Samin and Bagriacik (2012) from NW. Iran (West Azarbaijan, Ourmiech, 1426 m); but it may concern the similar and more common G. schlettereri Magretti.

Figures 101–108. 

Gasteruption diversipes (Abeille de Perrin), female, France. 101 head lateral 102 mesosoma lateral 103 mesonotum dorsal 104 fore wing 105 head anterior 106 head dorsal 107 hind leg 108 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 109–114. 

Gasteruption diversipes (Abeille de Perrin), male, Italy, but 111, 113 and 114 from France. 109 mesonotum dorsal 110 basal antennal segments 111 mesosoma lateral 112 head dorsal 113 hind leg 114 genitalia.

Holotype male from Greece (Rhodes) lost (Madl 1988b). Holotype of G. daisyi not available; synonymy based on original description.

*Iran (Tehran, Shahriar, Karaj; Kerman, Jupar, 1900 m; Kerman, Deh Bakri, Gebal Barez Mts, 1640 m); *Turkey (Capadocia, Ürgüp; Cornelek, 40 km E of Mut; Yayladagi; 60 km E of Mut, Kirobasi; Mersin, Kuzucebelen; 30 km N of Erdemli Aslanci; 20 km E of Alanya; Manavgat; SE of Elazig, Hazar Gölü; 10 km N of Konya; 10 km E of Ercis, Van Gölü; 25 km E of Malatya, Kopeksiz; Osmaneli; Antakya, Harbie; Canakkale, 8 km N of Ezine, 35 m; Mansisa, 15 km SEE of Salihli, 170 m; id., 40 km NW of Salihli, 150 m; Acigöl, near Cardak; Eskisehir, Sakri ilica, near Gumele; Kahramanmaras, Pazarcik; Denizli, 10 km NE of Denizli, 290 m; Burdur, 5 km NE of Yesilova, 1060 m; Anatolia, E of Civril; 800 m; Uzuncaburc, 30 km N of Silifke; Anatalya, Demirtas, 100 m; Nevsehir, 5 km S of Avanos, Zelve, 1000 m; id., 10 km S of Avanos, Göreme, 1000 m; Anatalya, 5 km W of Manavgat, Side, 10 m; Mardin, Mardin, 1000 m; id., Midyat, 1000 m).

Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish (Fig. 120), if rather pale apically then pale part distinctly shorter than hind basitarsus (Fig. 133); ovipositor sheath 2.3–2.5 times as long as hind tibia, 0.7–0.9 times as long as metasoma and at least 1.1 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; head in anterior view “fez-shaped” (Fig. 121); occipital carina variable, obsolescent or lamelliform medio-dorsally (Figs 115, 125, 137); vertex smooth; temple strongly elongate (Figs 115, 125), about as long as eye in dorsal view, but sometimes 0.7–0.8 times; genal bridge about as long as third antennal segment; vertex smooth or nearly so, at most with very superficial punctulation and with satin sheen; eyes more or less setose; face narrow (Fig. 121); temples rather weakly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view (Fig. 122); POL 2.0–2.6 times diameter of posterior ocellus; fourth antennal segment of female about as long as third segment, and fifth antennal segment as long as third segment or slightly shorter; propleuron 1.1–1.3 times distance from tegulae to anterior border of mesoscutum and elongate (Figs 116, 126, 136, 139); anterior half of mesoscutum densely coriaceous-rugulose to largely smooth; notauli obsolescent (Figs 117, 127; of male usually shallowly impressed: Fig. 134); hind tibia with ivory subbasal ring; incision of hypopygium rather shallow (Figs 124, 132); body predominantly black or dark brown, but may be largely reddish-brown, with face and basal half of hind leg of female more or less black. Male has third antennal segment 1.3–1.6 times as long as second segment and fourth and fifth segments 1.0–1.2 and 1.3 times as long as third segment, respectively (Fig. 135).

Southeast Europe, *Turkey, *Jordan, *Iran, Central Asia. New for the fauna of Iran. Jordan and Turkey.

Unknown. Collected in May-September.

One small female from Shahriar (22–28.ix.2010; fore wing 3.0 mm and body 7.0 mm; Figs 125–133) has the head in dorsal view slightly curved laterally, the first subdiscal cell of fore wing narrow triangular (rarely found also in other specimens), the wing membrane subhyaline, the pronotal side only coriaceous ventrally and the hind tibia slightly slenderer than other specimens from Iran. Body is often more or less reddish-brown; a female from Jordan (RMNH) and Kyrgyzstan (BZL) have the body (including head) nearly entirely reddish-brown. The African G. ifan Berland, 1950, is very similar (e.g. by the shape of the head and the shortened antennal segments), but G. dolichoderum has wider hind tibia (as in G. assectator; slenderer in G. ifan), mesoscutum sparsely setose (densely setose) and head more narrowed posteriorly in dorsal view (less narrowed).

Figures 115–124. 

Gasteruption dolichoderum Schletterer, female, Greece. 115 head lateral 116, 118 mesosoma lateral 117 mesonotum dorsal 119 hind leg 120 apex of ovipositor sheath 121 head anterior 122 head dorsal 123 fore wing 124 hypopygium ventral.

Figures 125–133. 

Gasteruption dolichoderum Schletterer, small female, Iran. 125 head lateral 126 mesosoma lateral 127 mesonotum dorsal 128 hind leg 129 head anterior 130 head dorsal 131 fore wing 132 hypopygium ventral 133 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 134–142. 

Gasteruption dolichoderum Schletterer, male, Greece, but 141 from Iran. 134 mesonotum dorsal 135 basal segments of antenna 136 propleuron lateral 137 head lateral 138 genitalia 139 propleuron ventral 140, 141 head dorsal 142 hind leg.

Holotype, ♀ (BZL), “Jordan west.sept., Jarash env., 1.v.1996, M. Halada ing.”. Paratypes (22 ♀ + 9 ♂): 2 ♀ + 1 ♂ (BZL, RMNH), same label data; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Jordan W, Jordan Valley, Dayr Alla, 27.iv.[19]96, Marek Halada”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Jordan NW, W of Jarash, NE Rajib, 14.iv.2009, Snizek”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Jordan NW, Jarash 10 km W, 1.v.1996, Ma. Halada”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id., but Jarash; 1 ♂ (BZL), “NW Jordan, Irbid reg., 350 m, Saham vill., 3.v.2003, I. Pljushtch”; 1 ♀ (BZL), “Jordan sept.west., N. Shuna env., 29–30.iv.1996, Mi. Halada ing.”; 1 ♀ (BZL) “Turkey east, 50 km S [of] Kars, Pasli, 1.vii.1997, Ma. Halada”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “Turkey south, 40 km E [of] Mut, Cornelek, 18.vi.[19]97, Marek Halada”; 2 ♀ (BZL, RMNH), “Türkei mer.or., Halfeti env., 3–5.v.1994, Mi. Halada”; 1 ♀ (BZL) “Turkey E, 40 km NE [of] Muradiye, 2200 m, 5.vii.2000, M. Halada”; 4 ♀ + 2 ♂ (BZL, RMNH), “Uzbekistan or., Czirczik, 41,1N 69,1E, 28.v.[19]94, Ma. Halada”; 1 ♀ (BZL), “Uzbekistan, Ugam Mt. R., Kainarsai gorge, 1100 m, 41°42'N, 70°02'E, 21.vii.1999, Makogonova”; 5 ♀ + 1 ♂ (BZL, RMNH), “Uzbekistan or., Aktaš, 41,2N 69,4E, 70 km NO Tachkent, 27.v.[19]94, Ma. Halada”; 1 ♀ (BZL), “Tadjik [= Tajikistan], W. Pamir Mt., 30 km N of Rushan, 3500 m, viii.1999, Gurko”; 3 ♀ (BZL, RMNH), “China c, [Shanxi, Ruicheng], Monan, 111,7'-34,7', river Huang He, 26–28.v.1996, J. Halada”.

