Research Article |
Corresponding author: Seong Yong Moon ( moonsy7744@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Danielle Defaye
© 2014 Seong Yong Moon, Suk Hyun Youn, Ho Young Soh.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Moon S, Youn S, Soh H (2014) Description of Parvocalanus leei sp. n. (Copepoda, Calanoida, Paracalanidae) in Western Korea, with comments on the taxonomic position of Paracalanus arabiensis Kesarkar & Anil, 2010. ZooKeys 456: 29-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.456.7741
|
A new species of paracalanid calanoid copepod Parvocalanus leei sp. n., is described from specimens collected in shallow waters of Western Korea. The new species is closely similar to Parvocalanus arabiensis (Kesarkar & Anil, 2010), P. crassirostris (F. Dahl, 1894), P. latus Andronov, 1972, and P. scotti (Früchtl, 1923) in having two short terminal spines on the distal segment of the fifth leg and a similar rostrum in the female, but can be readily distinguished from its congeners by the body size, relative length of antennules, segmentation of endopod of leg 1, and pattern of ornamentation of spinules on legs 1 to 4 in the female. The taxonomic position of Parvocalanus arabiensis and the validity of the genus Parvocalanus Andronov, 1970 are also discussed.
Copepoda , Calanoida , Paracalanidae , Parvocalanus , Paracalanus , new species, taxonomy, Korea
Most of the species of the family Paracalanidae Giesbrecht, 1892 are distributed across both northern and southern hemispheres, with about 80 species in eight genera having been described thus far (
During an investigation of planktonic copepods collected in shallow waters of Western Korea, we identified a new species of Parvocalanus which had been previously overlooked. In this study, we describe it and provide keys to all genera of Paracalanidae and species within Parvocalanus. Additionally, we evaluate the taxonomic position of Paracalanus arabiensis Kesarkar & Anil, 2010.
Copepods were collected in shallow waters at Mokpo, Western Korea (Fig.
Adult female holotype, 0.93 mm (NIBRIV0000302101) and adult male allotype, 0.62 mm (NIBRIV0000302102) preserved undissected in 70% ethanol, collected from the Yellow Sea, Korea (34°46'10"N, 126°20'24"E). Paratypes: 20 females (NIBRIV302103) and 10 males (NIBRIV302104) preserved in 70% ethanol, 21 August 2013. Dissected paratypes (5 females, 3 males) are kept in collection of the senior author. Description below is based on paratypes.
Shallow waters of Mokpo (34°46'10"N, 126°20'24"E), Western Korea.
The species is named after Mrs. Jungah Lee, wife of senior author (S.Y. Moon), as a small token of appreciation for her encouragement and support to senior author.
Female. (Based on female paratype). Body (Fig.
Antennule 25-segmented (Fig.
Antenna (Fig.
Mandible (Fig.
Maxillule (Fig.
Maxilla (Fig.
Maxilliped (Fig.
P1 (Fig.
P2 (Fig.
P3 (Fig.
P4 (Fig.
Armature formula of swimming legs 1–4 (P1–P4) as follows (Roman numerals indicate spines, Arabic numerals indicate setae):
Legs | Coxa | Basis | Exopod segment | Endopod segment |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 0-0 | 0-1 | 0-1;0-1;II,I,4 | 1,2,3 |
P2 | 0-1 | 0-0 | I-1;I-1;II,I,5 | 0-1;0-2;2,2,3 |
P3 | 0-1 | 0-0 | I-1;I-1;II,I,5 | 0-1;0-2;2,2,3 |
P4 | 0-1 | 0-0 | I-1;I-1;II,I,5 | 0-1;0-2;2,2,3 |
P5 (Fig.
Male. (Based on male paratype): Body (Fig.
Antennule (Fig.
Antenna (Fig.
Mandible (Fig.
Maxillule (Fig.
Maxilla (not figured) vestigial.
Maxilliped (Fig.
Swimming legs seta and spine formula and ornamentation (Fig.
P5 (Fig.
Body length ranged from 0.75–0.92 mm (mean±sd, 0.84±0.05, N=10) in females and 0.49–0.69 mm (mean±sd, 0.55±0.07, N=6) in males. Variability was found in number of spinules on posterior surface of P1–P4 in both sexes, on posterodistal margin of female P5, on the length/width ratio of second segment of female P5 (2.15–2.54 times as long as wide; mean±sd; 2.31±0.12, N=5), and on ornamentation of denticles on the second and distal exopodal segments of P2–P4 in female.
Parvocalanus leei sp. n. generally occurred together with other paracalanids, such as Bestiolina coreana Moon, Lee & Soh, 2010, Parvocalanus crassirostris, and Paracalanus parvus s. l. at the collection sites in the Yellow Sea, Korea on 21 August 2013. This new species is predominantly found in shallow waters with temperature above approximately 20 °C and 32 psu in the Mokpo Harbor, Western Korea.