Excluded from type series: 1 ♀ (BZL), “Mongolia – SE, 70 km S Saynshand, 1100 m, 6.viii.2007, M. Halada”; 3 ♀ (BZL, RMNH), “MGL – Bayankhongor, 2 km S Bayankhongor, N46°12', E100°43', 1880 m, 10.vii.2004, J. Halada”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “Mongolia – SE, Domogov reg., stepp, 28 km SE Chatan-Bulag, 3.viii.2007, M. Halada”; 1 ♂ (BZL), “Mong. Atayn Mts., Gichigniy Nuruu, 10 km SW Talshand, 12.vii.2005, J. Halada”; 2 ♂ (BZL), “Mongolia – C, 90 km NE Tsetserleg, N45°03' E102°25', 1400 m, 27.vii.2005, J. Halada”;

Head in front of occipital carina without depression (Fig. 148), in lateral view nearly flat dorsally and occipital carina narrow medio-dorsally and non-lamelliform (Fig. 143); vertex and frons matt, finely and densely coriaceous; antesternal carina narrow and non-lamelliform, antesternal carina and prepectal carina medio-ventrally similarly developed; head trapezoid and linearly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view (Fig. 148); temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth and fifth antennal segments of ♀ 1.2 and 1.1 times as long as third segment, respectively; fourth segment of ♀ 0.8 times as long as second and third segments combined; apical antennal segment 2.4 times as long as penultimate segment; head not protruding below eyes and malar space 0.3 times length of second antennal segment and 0.2 times basal width of mandible and mandibular condylus close to lower level of eyes (Fig. 147); mandible yellow and with obsolescent or shallow basal depression; eye largely glabrous; propleuron stout, with satin sheen, 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae and coriaceous (Fig. 144); antero-lateral teeth of pronotum absent; mesoscutum stout and inconspicuously setose (Fig. 145), anteriorly truncate, with satin sheen and largely finely and densely rugulose; hind femur medium-sized and slender (Fig. 149); hind coxa with satin sheen and coriaceous (but rugulose postero-dorsally); hind tibia inflated and with medium-sized basal petiolus; ovipositor sheath 0.3 times as long as metasoma, 0.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and as long as hind tibia; apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown; length of body 8.5–11.5 mm. Male has third antennal segment 1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth segment 1.4 times third segment and 0.9 times as long as second and third segments combined (Fig. 155); paramere narrowly ivory apically (Fig. 154). The new species shares with West Palaearctic G. paglianoi and the mainly Oriental G. brevicuspis Kieffer, 1911, the yellow mandible, but the new species has apical 0.7 of the antenna dark brown (yellowish brown in G. paglianoi), the head narrowed behind the eyes (parallel-sided), basal 0.6 of the hypopygium dark brown (pale yellowish brown) and the hind femur slenderer (distinctly inflated). It differs from G. brevicuspis by having head shorter and less directly narrowed in dorsal view (longer and directly narrowed in G. brevicuspis), the metasoma with distinct yellowish pattern (largely absent) and the head nearly flat dorsally in lateral view (moderately convex).

Holotype, female, length of body 11.5 mm (of fore wing 5.0 mm).

Head. Vertex and frons matt, finely and densely coriaceous and in front of occipital carina without medial depression (Fig. 148), in lateral view nearly flat and occipital carina narrow medio-dorsally and non-lamelliform (Fig. 143); head trapezoid and linearly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view (Fig. 148); temple 0.7 times as long as eye in dorsal view; fifth antennal segment 1.1 times as long as third segment; clypeus slightly impressed medio-ventrally; head not protruding below eyes and malar space 0.3 times as long as second antennal segment (Fig. 147); mandible with obsolescent basal depression.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.7 times its height; pronotal side high, mainly finely punctate, with satin sheen and grooves narrow and rather shallow; antero-lateral teeth of pronotum absent; propleuron with satin sheen and coriaceous, 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae and stout (Fig. 144); antesternal carina non-lamelliform, antesternal carina and prepectal carina medio-ventrally similarly developed (Fig. 144); mesoscutum stout and inconspicuously setose (Fig. 145), anteriorly truncate, with satin sheen and largely finely and densely rugulose; scutellum similarly but more superficially sculptured than mesoscutum.

Legs. Hind coxa with satin sheen and coriaceous (but rugulose postero-dorsally); hind femur rather slender; hind tibia inflated, with short pale bristles and with medium-sized basal petiolus (Figs 149, 162); length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.3, 3.5 and 3.8 times their width, respectively; hind basitarsus widened basally in dorsal view and as long as remainder of tarsus; pale hind tibial spurs similar to brown base of hind basitarsus.

Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.3 times as long as metasoma, 0.6 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and as long as hind tibia; hypopygium shallowly incised (Fig. 146).

Colour. Black or blackish-brown; mandible, clypeus laterally, scapus apically and dorsally, pedicellus apically, tegulae, second-sixth tergites apically and laterally, sternites apically and apical third of hypopygium yellow; fore tibia basally and anteriorly, middle tibia basally and apically, fore and middle basitarsus largely, subbasal band of hind tibia and hind basitarsus (except brown base and apex) ivory; mesoscutum antero-laterally, pronotum, mesopleuron dorsally, metapleuron dorsally, propodeum, remainder of fore leg (but base of coxa, femur medially and patch on tibia dark brown), middle and hind coxae dorsally, trochanters, base and apex of femora yellowish brown; palpi, pterostigma (but medially brown), remainder of hind leg and of metasoma and ovipositor sheath (including apex) dark brown, hind tibial spurs yellowish-brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Male. Very similar to female; two basal antennal segments and mesosoma black and only sometimes pedicellus pale apically. Third antennal segment 1.6 times as long as second segment, fourth segment 1.4 times third segment and 0.9 times as long as second and third segments combined, fifth segment 0.9 times as long as fourth segment (Fig. 155); pronotal side partly rugulose ventrally; mesoscutum regularly transversely rugulose and shiny; colour and shape of hind leg as of female, but coxa black and basitarsus largely dark brown; apex of paramere ivory apically (Fig. 154).

Variation. Length of body of ♀ 7.0–11.5 mm (of ♂ 6.8–10.3 mm); pronotal side usually largely finely rugulose ventrally; length of ovipositor sheath 0.8–1.0 times as long as hind tibia; mesosoma and coxa entirely black or partly yellowish brown; apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown or brown; hind basitarsus of C. Asian specimens only basally ivory or pale brownish, of Chinese and Mongolian specimens entirely dark brown and slenderer than of holotype.

The series from Mongolia is excluded from the type series because the head is somewhat protruding below the eyes and the malar space is 0.5 times length of the second antennal segment and 0.4 times basal width of the mandible and the mandibular condylus is below lower level of the eyes.

China, Jordan, ?Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan.

Unknown. Collected in April-August.

Name derived from “flavus”, (Latin for “yellow”) and “marginis”, (Latin for “border”) because of the yellowish margins of the metasomal tergites.

Figures 143–151. 

Gasteruption flavimarginatum sp. n., female, holotype. 143 head lateral 144 mesosoma lateral 145 mesonotum dorsal 146 hypopygium ventral 147 head anterior 148 head dorsal 149 hind leg 150 fore wing 151 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 152–162. 

Gasteruption flavimarginatum sp. n., male, paratype, but 160 of female holotype and 156, 157, 161, 162 of female paratype from Turkey. 152 mesonotum dorsal 153 hind leg 154 apex of metasoma lateral 155 basal segments of antenna 156 hind tarsus dorsal 157 hind tarsus lateral 158 head dorsal 159 head lateral 160 antenna 161 hind femur latero-ventral 162 hind tibia dorsal.

Lectotype of G. freyi here designated, ♀ (MHNG) “[Switzerland], Sierre, [Wallis or Valais], Frey [= E. Frey-Gessner, 1826–1917]”, “Cn Tournier”, “Type”, Foenus Freyi Tourn., ♀”, “Lectotypus des. Madl”; 1 paralectotype, ♂ (MHNG), same labels but with male sign. Lectotype of G. rugulosum from S France (Marseille) here designated, ♀ (MNHN), “Museum Paris EY 0000003934”, “rugulosus”, “Museum Paris, coll. Abeille de Perrin, 1919”, “Monotypus, des. Madl, 1987”, “Gasteruption freyi Tourn., ♀, det. Madl, 1987”; according to original description additional type specimen (♀) from Marseille. Lectotype of G. nigripes here designated, ♀ (MHNG) “[Switzerland], P. [= Peney, near Genève], vii.[18]76”, “Cn Tournier”, “Type”, Foenus nigripes Tourn., ♀”, “Lectotypus, des. Madl, 1987”, “Gasteruption freyi Tourn., ♀, det. Madl, 1986”; paralectotypes: 4 ♀ (MHNG) from Peney, vii.1876 and 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (MHNG) from Italy (“Turin, Gribodo”). Type specimens of G. kohlii not found in NMW; males from Italy (Südtirol, Bozen) and collected by F. Kohl. The specimen labelled “Kohlii, Typ., det. Schletterer”, (♂, NMW), and belonging to G. freyi, cannot be a type because it originates from Germany (“Thuringia, Gumperda, [O. Schmiedeknecht]”). Type series of G. annulatum from Marseille and Landes not found in MNHN. Holotype of G. nitidulum has not been identified with certainty, there is a male in NMW (“Wien, 10.vii.[18]83”) that may be the holotype and belongs to G. freyi. Considered to be a full synonym; the dark hind tarsus of males is not differentiating it from the typical G. freyi.

Turkey (Isparta, Egirdir Gölu, 5 km N of Akkecili, 920 m).

Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish, if rather pale apically then pale part distinctly shorter than hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath 1.2–1.4 times as long as hind tibia and 0.6–0.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; occipital carina narrowly lamelliform medio-dorsally (Figs 163, 164, 168); head, mesosoma laterally and scapus black; clypeus with small depression or depression obsolescent; apical antennal segment at most 1.2 times as long as third antennal segment and its colour similar to colour of medial segments; antesternal carina narrow; hind tibia stout, subbasal pale ring or subbasal ventral patch of hind tibia usually absent or obsolescent (Fig. 169), but sometimes developed; hind basitarsus rather long (Fig. 169); hind tibial spurs blackish or dark brown; incision of hypopygium shallow. Male has third antennal segment usually rather long, significantly longer than second segment (Fig. 172) and apical antennal segment 1.0–1.2 times as long as third segment.

Europe, Turkey.

Predator-inquiline of Hylaeus spp. Collected in June-September.

Figures 163–170. 

Gasteruption freyi (Tournier), female, France. 163 head lateral 164 mesosoma lateral 165 mesonotum dorsal 166 fore wing 167 head anterior 168 head dorsal 169 hind leg 170 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 171–173. 

Gasteruption freyi (Tournier), male, Czech Republic. 171 mesonotum dorsal 172 basal antennal segments 173 head dorsal.

Lectotype of G. goberti here designated, ♀ (MHNG), “[SW France, Landes], Mont de Marsan, Gobert [= E. Gobert, ?-1927]”, “Cn Tournier”, “Type”, Foenus Goberti Tourn., ♀”; female paralectotype not found, but male from type locality present in MHNG. Lectotype of G. sowae here designated, ♀ (NMW), “Pola [= Pula, Istria, Croatia], Schlett.”, “sowae Schlett., det. Schletterer”, “Typus”; 1 paralectotype, ♂ (NMW), with same labels as lectotype.

*Turkey (Eskisehir, Sakari Illica, near Gumele; near Halfeti; Burdur, 5 km NE of Yesilova, 1060 m; Istanbul; Hakkari, Esendere).

Apex of ovipositor sheath white or ivory and about 1.2 times as long as hind basitarsus; head with middle and lateral depressions in front of occipital carina deep and interconnected (Figs 179, 180, 185); occipital carina distinctly lamelliform and very wide, more or less concave medio-dorsally (Fig. 180); antesternal carina narrow and non-lamelliform or nearly so, not or slightly elevated above mesosternum (Fig. 175); fourth and fifth antennal segments of female 1.4–1.5 and 1.1–1.2 times as long as third segment, respectively; frons sparsely punctulate and with distinct interspaces or very finely and densely punctulate; vertex more or less finely punctulate and distinctly shiny; face narrow (Fig. 179); temples rather gradually roundly narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 180); propleuron 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum up to tegulae (Fig. 175); lateral lobes of mesoscutum rugose and partly punctate (Fig. 176); anterior half of mesoscutum largely coarsely reticulate-rugose (Fig. 182); outer side of hind tibia subbasally and apical half of hind basitarsus dark brown (Fig. 181); fore and middle legs mainly reddish-brown and without white or ivory markings; ovipositor about 1.2 times as long as body; body rather stout. Male has third antennal segment 1.5 times longer than second segment and fourth and fifth segments 2.0 and 1.5–1.7 times as long as third segment, respectively (Fig. 184).

France, Italy, Balkan, Turkey, Caucasus.

Unknown. Collected in June-August.

Figures 174–181. 

Gasteruption goberti (Tournier), female, lectotype. 174 head lateral 175 mesosoma lateral 176 mesonotum dorsal 177 fore wing 178 apex of ovipositor sheath 179 head antero-dorsal 180 head dorsal 181 hind leg.

Figures 182–186. 

Gasteruption goberti (Tournier), male, paralectotype of G. sowae. 182 mesonotum dorsal 183 hind leg 184 basal antennal segments 185 head dorsal 186 head dorso-lateral.

The holotype of G. hastator (described from N. Africa) has been examined by Dr L. Vilhelmsen, Copenhagen; it has the typical widened hind basitarsus. The two female syntypes of G. esenbeckii Westwood, 1841 (described from Central Europe (Sickershausen, Germany) by Nees, 1834) are lost. Holotype of G. tibiale examined: ♂ (NMW), “[Italy], Tirol, St. Pauls [Bozen]”, “tibiale det. Schlett.”. Holotype of G. graecum is probably lost (a male in NMW from NW Greece, Epirus (Tinos) and collected by Erber). Holotype of G. schossmannae examined: ♂ (NMW), “[Austria], Winden am See, 16.vii.1962, leg. Priesner”, and holotype label by M. Madl.

Iran (Gilan, Astaneh, Eshman Kamachal; Ardabil, 1900 m; Kerman, Jupar, 1900 m; Boyer-A. o Kohg, Kuh Gol, near Sisakht, 2500 m; Azer. E Sh., Sis, 10 km E of Shabestar, 1540 m); Turkey (Bilecik, Baycicoy; Bolu, 17 km S of Seben; 10 km N of Tatvan; 20 km NW of Igdir; Mezikiran Gecidi, 20 km E of Gurun; Osmaneli; Cornelek, 40 km E of Mut; Sultan Daglari, near Yalvac; 10 km N of Muradya; Pasli, 50 km S of Kars; Eksiler, 20 km W of Silifke; 20 km SW of Bitlis; Canakkale, Gelibolu; 20 km W of Van; Konya, 10 km S of Aksehir Mts.; id., 30 km S of Aksehir; Capadocia, Urgup; near Izmir; 15 km E of Malatya; Tatvan, Van Gölü; Gevas, id.; 20 km SW of Burdur, 940 m; Karadut, 50 km NE of Agiyaman, 1000 m; Karadut, Nemrut Dagi; Bursa, near Caglian; 40 km NE of Muradiye, 2200 m; Muradiye; Hakkari, Akcali, 35 km S of Hakkari, 1700 m; Sile, Konya; near Agri; Sebran, Porsuk Baraji; Adapazar, Sakatya, 25 km S of Adapazar; Aciöl, near Cardak; SE of Elazig, Hazar Gölü; Burdur, 20 km SW of Burdur, 940 m; id., 28 km SEE of Burdur, 1350 m; id., 5 km NE of Yesilova, 1060 m; Kütahya, 28 km SSE of Kütahya, 1110 m; id., 20 km NEE of Kütahya; Denizli, 35 km SSE of Denizli, 970 m; Mansisa, 30 km SEE of Salihli, 430 m; id., 35 km SEE of Salihli, 900 m; Canakkale, 6 km N of Ezine, 35 m; Hakkari, Yüksekova, 1800 m; Hakkari, Mt. Sat, SW of Yüksekova, Varegös, 1650 m; Adiyaman, Gölbasi, 900 m; Konya, Beysehir, 1150 m; Nevsehir, Ürgüp, 1200 m; id., 20 km S of Nevsehir, Kaymakli, 1200 m; id., 20 km S of Nevsehir, Kaymakli; Bursa, Bursa, 300 m; SSE of Milas, Çamköy-Sek; Antalya, E Manevgat; id., Side-Titreyengöl; id., W Karabucak; 60 km W of Konya, Eflatun Pinar; Burdur, 20 km N of Aglasun, Koruglubeli, 950 m; Sivas, 10 km S of Gürün, near Gökpinar, 12500–1700 m).

Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or dark brown; ovipositor sheath 0.6–1.5 times as long as hind tibia and 0.3–0.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; head and laterally mesosoma of female mainly reddish-brown (Figs 187–189); scapus reddish-brown; head more (typical; Fig. 193) or less (“graecum”; Fig. 201) transverse in dorsal view; face rather wide (Figs 192, 202); shallow depression of clypeus rather large, more (typical; Fig. 195) or less (“graecum”; Fig. 203) extended; fifth antennal segment 0.9–1.0 times (♀) or 1.4–2.0 (♂) times as long as third segment (Fig. 199); apical antennal segment 1.4–1.5 times third antennal segment and darker than medial segments; occipital carina obsolescent to narrowly lamelliform medio-dorsally (Figs 187, 193, 204); antesternal carina narrow; hind tibia stout; hind basitarsus rather short (Figs 190, 200), in dorsal view more (typical; Fig. 196) or less (“graecum”) widened basad; mesoscutum anteriorly largely coarsely rugose and remainder rugose (to variable extend) and between them more or less coriaceous; incision of hypopygium shallow.

Europe, N. Africa, Iran, Turkey, Russia (including Far East).

Predator-inquiline of Osmia and Hylaeus spp. in Rubus stems and of Systropha nests. Collected in May-August.

One specimen from Iran is exceptionally large (length of body 13.8 mm and fore wing 5.5 mm) but agrees in other aspects with typical specimens. First species of Gasteruption reported from Turkey (by Semenov (1892) from “Tauria”).

Figures 187–196. 

Gasteruption hastator (Fabricius), female, France. 187 head lateral 188 mesosoma lateral 189 mesonotum dorsal 190 hind leg 191 ovipositor sheath 192 head anterior 193 head dorsal 194 fore wing 195 clypeus antero-lateral 196 hind basitarsus dorsal.

Figures 197–204. 

Gasteruption hastator (Fabricius), male, Bulgaria. 197 mesonotum dorsal 198 mesosoma lateral 199 basal antennal segments 200 hind leg 201 head dorsal 202 head anterior 203 clypeus anterior 204 head lateral.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “N. Iran: Tehran, Shahriar, MT [= Malaise trap] 25, 8–15.vi.2010, A. Nadimi, RMNH’12”. Paratypes (9 ♀ + 14 ♂): 1 ♂ (RMNH), with same label data as holotype; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (RMNH), id., but MT 24; 1 ♀ + 4 ♂ (RMNH, TMUT), id., but 1–8.vi.2010, G19 or G20; 1 ♀ + 1 ♂ (RMNH, TMUT), id., but 15–22.vi.2010, M. Khayrandish; 2 ♀ + 1 ♂ (RMNH, TMUT), id., but Karaj, 15–22.vi.2010, MT 27; 1 ♀ + 2 ♂ (RMNH), id., but 1–8.vi.2010, G9; 2 ♀ (RMNH, TMUT), id., but 22–28.vi.2010; 1 ♂ (RMNH), 8–15.vi.2010, MT 26; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “N. Iran: Alborz, Shahrestanak. Chalous Road, MT 29, 15–22.vi.2010, S. Farahani, RMNH’12”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), id., but 6–14.vii.2010; 1 ♂ (RMNH), “N. Iran: Qazvin, Zereshk Road, MT 5, 7–22.vi.2011, A. Nadimi, RMNH’12”; 1 ♂ (RMNH), id., but 22.vi.–6.vii.2011, MT 3, A. Mohammadi.

Head weakly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face moderately wide (Fig. 209); frons with satin sheen and densely finely punctulate; occipital carina narrowly lamelliform and dark brown; vertex rather shiny and moderately spaced finely punctulate; mandible yellowish brown basally, but partly darkened dorso-basally; propleuron 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae; antesternal carina medium-sized lamelliform, directed posteriorly; mesoscutum shiny, coarsely punctate, and with smooth interspaces, medio-posteriorly reticulate-punctate (Fig. 207); scutellum shiny, partly smooth and with transverse rugae; mesosoma laterally (except pronotal side medially and ventrally) silvery pilose (Fig. 206); middle lobe protuberant (Fig. 207); hind basitarsus entirely dark brown, darker than yellowish brown hind tibial spurs (Fig. 208); hind tibia slender, outer side with punctures and short pale bristles and with large subbasal ivory patch (Fig. 208); ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.0 times as long as body, 1.4–1.6 times as long as metasoma, 2.8–3.1 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 4.0–5.1 times hind tibia; apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown or brown; length of body 8–11 mm; paramere dark brown or black apically (Fig. 216). Similar to G. saharense Benoit considering its sculpture, but the new species has the ovipositor sheath 1.4–1.6 times as long as metasoma (ovipositor sheath about as long as metasoma in G. saharense), pronotal side medially and dorsally sculptured (largely smooth), the occipital and antesternal carinae moderately lamelliform (non-lamelliform or nearly so), the scapus and mesosoma black (largely yellowish brown) and pterostigma dark brown (brown). Close to Central Asian G. dimidiatum Semenov, but the new species has the head trapezoid in dorsal view (subglobular in G. dimidiatum), the occipital carina wider (narrow), the head slightly emarginate medio-posteriorly (distinctly emarginate), the metasoma black (largely orange or yellowish brown), the hind tibia of male yellowish brown or brown ventrally (black) and third antennal segment of male dissimilar to second segment and 1.2–1.5 times as long as second segment (similar and 1.1–1.2 times longer).

Female, length of body 9.4 mm (of fore wing 4.4 mm).

Head. Head weakly convex dorsally, posteriorly gradually narrowed, without medio-posterior depression; face and frons conspicuously silvery pilose; occipital carina narrowly lamelliform, dark brown (Fig. 205); third and fourth antennal segments 1.7 and 2.6 times as long as second segment, apical segment 1.7 times as long as penultimate segment; face moderately wide (Fig. 209); frons with satin sheen and densely finely punctulate; vertex rather shiny and moderately spaced finely punctulate; ventrally head not enlarged in anterior view, malar space 0.3 times length of pedicellus.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.9 times its height; propleuron 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae, silvery pilose and moderately stout posteriorly; laterally pronotum largely smooth and shiny ventrally, medially and ventrally without pilosity; side of pronotum with obsolescent tooth antero-ventrally; antesternal carina medium-sized lamelliform, directed posteriorly (Fig. 206); mesoscutum shiny, coarsely punctate, and with smooth interspaces, medio-posteriorly reticulate-punctate (Fig. 207), its middle lobe moderately protuberant and glabrous (Fig. 207); notauli rather shallow; scutellum shiny, partly smooth and with transverse rugae; mesopleuron and metapleuron silvery pilose (Fig. 206); eyes distinctly setose.

Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.6, 4.5 and 5.6 times their width, respectively; hind tibia slender (Fig. 208); fore coxa close to mesopleuron; hind coxa shiny and rugulose dorsally; hind basitarsus moderately slender, as long as remainder of tarsus, distinctly widened in dorsal view.

Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath as long as body, 1.5 times as long as metasoma, 2.9 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 4.5 times hind tibia.

Colour. Black; metasoma dark brown, but basally and apically darker than medially; mandible (but dorsally basally darkened) and tegulae yellowish brown; fore and middle tibiae basally and basitarsi and hind tibia subbasally ivory; remainder of legs (except coxae) largely dark brown; palpi, pterostigma and hind basitarsus entirely dark brown; hind tibial spurs yellowish brown, paler than base of hind basitarsus; apex of ovipositor sheath dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Male. Very similar to female. Third antennal segment 1.2–1.5 times as long as second segment, fourth segment 1.7–1.8 times third segment and as long as second and third segments combined, fifth segment 0.8–0.9 times as long as fourth segment (Fig. 218); mandible yellowish brown; scutellum often largely smooth and mesoscutum densely punctate; antesternal carina medium-sized; hind tibia dark brown and with subbasal ivory band; hind tibial spurs similarly coloured as outer side of basitarsus; hind tarsus dark brown; hind tibia yellowish brown or brown ventrally, dorsally mainly dark brown and its base entirely ivory or basally narrowly brown as in female; hind coxa transversely rugose dorsally; apex of paramere black or dark brown (Fig. 216).

Variation. Length of body of ♀ 8.3–11.3 mm (of ♂ 7.7–10.4 mm); mesoscutum often more densely punctate than in holotype; hind basitarsus entirely dark brown or apically ivory as two following segments; apical half of hypopygium dark brown or largely yellowish brown; ovipositor sheath 0.9–1.0 times as long as body, 1.4–1.6 times as long as metasoma, 2.8–3.1 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 4.0–5.1 times hind tibia.

Iran.

Unknown. Collected in June-July.

Name derived from “hemi”, (Greek for “half”) and “nitidus”, (Latin for “shining”) because of the partly smooth and shiny mesoscutum.

Figures 205–213. 

Gasteruption heminitidum sp. n., female, holotype. 205 head lateral 206 mesosoma lateral 207 mesonotum dorsal 208 hind leg 209 head anterior 210 head dorsal 211 fore wing 212 hypopygium ventral 213 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 214–219. 

Gasteruption heminitidum sp. n., male, paratype. 214 mesonotum dorsal 215 head lateral 216 genitalia dorsal 217 head dorsal 218 basal antennal segments 219 hind leg.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “Turkey; Agri, 30 km W [of] Eleskirt, 2200 m, 14.vii.1987, R. Hensen”. Paratypes (6 ♀ + 2 ♂): 1 ♂ (RMNH), with same label data asa holotype; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “Turkey; Erzurum, Tortum, 1700 m, 16.vii.1987, R. Hensen”; 5 ♀ + 1 ♂ (BZL, RMNH), “Turkey east, Pasli, 50 km S [of] Sars, 1.vii.1997, Ma. Halada”;

Head evenly convex dorsally, in front of occipital carina without medio-posterior depression; face wide (Fig. 225); frons and vertex with satin sheen and densely coriaceous-punctulate (Fig. 226); occipital carina narrowly lamelliform and dark brown (Fig. 220); mandible yellowish brown, but basally brown; propleuron 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae and stout; antesternal carina narrow and non-lamelliform; middle lobe of mesoscutum with coarse punctures connected to rugulae, with satin sheen and interspaces largely smooth, lateral lobe similar but medially superficially coriaceous (Fig. 222); scutellum mainly transversely rugose; laterally mesosoma largely silvery pilose (Fig. 221); middle lobe slightly protuberant (Fig. 222); hind basitarsus dark brown basally, apically narrowly brown and remainder white or ivory; hind tibia distinctly swollen and with subbasal ivory ring (Fig. 227); hind basitarsus stout and 0.8 times as long as remainder of tarsus (without claws); ovipositor sheath 0.8 times as long as body, 1.3 times as long as metasoma, 2.1 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 3.4 times hind tibia; white or ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 1.6–1.8 times as long as hind basitarsus; length of body 9–12 mm; hypopygium largely yellowish brown (Fig. 228); paramere broadly ivory apically (Fig. 231). Close to G. schlettereri Magretti, but the new species has the antesternal carina non-lamelliform (rather narrow lamelliform in G. schlettereri), the hind tibia distinctly swollen (slenderer), the hypopygium yellowish brown apically (dark brown) and the hind basitarsus tricoloured and shorter than remainder of tarsus without claws (uni- and bicoloured of males and females, respectively, and about as long as remainder of tarsus).

Female, length of body 9.8 mm (of fore wing 4.9 mm).

Head. Head evenly convex dorsally, without medio-posterior depression; face, frons laterally and temples distinctly pilose; occipital carina narrowly lamelliform, dark brown (Fig. 220); third and fourth antennal segments 1.5 and 2.2 times as long as second segment, apical segment twice as long as penultimate segment; face wide (Fig. 225); frons and vertex with satin sheen and densely coriaceous-punctulate (Fig. 226); ventrally head not enlarged in anterior view, malar space 0.3 times as, long as second antennal segment.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.6 times its height; propleuron 0.7 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae, stout; ventrally pronotal side coriaceous with some large punctures and only posteriorly with pilosity, with a small blunt tooth antero-ventrally; antesternal carina non-lamelliform and narrow; middle lobe of mesoscutum with coarse punctures connected to rugulae, with satin sheen and interspaces largely smooth, lateral lobe similar but medially superficially coriaceous (Fig. 222); scutellum mainly transversely rugose; middle lobe slightly protuberant (Fig. 222).

Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.4, 3.8 and 4.3 times their width, respectively; hind tibia distinctly swollen and ventrally curved (Fig. 227); fore coxa close to mesopleuron; hind coxa moderately transversely rugose dorsally; hind basitarsus stout, 0.8 times as long as remainder of tarsus, widened basally in dorsal view.

Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.8 times as long as body, 1.3 times as long as metasoma, 2.1 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined and 3.4 times hind tibia; white or ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 1.7 times as long as hind basitarsus.

Colour. Black; mandible (but dorsally basally brown) yellowish-brown; trochantelli, base of hind femur, fore and middle tibia (except ivory base) and tarsi, tegulae, sternites apically and hypopygium (except dark brown base) yellowish brown; bases of fore and middle tibiae, subbasal ring of hind tibia and hind basitarsus (except dark brown basal third and narrowly brown apex) ivory; apex of ovipositor sheath ivory; palpi, pterostigma, remainder of legs and veins dark brown; metasoma laterally orange brown; wing membrane hyaline.

Male. Similarly stout as female, but frons and vertex coarser coriaceous-rugulose; pronotal side rugulose ventrally and mesoscutum more coarsely sculptured. Third antennal segment 1.2 times as long as second segment, fourth segment 1.8 times third segment and as long as second and third segments combined, fifth segment nearly as long as fourth segment (Fig. 234); hind tibia dark brown, but ventrally largely brown except for subbasal ivory band; hind tarsus brown, but basitarsus with ivory dorsal patch and laterally mainly pale brown; apex of paramere broadly pale yellowish or ivory (Fig. 231).

Variation. Length of body of both sexes 9.5–12.2 mm; length of ovipositor sheath 3.3–3.4 times as long as hind tibia and 1.1–1.3 times as long as metasoma and ivory apex 1.6–1.8 times as long as hind basitarsus; hind tibia of female 3.8–4.1 times as long as wide.

Turkey.

Unknown. Collected in July.

Named after the collector of the holotype, the hymenopterist Raymond Hensen (Amsterdam).

Figures 220–228. 

Gasteruption henseni sp. n., female, holotype. 220 head lateral 221 mesosoma lateral 222 mesonotum dorsal 223 fore wing 224 apex of ovipositor sheath 225 head anterior 226 head dorsal 227 hind leg 228 hypopygium ventral.

Figures 229–234. 

Gasteruption henseni sp. n., male, paratype. 229 mesonotum dorsal 230 hind leg 231 genitalia lateral 232 head dorsal 233 head lateral 234 basal antennal segments.

Holotypes of G. insidiosum, ♀ (ZISP) from Russia (South of Volgograd, Kalmuck-steppe), of G. fallaciosum ♀ (ZISP) from Belorussia (Minsk), of G. obsoletum ♀ (ZISP) from Russia (Pensa) and of G. dubiosum ♀ (ZISP) from Russia (St. Petersburg) examined by the first author.

Iran (Alborz, Chalous Road, Shahrestanak; id., Sarziarat; Qazvin, Zereshk Road); Turkey (60 km W of Konya, Erflatun Pinar; 50 km S of Kars, Pasli; Konya, 30 km S of Aksehir, 20 km W of Van; 15 km E of Malatya; Zelve, Nevsehir; 25 km E of Malatya, Kopeksiz; near Karabulak; 30 km E of Mansisa; Burdur, 28 km SEE of Burdur, 1350 m; id., 20 km SW of Burdur, 940 m; id., 5 km NE of Yesilova, 1060 m; Isparta, Egirdir Gölu, 5 km N of Akkecili, 920 m; 54 km W of Kayseri, Göreme; Kayseri, Göreme, 1000 m; Maras, Goksün, 1400 m; Hakkari, Hakkari, 1750 m; Van, Van, 1800 m; Adiyaman, Gölbasi, 900 m; Hakkari, Mt. Sat, SW of Yüksekova, Varegös, 1650 m; Van, Baskale, 2200 m).

Length of ovipositor sheath 2.8–3.1 (rarely up to 4.3) times as long as hind tibia, 0.8–0.9 (rarely up to 1.2) times metasoma and 0.6–0.9 times as long as body; occipital carina widely collar-shaped and area in front of carina more or less aciculate (Figs 235, 249); mandible yellowish or orange brown basally; apical pale brown part of ovipositor sheath 0.1–0.3 times as long as hind basitarsus; mesoscutum more or less crater-like punctate because of deep medium-sized punctures (Figs 237, 244); lateral lobe of mesoscutum largely coarsely punctate; apical half of hind tibia more or less reddish brown and with pale yellowish setae; stout species. Male has third antennal segment 1.3–1.5 times longer than second segment and fourth and fifth segments 1.7–1.8 and 1.6–1.7 times as long as third segment, respectively (Fig. 247).

Close to G. erythrostomum (Dahlbom) but this species has the apical half of the hind tibia black or dark brown ventrally and with brown setae (more or less reddish brown and with pale yellowish setae (Fig. 238) in G. insidiosum), the ovipositor sheath shorter (1.7–2.6 times as long as hind tibia, 0.6–0.8 times metasoma, 1.1–1.6 times hind tibia and tarsus combined versus 2.5–3.1 times as long as hind tibia, 0.8–0.9 times metasoma and 1.7–1.9 times hind tibia and tarsus combined in G. insidiosum), the mesoscutum of female (especially lateral lobe) mainly coriaceous with at most small superficial punctures and rather shiny antero-dorsally (punctures deep, medium-sized and more or less finely crater-like and mixed with fine punctures between punctures, rarely only coarsely punctate) and matt antero-dorsally; mesoscutum of male transversely rugulose or moderately rugose, more coarsely punctate in G. insidiosum), the hind tibia black ventrally (usually partly reddish brown ventrally, rarely black), the occipital carina less collar-shaped and straight medio-dorsally (wide collar-shaped and more or less sinuate medio-dorsally) and the mesoscutum hardly setose (rather setose). Also similar to G. nigrescens Schletterer, 1885, but G. insidiosum has the ovipositor sheath 0.5–0.6 times as long as body and 2.6–2.9 times hind tibia (0.8–1.0 times body and 3.5–4.7 times hind tibia in G. nigrescens), the mesoscutum more crater-like punctate, the occipital carina wide (usually narrower in G. nigrescens) and the hind tibia wider and ventral half often partly dark brown (slenderer and black).

East Europe, Iran, Turkey.

Unknown. Collected in June-July.

The occurrence of G. erythrostomum in Iran and Turkey is questionable. The reported specimens most likely belong to the similar G. insidiosum Semenov.

Figures 235–243. 

Gasteruption insidiosum Semenov, female, Iran. 235 head lateral 236 mesosoma lateral 237 mesonotum dorsal 238 hind leg 239 head anterior 240 head dorsal 241 fore wing 242 hypopygium lateral 243 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 244–249. 

Gasteruption insidiosum Semenov, male, Turkey. 244 mesonotum dorsal 245 hind leg 246 apex of metasoma lateral 247 basal antennal segments 248 head dorsal 249 head lateral.

Holotype, ♀ (RMNH), “Turkey, Hakkari, S [of] Yüksecova, Varegös, 1650 m, 29.vi.1985, C.J. Zwakhals”. Paratypes (3 ♀): 2 ♀ (RMNH), “Museum Leiden, Turkey, prov. Hakkari, Sat Dag, Varegös, SW [of] Yüksecova, 1700 m, 4–8.viii.1983, W. Schacht”; 1 ♀ (RMNH), “N. Iran: Alborz, Shahrestanak, Chalous Road, MT 31, 15–22.vi.2010, S. Farahani, RMNH’12”.

Head distinctly convex dorsally in lateral view, in front of occipital carina with obsolescent medio-posterior depression; face wide (Fig. 255); frons and vertex with satin sheen and densely punctulate, vertex anteriorly with some fine punctures between punctulation and posteriorly somewhat coriaceous; occipital carina medium-sized lamelliform, smooth and largely dark brown (Fig. 250); propleuron 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae and laterally largely coriaceous and with satin sheen; pronotal side finely coriaceous except rather narrow crenulate groove; antesternal carina narrow and slightly lamelliform; middle lobe of mesoscutum finely coriaceous with medium-sized superficial punctures and with satin sheen, lateral lobe and scutellum coriaceous with fine superficial punctures (Fig. 252); mesosoma laterally white pilose except pronotal side medially and largely ventrally (Fig. 251); fore coxa close to mesopleuron; hind basitarsus entirely dark brown; hind tibia slender and with ivory subbasal patch (Fig. 257); fifth and sixth sternites of female dark brown; apical 0.5 of hypopygium of female incised; ovipositor sheath 0.8–0.9 times as long as body, 1.1–1.3 times as long as metasoma, 3.6–3.8 times as long as hind tibia and 2.2–2.4 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 0.4–0.7 times as long as hind basitarsus (Fig. 254); length of body 11–12 mm.

Female, length of body 11.0 mm (of fore wing 5.8 mm).

Head. Head distinctly convex dorsally in lateral view, in front of occipital carina with obsolescent medio-posterior depression; face wide (Fig. 255); face and frons anteriorly silvery pilose; occipital carina medium-sized lamelliform and smooth (Fig. 250); third and fourth antennal segments 1.6 and 2.0 times as long as second segment, apical segment 1.2 times as long as penultimate segment; frons and vertex with satin sheen and densely punctulate, vertex anteriorly with some fine punctures between punctulation and posteriorly somewhat coriaceous; temples gradually narrowed behind eyes and resulting in trapezoid head in dorsal view (Fig. 256); ventrally head not enlarged in anterior view, malar space 0.2 times length of pedicellus; mandible dark reddish brown; tibial spurs nearly as dark as hind basitarsus; inner tooth of mandible minute.

Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma twice its height; propleuron 0.9 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae, laterally coriaceous, stout and with satin sheen; pronotal side finely coriaceous except rather narrow crenulate groove; side of pronotum with minute tooth antero-ventrally; antesternal carina narrow and slightly lamelliform; middle lobe of mesoscutum finely coriaceous with medium-sized superficial punctures and with satin sheen, lateral lobe and scutellum coriaceous with fine superficial punctures; medio-posteriorly with some rugae (Fig. 256); notauli distinctly impressed; mesosoma laterally white pilose except pronotal side medially and largely ventrally (Fig. 251); propodeum with complete median carina.

Legs. Length of hind femur, tibia and basitarsus 4.6, 4.9 and 6.1 times their width, respectively; hind tibia and basitarsus slender (Fig. 257); fore coxa close to mesopleuron; hind coxa mainly coriaceous dorsally; hind tibia with some punctures and short greyish bristles; hind basitarsus somewhat widened basally in dorsal view; hind tibial spurs nearly as dark as basitarsus.

Metasoma. Ovipositor sheath 0.9 times as long as body, 1.3 times as long as metasoma, 3.8 times as long as hind tibia and 2.4 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 0.4 times as long as hind basitarsus (Fig. 254).

Colour. Black; mandible, tegulae and hind tibial spurs dark reddish brown; bases of fore and middle tibiae and subbasal patch of hind tibia ivory; second and third segments orange brown; remainder of legs and metasoma dark brown or blackish brown; pterostigma and veins dark brown; wing membrane subhyaline.

Male. Unknown.

Variation. Length of body of ♀ 10.5–11.6 mm; pronotal side entirely coriaceous or with some rugulae; paratype from Iran has middle lobe of mesoscutum mainly finely transversely rugulose and mesoscutum medio-posteriorly extensively rugose; ovipositor sheath 0.8–0.9 times as long as body, 1.1–1.3 times as long as metasoma, 3.6–3;8 times as long as hind tibia and 2.2–2.4 times as long as hind tibia and tarsus combined; ivory apical part of ovipositor sheath 0.4–0.7 times as long as hind basitarsus.

Iran, Turkey.

Unknown. Collected in June and August.

Named after the collector of the holotype and specialist of Ichneumonidae for his contribution to our knowledge of Ichneumonidae and for 50 years collecting of parasitoid Hymenoptera. “Ischnolaimum”, is from “ischnos”, (Greek for “weak”) and “laimos”, (Greek for “throat, neck”) and is a translation of the name “Zwakhals”.

Figures 250–258. 

Gasteruption ischnolaimum sp. n., female, holotype. 250 head lateral 251 mesosoma lateral 252 mesonotum dorsal 253 fore wing 254 apex of ovipositor sheath 255 head anterior 256 head dorsal 257 hind leg 258 hypopygium ventral.

Lectotype of G. jaculator here designated, ♀ coll. no. 2651 [from Sweden, probably Uppsala] in the Linnean Society, London and examined by Roman (1932) and Fitton (1978). The lectotype has been studied digitally (www.linnean-online.org) by the first author; no. 2650 is a paralectotype, it has the antenna damaged and is labelled “48, jaculator”. Lectotype of G. granulithorax here designated, ♀ (MNHG), “[France], Bordeaux, Perez C.”, “Cn Tournier”, “Type”, “granulithorax Tourn., Soc. Br. C. rend., 1876”, “Lectotypus des. Madl, 1987”, “Gasteruption jaculator L., ♀, det. Madl, 1986”; 1 ♂ paralectotype (MNHG), “[France], Bord[eaux], Perez, a!”, “Cn Tournier”, “Type”, “Foenus granulithorax Tourn., ♂”, “Ce type ♂ n', Est pas la meme espèces que le type ♀ de granulithorax! C', Est probablement ♂ de tibiale Schl., Ch. Ferrière”, “Paralectotypus des. Madl, 1987”, “Gasteruption bidentulum Thoms., det. Madl, 1986”. Lectotype of G. thomsonii here designated: ♀ (ZIL) with small pink label, possibly indicating the type locality Gotland. Schletterer had material in NMW, but he listed in the original description only “Schweden”, as locality. Lectotype of G. obliteratum here designated, ♀ (MNHN), “Museum Paris EY 0000003930”, “obliteratus ab.”, “[Austria,] Dibg, 28.vi.[18]78”, “Museum Paris, coll. Abeille de Perrin, 1919”, “Lectotypus, des. Madl, 1987”, “Gasteruption jaculator L., ♀, det. Madl, 1987”; according to original description additional syntypes from France (Marseille, Bordeaux, les Landes, Pyrenees), but not examined. Holotype of G. monochropus ♀ (ZISP) from Russia examined. Holotype of G. schewyrewi ♂ (ZISP) from Ukraine (Poltawa) examined.

Iran (Mazandaran, Noor, Chamestan, Gaznasara; Alborz, Chalous Road, Shahrestanak); Turkey (Van, 20 km W of Van; Konya, 30 km S of Aksehir; 10 km W of Gaziantep; 15 km W of Refahye, W of Erzincan, 1600 m; near Tatvan; Anatolia, Paliklicesme, 50 m; Hakkari, Beytüsebab, 1400 m; id., Habur Deresi valley, S of Beylisebap, 1100 m; Van, Van, 1800 m; Hakkari, Mt. Sat, SW of Yüksekova, Varegös, 1650 m).

Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.5–2.7 times as long as hind basitarsus (up to 3.0 times in N. African specimens); head flat in front of occipital carina, without any depression; occipital carina strongly lamelliform and somewhat shorter than diameter of posterior ocellus (Figs 259, 269); fifth antennal segment of female 1.0–1.4 times as long as third segment; vertex rather matt and very finely aciculate; malar space short; antesternal carina narrow; length of propleuron 0.8–0.9 times distance between tegulae and anterior border of mesoscutum (Fig. 260); mesoscutum coarsely punctate-rugose anteriorly and interspaces more or less smooth, lateral lobes more or less coriaceous, contrasting with middle lobe (Figs 261, 267); hind tibia rather swollen (Fig. 265); hind tibia and basitarsus more or less ivory or white subbasally; ovipositor sheath 1.0–1.2 times as long as body and 1.5–1.7 times as long as metasoma (but only 1.4 times metasoma in N. African specimens). Males have shape of third antennal segment similar to second segment, rather short and usually 1.1–1.3 times as long as second segment and fourth antennal segment distinctly longer than (about 1.2 times as long as) second and third segments combined.

Europe, N. Africa, Iran, Turkey.

Predator-inquiline of Colletinae (Colletes and Hylaeus spp.). Collected in May-August.

The specimens from Mazandaran have the middle lobe of the mesoscutum more dominantly punctate than European and Turkish specimens and lack the transverse rugulosity, but a female from Gaznasara has superficial punctures on the mesoscutum between the transverse rugulosity and a second female has the mesoscutum mainly strongly punctate. Two males seen from slight impression near occipital carina medio-dorsally and considered to be an unknown species.

Figures 259–266. 

Gasteruption jaculator (Linnaeus), female, Netherlands. 259 head lateral 260 mesosoma lateral 261 mesonotum dorsal 262 fore wing 263 head anterior 264 head dorsal 265 hind leg 266 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 267–271. 

Gasteruption jaculator (Linnaeus), male, Norway. 267 mesonotum dorsal 268 basal antennal segments 269 head lateral 270 head dorsal 271 hind leg.

Holotype of G. laticeps ♀ (MNHG) “Italie, Huet”, “Cn Tournier”, “Type”, “Foenus laticeps Tourn., ♀”. Lectotype of G. foveolatum here designated, ♂ (Naturhistorisches Museum, Bern), “Th. Steck”, “vii. [18]86, Siders [= Sierre, Wallis, Switzerland]”, “Schlettr. det.”, “Lectotypus des. Madl, 1987”; paralectotype from Italy G. foveolatum in MHNG. Lectotype of G. foveolum here designated: ♀ (MTMA), “[Hungary], Budapest, Kinestári-erdö, 1895.vii.29, Szépligeti %/ teste Papp J., 1986”, “Szépligeti, Kinestari / 985-7-29”, “G.st. laticeps Tourn., det. Bajari”, “Gasteruption foveolum Szépl., det. Stohl”, “Lectotypus Gasteruption foveolum Szépl. %/ des. Madl, 1987”, ovipositor sheath broken off; 3 ♀, 2 ♂ and one specimen without metasoma are paralectotypes from Hungary (Pilis-Maróth, Székes, Fehérvar, Kalocsa, Duna-Örs, S.-A. Ujhely), Romania (Nagyvárad) and Greece (Attica).

*Turkey (Capadocia, Ürgüp; Isparta, Egirdir Gölu, 5 km N of Akkecili, 920 m; Mansisa, 15 km SEE of Salihli, 170 m; Denizli, 35 km SSE of Denizli, 970 m; id., 10 km NE of Denizli, 290 m; id., 20 km NE of Denizli, Pamukkale, 1000 m; Burdur, 20 km SW of Burdur, 940 m; Nevsehir, 10 km S of Avanos, Göreme, 1000 m; Konya, Konya, Alaâdin Hill, 1050 m; Maras, Göksun, 1400 m; Bodrum, Salmakis; Kayseri, Göreme, 1000 m; Inner Anatolia, 8 km W of Karakaya, 230 m; Antalya, Cavusköyi, Andrasan, 50 m; id., Perge, 50 m).

Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.2–1.3 times as long as hind basitarsus; head with middle depression in front of occipital carina moderately deep and nearly round and no lateral depressions (Figs 277, 278, 283); occipital carina distinctly lamelliform and medium-sized to wide (Figs 272, 278); antesternal carina rather wide and lamelliform, distinctly elevated above mesosternum (Fig. 273); frons densely punctulate or densely very finely aciculate and without distinct interspaces; vertex more or less finely transversely aciculate and with satin sheen; head in dorsal view moderately narrowed (Figs 277, 283); propleuron with satin sheen, smooth, coriaceous or finely rugulose; ovipositor sheath 1.0–1.1 times as long as body and about 1.6 times as long as metasoma; pterostigma dark brown medially. Males have fourth antennal segment 0.8–0.9 times as long as second and third segments combined and apical antennal segment about as long as fourth segment (Fig. 282).

Europe, Iran, Turkey. New for the fauna of Turkey.

Uncertain, according to Malyshev (1965) predator-inquiline of Hylaeus nests. Collected from mid-May till early September.

Especially males may have the medio-posterior depression of the vertex shallowly impressed (Fig. 283) or nearly absent.

Figures 272–280. 

Gasteruption laticeps (Tournier), female, Italy. 272 head lateral 273 mesosoma lateral 274 mesonotum dorsal 275 hind leg 276 head anterior 277 head dorsal 278 detail of depression of vertex 279 fore wing 280 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 281–283. 

Gasteruption laticeps (Tournier), male, Italy. 281 mesonotum dorsal 282 basal antennal segments 283 head dorsal.