The adult female of Parvocalanus leei sp. n. is very similar to P. arabiensis (Kesarkar & Anil, 2010), P. crassirostris, P. latus Andronov, 1972, and P. scotti (Früchtl, 1923). All them share the short and blunt rostrum and the elongate distal segment of P5, with the inner terminal spine less than three times the length of the outer terminal spine. Nevertheless, the new species differs from P. arabiensis as follows: (1) the body length is higher than 0.7 mm in the new species, but less than 0.7 mm in P. arabiensis; (2) the antennule extends up to the medial margin of third urosomite in the new species, but only to the posterior margin of genital double-somite in P. arabiensis; (3) the endopod of P1 is unsegmented in the new species, but 2-segmented in P. arabiensis; (4) the inner spine of P5 is less than 1.7 times longer than outer terminal spine of P5 in the new species, but more than 1.7 times longer than in P. arabiensis; and (5) there is no ornamentation of denticles on the distal edge of the third exopodal segment of P4 in the new species, vs. denticles present in P. arabiensis.
The female of Parvocalanus leei closely resembles P. crassirostris, but is larger (more than 0.7 mm in length compared to less than 0.7 mm); the fourth and fifth pedigerous somites are separated (vs. partially fused in P. crassirostris); the antennules extend to the medial margin of anal somite (vs. approximately to second urosomite in P. crassirostris); the length/width ratio of the distal segment of P5 is lower than 2.5 (vs. more than 3 in P. crassirostris); and there is a row of spinules on the distal end of the second segment of P5 (vs. row absent in P. crassirostris).
The new species shares with Parvocalanus latus the similar body shape and the P5 ornamentation in the female, but differs in the following features: (1) the body is more than 0.7 mm in length (vs. less than 0.7 mm in P. latus); (2) the antennule is comparatively shorter, reaching only the medial margin of anal somite (vs. reaching the end of caudal rami in P. latus); and (3) the genital double-somite is swollen anterolaterally in the new species (vs. somite not swollen in P. latus).
The female of Parvocalanus leei can be readily differentiated from Parvocalanus scotti based on the following features: (1) the body is more than 0.7 mm (vs. less than 0.7 mm in P. scotti); (2) the antennule extends only to the medial margin of anal somite (vs. to the distal margin of caudal rami in P. scotti); (3) the length/width ratio of caudal rami is higher than 2 in the new species (vs. less than 2 in P. scotti), and (4) the length/width ratio of second segment of P5 is less than 3 (vs. more than 3 times in P. scotti).
Parvocalanus leei is distinguished from the rest of members of its genus based on the following characteristics of the female: fourth and fifth pedigerous somites completely separated, large size (more than 0.7 mm), and presence of spinules on the distal end of distal segment of P5. These differences are shown in Table
Comparison of morphological characteristics of female Parvocalanus spp. A1, antennules; P1, swimming leg 1; P2, swimming leg 2; P4, swimming leg 4; P5, fifth leg.
Character | Swimming leg (P) | P. arabiensis (Kesarkar & Anil, 2010) | P. crassirostris (F. Dahl, 1894) | P. dubia (Sewell, 1912) | P. elegans Andronov, 1972 | P. latus Andronov, 1972 | P. leei sp. n. | P. serratipes (Sewell, 1912) | P. scotti (Früchtl, 1923) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body length (mm) | 0.55–0.60 | 0.5 | 0.74 | 0.48–0.50 | 0.42–0.47 | 0.75–0.92 | 1.1 | 0.64–0.67 | |
Body form | Broad and short | Broad and short | Broad and short | Narrow and long | Broad and short | Broad and short | Broad and short | Broad and short | |
Fourth and fifth pedigerous somites | Partially fused | Partially fused | Completely fused | Separated | Separated | Separated | Completely fused | Partially fused | |
A1 extending to: | Almost to end of genital double-somite | Almost to second urosomite | Midlength to first urosomite | Almost to end of anal somite | Beyond caudal rami | Midlength to anal somite | Midlength to first urosomite | Beyond caudal rami | |
Basis of P1 inner seta | Present | X | Present | Absent | Absent | Present | Present | Present | |
Endopod of P1 | 2-segmented | X | 2-segmented | Unsegmented | Unsegmented | Unsegmented | 2-segmented | Unsegmented | |
Number of spinules on dorsal surface of first to third exopodal segments of P1–P4 | P2 | 5, 4, 6 | X | 3, 0, 4 | Absent | Absent | 3, 5, 8 | 0, 4, 5 | 0, 5, 5 |
P3 | Absent | X | X | 0, 6, 0 | 0, 6, 0 | 0, 4, 6 | 0, 4, 5 | 0 7, 7 | |
P4 | Absent | X | X | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | 0, 7, 0 | |
Number of spinules on dorsal surface of second endopodal segment of P2–P4 | P2 | 0, 3, 0 | X | 0, 4, 0 | 0, 3, 0 | 0, 3, 0 | 0, 4, 0 | 0, 6, 0 | 0, 4, 0 |
P3 | 0, 7. 0 | X | X | 0, 4, 2 | 0, 4, 2 | 0, 5, 0 | 0, 4, 0 | 0, 6, 3 | |
P4 | Absent | X | X | 0, 3, 2 | 0, 3, 2 | 0, 0, 4 | Absent | 0, 4, 3 | |
Length/width ratio of distal segment of P5 | Twice as long as wide | Three times as long as wide | Four times as long as wide | Three times as long as wide | Twice as long as wide | Twice as long as wide | Four times as long as wide | Three times as long as wide | |
Row of spinules on distal segment of P5 | Present | Absent | Present | Present | Absent | Present | Present | Present | |
Length ratio between inner and outer terminal spines of P5 | 2 | < 2 | = 3 | 3 | > 3 | < 2 | > 2 | > 2 |
Parvocalanus crassirostris was originally described by
Paracalanus arabiensis was originally described by
As an update we report that Parvocalanus has eight nominal species including the one described herein: P. arabiensis, P. crassirostris, P. dubia (Sewell, 1912), P. elegans, P. latus Andronov, 1972, P. leei sp. n., P. scotti, and P. serratipes (Sewell, 1912). A key to all genera and species of Paracalanidae is provided below.