Holotype of G. lugubre, ♀ (ETHZ) “799", [according to original description from Switzerland, Wallis], “G. lugubre n. sp., Typ.”, “Gasteruption assectator (Linnaeus), ♀, C. Saure, det. 1999”. Lectotype of G. floreum here designated, ♂ (MTMA) “[Croatia], Buccari [= Bakar], 15.vi.”, “Jugoslavia”, “Gasteruption floreum Szépl., det. Stohl”, “Lectotypus Gasteruption floreum Szépl./ des. Madl, 1987”; 1 ♂ paralectotype (MTMA) “[Romania], Orsova, Transylvania”, is much damaged and probably belongs to G. undulatum (Abeille de Perrin).

*Turkey (Pasli, 50 km S of Kars; Nevşeher, 10 km E of Ürgüp, W of Aksalur, 1350 m).

Apex of ovipositor sheath with a distinct white or ivory band, 1.5–1.9 times as long as hind basitarsus; dorsally head in front of occipital carina with minute medial depression (Fig. 290), in lateral view flat and occipital carina very narrow medio-dorsally and non-lamelliform (Fig. 284) or narrowly lamelliform; antesternal carina with narrow lamelliform rim, antesternal carina and prepectal carina medio-ventrally similarly developed (Fig. 295); head ventrally elongate below eyes (Figs 289, 298), gradually narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view and temples slightly convex (Fig. 290); temple about half as long as eye in dorsal view; fourth and fifth antennal segments of ♀ 1.6–1.7 and 1.4–1.6 times as long as third segment, respectively; fourth segment of ♀ 1.0–1.1 times as long as second and third segments combined; head parallel-sided below eyes and malar space about 0.9 times as long as second antennal segment (= pedicellus); vertex and frons rather matt, finely and densely aciculate-rugulose; propleuron with satin sheen, 0.8 times as long as mesoscutum in front of tegulae, densely rugose or rugulose and stout (Fig. 286); pronotal side largely rugulose; antero-lateral teeth of pronotum small and rather acutely angled; mesoscutum slender and sparsely setose (Fig. 286), with satin sheen and largely finely and densely transversely rugulose, without separate punctures and medio-posteriorly rugose; hind femur narrow and nearly parallel-sided (Fig. 291); hind coxa mainly granulate, but rugulose dorsally (Fig. 297); ovipositor sheath 0.8–1.0 times as long as body, 1.2–1.3 times as long as metasoma and 3.7–3.9 times as long as hind tibia; hind coxa and pronotal side dark brown or blackish; hind basitarsus dark brown or black (dark form) or partly ivory (pale form); length of body 8–11 mm. Male has third antennal segment twice as long as second segment, fourth segment 1.6 times as long as third segment and as long as second and third segments combined (Fig. 302); malar space slightly longer than basal width of third antennal segment.

Mountainous parts of C. Europe and Turkey. New for the fauna of Turkey.

Unknown. Collected in June-July and rarely encountered.

The holotype of G. lugubre is mutilated and the metasoma is missing. According to the original description the ovipositor sheath is longer than the metasoma, shorter than the body and black with white apex. And the fourth antennal segment (“drittes Geisselglied”) of the female holotype as long as second and third segments combined. The surviving part shows an elongate head and in combination with the characters mentioned above it is obvious that it concerns most likely the dark form of G. floreum Szépligeti.

Figures 284–292. 

Gasteruption lugubre Schletterer, female, Montenegro. 284 head lateral 285 mesosoma lateral 286 mesonotum dorsal 287 fore wing 288 hypopygium ventral 289 head anterior 290 head dorsal 291 hind leg 292 apex of ovipositor sheath.

Figures 293–302. 

Gasteruption lugubre Schletterer, male, lectotype of G. floreum Szépligeti. 293 head lateral 294 mesosoma lateral 295 mesonotum dorsal 296 fore wing 297 hind coxa dorsal 298 head anterior 299 head dorsal 300 detail of malar space lateral 301 hind leg 302 basal antennal segments.

Lectotype of G. merceti here designated ♀ (MNCN) “[Spain], Los Molinos, G. Mercet”, “MNCN_Ent. Cat. No. 43301”, “Lectotipo, G. merceti Kieff., C. Rey”, “Gasteruption Merceti K.”, “Coleccion Ga. Mercet”, “MNCN Cat. Tipos No. 2046”; 1 ♂ paralectotype (MNCN) from Madrid, MNCN_Ent. Cat. No. 43302; 1 ♀ paralectotype (MTMA), “Madrid, G. Mercet”, “Gasteruption Merceti”, “Gasteruption Merceti Kieff., type”, and lectotype label by Dr J. Papp (1980, unpublished). Holotype of G. jekylljaechi ♀ (NMW), “N. Ö[sterreich], Aspern, Sach”, “Gasteruption pyrenaicum Guér., J. Pasteels, det. 1953", and type label by Madl, 1986. Holotype of G. trichotomma ♀ (MNHN), “[Algeria], Oran”, “Museum Paris, EY000 000 2453”, “Museum Paris, Collection Ernest André, 1914”, “Gasteruption trichotomma”, “Kieffer det.”. “Typus?", and holotype label by CvA. Holotype of G. palaestinum ♂ (MNHN), “[Israel], Jericho”, “Museum Paris, EY0000003922”, “Type”, “Museum Paris, coll. Pic,”, “voir species hungaricum”, “palaestinum Pic”, “[illegible] special”, “Monotypus det. Madl, 1987", and holotype label by CvA.

*Iran (Alborz, Karaj; Qazvin, Zereshk Road; Mazandaran, Noor; Gilan, Orkom; Teheran, Rayne; Azerb. e Garbi, Serou, 1650 m; Kerman, 30 km S of Sirjan, 1730 m); Turkey (Ankara, Beynam; Konya, 30 km S of Aksehir; 50 km S of Kars Parsli; 20 km NW of Igdir; Kabahaydar Urfa; 20 km E of Gurun, Mezikiran Gecidi; Capadocia, Ürgüp; Birecik, Halfeti; Antakya; 15 km E of Malatya; 60 km E of Mut Kirobasi; Osmaneli; near Akyaka, 40 m; Burdur, 20 km SW of Burdur, 940 m; id., 5 km NE of Yesilova, 1060 m; id., 28 km SEE of Burdur, 1350 m; Sivas, 45 km E of Yarhisar; Göreme; near Halfeti; Gevas, Van Gölü; Isparta, Karakus Dagi centr., 1460 m; Mansisa, 30 km SEE of Salihi, 430 m; Denizli, 35 km SEE of Denizli, 970 m; Nevsehir, 20 km S of Nevsehir, Kaymakli, 1200 m; Hakkari, Mt. Sat, SW of Yüksekova, Varegös, 1650 m; Van, 30 km N of Baskale, 2700 m; Kayseri, Pinarbasi, 1500 m; Nevsehir, 5 km S of Avanos, Zelve, 1000 m; Agri, 30 km W of Eleskirt, 2200 m; Maras, Göksun, 1400 m; Diyarbakir, Diyarbakir, 650 m; SSE of Milas, Çamköy – Sek; Inner Anatolia, 5 km W of Koyulhisar).

Apex of ovipositor sheath blackish or slightly brownish (Fig. 311), if rather pale apically then pale part distinctly shorter than hind basitarsus; ovipositor sheath 2.6–3.8 times as long as hind tibia and 0.7–1.2 times as long as metasoma; occipital carina at least 0.3 times as wide as diameter of posterior ocellus; eyes often densely setose; temple strongly elongate (Figs 303, 308, 314), about as long as eye in dorsal view, but sometimes 0.8 times; vertex smooth or nearly so, at most with very superficial punctulation and with satin sheen; medial antennal segments slightly widened; face rather wide (Fig. 307); temples strongly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view (Fig. 308); occipital carina lamelliform, medium-sized and distinctly upcurved (Figs 303, 308); vertex hardly bulging near occipital carina (Fig. 303); genal bridge at most half as long as third antennal segment; antesternal carina distinctly lamelliform and moderately wide (Fig. 304); pronotum with pair of rather large acute protuberances antero-laterally (Fig. 303); propleuron 0.7–0.8 times distance from tegulae to anterior border of mesoscutum, with satin sheen; mesoscutum coarsely rugose-reticulate and sometimes reddish brown; hind tibia rather slender (Fig. 306); hind basitarsus slender to rather stout; incision of hypopygium deep, often slit-like (Fig. 310). Males have third antennal segment about twice as long as second segment and fourth antennal segment about 0.7 times as long as second and third segments combined (Fig. 313).