1 | Distal endopodal segment of P2 setal formula 1, 2, 2 | Mecynocera |
– | Distal endopodal segment of P2 setal formula not 1, 2, 2 | 2 |
2 | Distal endopodal segment of P2 setal formula 1, 2, 3; female P5 reduced | 3 |
– | Distal endopodal segment of P2 setal formula 2, 2, 3; female P5 not reduced | 4 |
3 | Outer margins of second and distal exopodal segments of P2 to P4 ornamented with strong spinules; distal endopodal segment of P3 and P4 with setal formula 2, 2, 3; female P5 strongly reduced | Acrocalanus |
– | Outer margins of second and distal exopodal segments of P2 to P4 lacking spinular ornamentation; distal endopodal segment of P3 and P4 with setal formula 1, 2, 3; female P5 strongly reduced to pair of rounded lobes | Bestiolina |
4 | Right fifth leg lacking in both sexes; outer margins of third exopodal segment of P2 to P4 lacking spinulations in female | Delibus |
– | Fifth legs symmetrical in female; small right P5 present in male | 5 |
5 | Inner seta on basis of P1 present; outer distal margin of third exopodal segment of P2 to P4 conspicuously serrated | Paracalanus |
– | Inner seta on basis of P1 absent or present; outer distal edges of third exopodal segment of P2 to P4 smooth in female | 6 |
6 | Median keel-like dorsal hump present on the cephalosome of male; rostrum with slender paired filaments in both sexes; male right P5 3 or 4-segmented; female P5 3 or 4-segmented | Calocalanus |
– | Medial keel-like dorsal hump absent on the cephalosome of male; rostrum short and broad, bifurcate, terminating in two acute points; male right P5 4-segmented; female P5 endopod 1 or 2-segmented | Parvocalanus |
1 | Fourth and fifth pedigerous somites completely fused; distal segment of female P5 long and slender, approximately 4 times as long as wide, with row of spinules on distal end | 2 |
– | Fourth and fifth pedigerous somites not fused; distal segment of female P5 less than 5 times as long as wide, with/without row of spinules on distal end | 3 |
2 | Body length less than 1 mm; dorsal surface of second endopodal segment of P2 without spinulation | P. dubia (Sewell, 1912) |
– | Body length more than 1 mm; dorsal surface of second endopodal segment of P2 with spinulation | P. serratipes (Sewell, 1912) |
3 | Body narrow and long; fourth and fifth pedigerous somites completely separated | P. elegans Andronov, 1972 |
– | Body broader and shorter; fourth and fifth pedigerous somites completely separated or partially fused | 4 |
4 | P 1endopod 2-segmented; Al extending almost to end of genital double-somite | P. arabiensis (Kesarkar & Anil, 2010) |
– | P1 endopod unsegmented; A1 extending over to genital double-somite | 5 |
5 | Inner seta on basis of P1 absent; A1 extending beyond caudal rami; inner terminal spine more than three times length of outer terminal spine | P. latus Andronov, 1972 |
– | Inner seta on basis of P1 absent or present; A1 not reaching caudal rami; inner terminal spine less than three times length of outer terminal spine | 6 |
6 | Inner seta on basis of P1 absent; fourth and fifth pedigerous somites partially fused; A1 extending approximately to second urosomite; row of spinules on distal segment of P5 absent | P. crassirostris (F. Dahl, 1894) |
– | Inner seta on basis of P1 present; fourth and fifth pedigerous somites partially fused or completely separated; A1 extending over to second urosomite; row of spinules on distal segment of P5 present | 7 |
7 | Fourth and fifth pedigerous somites completely separated; A1 extending to medial margin of anal somite; dorsal surface of second exopodal segment of P4 without spinulation; length/width ratio of distal segment of P5 lower than 3 | P. leei sp. n. |
– | Fourth and fifth pedigerous simites partially fused; A1 extending to beyond caudal rami; dorsal surface of second exopodal segment of P4 with spinules; length/width ratio of distal segment of P5 higher than 3 | P. scotti (Früchtl, 1923) |
We sincerely thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. This research was supported by a grant from National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) of the Republic of Korea (RP-2014-ME-032) and by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea.