Research Article |
Corresponding author: Cèsar Román-Valencia ( ceroman@uniquindio.edu.co ) Academic editor: Carole Baldwin
© 2014 Cèsar Román-Valencia, Raquel I. Ruiz-C., Donald C. Taphorn, Carlos A. García-Alzate.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Román-Valencia C, Ruiz-C. R, Taphorn D, García-Alzate C (2014) A new species of Hemibrycon (Characiformes, Characidae) from the upper San Juan River drainage, Pacific versant, Colombia. ZooKeys 454: 109-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.454.6954
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Hemibrycon sanjuanensis, new species, is described from the upper San Juan River drainage, Pacific versant, Colombia. It is distinguished from H. boquiae, H. brevispini, H. cairoense, H. colombianus, H. mikrostiktos, H. metae, H. palomae, H. rafaelense and H. tridens by the presence of a circular or oblong humeral spot that is located two scales posterior to the opercle (vs. 3–4 scales in H. palomae, H. rafaelense, H. brevispini and H. cairoense, and 0–1 scales, in H. metae and H. boquiae). It further differs from H. colombianus in having a round or oblong humeral spot (vs. rectangular). It differs from H. beni, H. dariensis, H. divisorensis, H. helleri, H. huambonicus, H. inambari, H. jabonero, H. jelskii, H. mikrostiktos, H. polyodon, H. quindos, H. raqueliae, H. santamartae, H. surinamensis, H. taeniurus, H. tridens, and H. yacopiae in having melanophores on the posterior margins of the scales along the sides of body (vs. lacking melanophores on margins of scales along entire length of the sides of body). The new species differs from all congeners mentioned above in having, among other features, six teeth in the outer premaxillary row arranged in a straight line (vs. five or fewer teeth not arranged in straight line except H. cairoense with two to six teeth in the outer premaxillary row).
Hemibrycon sanjuanensis, nueva especie, se describe de la cuenca alta del Rio San Juan, vertiente Pacifico, Colombia. Este se distingue de H. boquiae, H. brevispini, H. cairoense, H. colombianus, H. mikrostiktos, H. metae, H. palomae, H. rafaelense y H. tridens por la presencia de una mancha humeral circular u ovalada que se localiza a dos escamas posterior al borde del opérculo (vs. 3–4 escamas en H. palomae, H. rafaelense, H. brevispini y H. cairoense, y cero o una escama desde el opérculo en H. metae y H. boquiae). Esta se distingue de H. colombianus en poseer una mancha humeral redondeada u ovalada (vs. rectangular). Esta se diferencia de H. beni, H. dariensis, H. divisorensis, H. helleri, H. huambonicus, H. inambari, H. jabonero, H. jelskii, H. mikrostiktos, H. polyodon, H. quindos, H. raqueliae, H. santamartae, H. surinamensis, H. taeniurus, H. tridens, y H. yacopiae en presentar melanóforos sobre el borde posterior de las escamas a lo largo de los lados del cuerpo (vs. ausencia de melanóforos sobre el borde posterior de las escamas de las escamas en los lados del cuerpo). La nueva especie se distingue de todos los congéneres, citados arriba, por presentar seis dientes en la fila externa del premaxilar ordenados en línea recta (vs. cinco o menos no ordenados en línea recta, excepto H. cairoense con dos a seis dientes en la fila externa del premaxilar).
Biodiversity, taxonomy, tropical fish, new taxon
Biodiversidad, taxonomía, pez tropical, nuevo taxón
Today there are 36 species reported in the genus Hemibrycon (
Fishes were captured using seines and were preserved in the field with 10% formalin and later stored in 70% ethanol. Measurements and counts follow
Osteological observations were made on cleared and stained specimens (C and S) prepared according to
IUQ 3693, 53.5 mm SL, Colombia, Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, El Recreo, upper San Juan River, Aguas Claras River, Tatamá River tributary on Apia-Pueblo Rico road, 5°13'04.9"N, 76°01'50.1"W; 1519 m.a.s.l. (meters above sea level); Paratypes: IUQ 3039, 8, 47.0-58.4 mm SL, collected with holotype; IUQ 3040, 8, 39.3-81.2 mm SL, Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, La Selva, upper San Juan River Basin, La Selva Creek, tributary of Taiba River, 5°14'29.1"N, 76°04'42.1"W; 1359 m.a.s.l; IUQ 3041, 2, 70.6–84.9 mm SL, Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, upper San Juan River Basin, creek 1 km from Pueblo Rico on road to Santa Cecilia, 5°14'06.1"N, 76°02'20.1"W; 1357 m.a.s.l; IUQ 3042, 17, 21.3–70.9 mm SL, Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, upper San Juan River Basin, Agua Bonita Creek tributary of Tatamá River on road from Pueblo Rico to Santa Cecilia, 5°13'46"N, 76°02'05.1"W; 1530 m.a.s.l.; IUQ 3694, 2 C and S, 66.0–69.3 mm SL, Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, La Selva, upper San Juan River Basin, La Selva Creek, tributary of Rio Taiba, 5°14'29.1"N, 76°04'42.1"W; 1359 m.a.s.l; IUQ 3695, 2 C and S, 55.0–66.7 mm SL, Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, upper San Juan River Basin, Agua Bonita Creek, tributary of Tatamá River on Pueblo Rico- Santa Cecilia road, 5°13'46"N, 76°02'05.1"W; 1530 m.a.s.l.; IUQ 3697,19, 57.5–82.2 mm SL, Risaralda, Pueblo Rico, El Indio on Pueblo Rico-Villa Claret road, 200 m upstream from bridge, upper San Juan River Basin, Tatamá River, 5°1'50.52"N, 76°0'9.36"W; 1407 m.a.s.l.
Hemibrycon sanjuanensis sp. n. differs from H. boquiae, H. brevispini, H. cairoense, H. colombianus, H. mikrostiktos, H. metae, H. palomae, H. rafaelense and H. tridens by the presence of a circular or oblong humeral spot located two scales posterior to the opercle (vs. 3–4 scales in H. palomae, H. rafaelense, H. brevispini and H. cairoense, and 0–1 scales in H. metae and H. boquiae). It further differs from H. colombianus in having a round or oblong humeral spot (vs. rectangular). It differs from H. beni, H. dariensis, H. divisorensis, H. helleri, H. huambonicus, H. inambari, H. jabonero, H. jelskii, H. mikrostiktos, H. polyodon, H. quindos, H. raqueliae, H. santamartae, H. surinamensis, H. taeniurus, H. tridens and H. yacopiae in having melanophores present on the posterior margins of the scales all along the sides of body (vs. melanophores absent from margins of scales along entire length of sides of body). The new species further differs from all the species mentioned above in having a wide, concave pelvic bone (vs. narrow and straight); the middle part of the dorsal margin of the orbito-sphenoid bone flattened and not in contact with frontal (vs. dorsal margin straight and in contact with frontal); ventral tip of supracleithrum bifurcate (vs. not bifurcate); six teeth in the outer premaxillary row arranged in a straight line (vs. five or fewer teeth in outer premaxillary row and not arranged in straight line, except H. cairoense with two to six teeth in the outer premaxillary row).
Body slender and elongate (mean maximum body depth about 26.1% SL). Area above orbits flat between anterior margin of orbits and supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of head and body oblique from supraoccipital to dorsal-fin origin and from last dorsal-fin ray to base of caudal fin. Ventral profile of body convex from snout to base of pelvic fin; straight from pelvic-fin origin to anal fin. Caudal peduncle laterally compressed. Head and snout short (21.2% SL and 25.0% HL respectively), jaws equal, mouth terminal, lips soft and flexible, and outer row of premaxillary teeth; ventral border of upper jaw flat; posterior edge of maxilla reaching anterior edge of orbit. Premaxilla with two rows of teeth (Fig.
Counts and measurements of Hemibrycon sanjuanensis sp. n. Standard and total lengths in mm, averages in parentheses.
Holotype | Paratypes | |
---|---|---|
Standard length | 53.3 | 21.3–84.9 (60.0) |
Total length | 63 | 6.3–100.3 (71.1) |
Percentages of SL | ||
Body depth | 26.4 | 19.2–30.2 (26.1) |
Snout-dorsal fin distance | 50.7 | 23.3–53.5 (49.7) |
Snout-pectoral fin distance | 24 | 21.7–27.3 (23.0) |
Snout-pelvic fin distance | 41.5 | 41.4–47.5 (42.9) |
Snout-anal fin distance | 56.8 | 54.4–61.1 (56.6) |
Dorsal fin-hypural distance | 53.7 | 26.7–57.4 (51.5) |
Dorsal-fin length | 20.1 | 18.3–24.4 (20.4) |
Pectoral-fin length | 19.9 | 15.3–20.5 (18.5) |
Pelvic-fin length | 12.6 | 8.6–13.3 (11.7) |
Caudal peduncle depth | 11.8 | 5.3–12.3 (10.7) |
Caudal peduncle length | 12 | 5.6–13.6 (10.7) |
Head length | 21.7 | 18.9–26.2 (21.2) |
Dorsal-anal fin distance | 27.6 | 22.8–38.0 (27.9) |
Dorsal-pectoral fin distance | 37.7 | 34.2–43.5 (38.3) |
Anal-fin length | 15.8 | 11.0–17.5 (13.8) |
Percentages of HL | ||
Snout length | 25 | 16.0–29.0 (25.0) |
Orbital diameter | 37.3 | 29.5–44.2 (36.2) |
Postorbital distance | 34.2 | 29.1–44.9 (38.8) |
Maxilla length | 38.2 | 25.7–41.6 (33.7) |
Interorbital distance | 38.5 | 32.0–44.7 (36.8) |
Mandible superior distance | 30.8 | 25.7–37.4 (32.8) |
Lateral-line scales | 44 | 40–47 |
Scale row between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line | 6 | 5–6 |
Scale rows between anal-fin origin and lateral line | 5 | 4–6 |
Scale rows between pelvic-fin and lateral line | 5 | 4–6 |
Predorsal median scales | 12 | 11–14 |
Dorsal-fin rays | iii, 7 | iii, 7–8 |
Anal-fin rays | iii, 27 | iii-iv, 24–30 |
Pelvic-fin rays | ii, 6 | ii, 6 |
Pectoral-fin rays | ii, 11 | ii, 9–12 |
Maxillary teeth | 5 | 7–10 |
Males have between 3–11 very short hooks present on all branched pelvic-fin rays, located on both branches of rays, but predominantly on internal and lateral branches; hooks present on one simple pelvic-fin ray. Males have row of very short hooks on first seven to fifteen branched anal-fin rays, each ray has from 3–5 hooks, which extend along the extreme distal branch of rays; no hooks on simple anal-fin rays.
Dorsum of body and head silvery green; sides and ventrum silvery white from opercle to caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle with dark midlateral stripe that extends on to middle caudal-fin rays and has a reddish spot on the ventral portion of the caudal- fin base. Humeral spot dark and rounded or oblong with some dispersed melanophores extending dorsally and ventrally. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline, but dorsal, anal and caudal fins with hues of reddish yellow and with dispersed melanophores on interradial membranes.
Body dark brownish-yellow, melanophores more densely concentrated on dorsum and upper sides than on ventrum, most intense on head; with melanophores present on the posterior margins of the scales all along the sides of body. Trunk with dark, midlateral stripe from posterior margin of humeral spot to caudal peduncle, extending on to caudal fin. Humeral spot circular or oblong, located two scales posterior to the opercle, not reaching the first series of scales below the lateral-line canal. Ventral part of body light yellow. Dorsal fin with melanophores concentrated mostly on interradial membranes and rays. Adipose fin hyaline. Dark melanophores present on middle caudal-fin rays, near caudal-fin base. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline; anal and caudal-fin lobes dusky and with melanophores concentrated on interradial membranes to form band.
This species is so far known only from the upper San Juan River Basin, Tatamá River drainage, Pacific versant, Colombia (Fig.
Physicochemical variables in habitat of Hemibrycon sanjuanensis sp. n. San Juan River Basin, Colombia. Localities: 1. Aguas Claras River 2. La Selva Creek, 3. Agua bonita Creek. 4. Chupaderos Creek, 5. La Soledad Creek, 6. Itauri Creek, 7. Tatama River, m.a.s.l. = meters above sea level; Rd. Rocks and detritus; Rs. Rocks and Sand; width: of river at collecting site.
Locality | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
m.a.s.l. | 1519 | 1359 | 1530 | 1375 | 1219 | 446 | 1407 |
Water temperature (°C) | 16.9 | 18.3 | 20.0 | 17.8 | 19.2 | 22.4 | 21.3 |
Air temperature (°C) | 19.9 | 23.7 | 20.0 | 20.8 | 22.2 | 23.7 | 22.1 |
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) | 7.8 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 7.2 |
pH | 7.51 | 7.47 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 7.57 | 7.67 | 7.57 |
Conductivity (us/cm) | 0.49 | 0.446 | 0.001 | 0.698 | - | 1.443 | 0.72 |
Total solids (STD) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
Width (m) | 10 | 5–6 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–1.5 | 5–6 | 10.0–15.0 |
Depth (m) | 1–2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3–0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5–1 | 0.5–3 |
Color | clear | clear | clear | clear | clear | clear | clear |
Substrate | Rs | Rd, Rs | Rd, Rs | Rs | Rs | Rs | Rs |
The new species is syntopic with Bryconamericus emperador, Astroblepus sp., Pimelodella sp. and Characidium sp. The analysis of stomach contents of four specimens revealed the presence of adults and larvae of two different species of Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Promoresia sp. and Elmid sp., Diptera: Simulidae and Sarcophagidae, adult of OdonataZygoptera, Dytiscidae, Trichoptera, Nematoda, Isopoda and fragments of unidentified arthropods. The presence of autochthonous and some allochthonous items suggest that this species is insectivorous with considerable plasticity in its diet.
Hemibrycon sanjuanensis is named for the San Juan River Basin, where the type series was collected (Fig.
Canonical Variables Analysis (CVA) of H. sanjuanensis and species found in the San Juan and nearby rivers (including H. dariensis and H. cairoense), revealed significant differences among them, based on several characters, the most important of which are the length of the pelvic fin (variable M) and upper jaw length (related to variable W) (Fig.
Moreover, this new species is distinguished from H. cairoense (
Hemibrycon sanjuanensis has all of the synapomorphies observed in other Hemibrycon (
Hemibrycon sanjuanensis has a reddish spot on the ventral portion of the caudal- fin base in life. This characteristic has also been observed in several other species of Hemibrycon (
Two species, H. dariensis and H. microformaa, have been reported previously from the San Juan, Atrato and Leon River drainages (
Hemibrycon beni: UMSS 09585, 18, Bolivia, Amazonas/Madera/Beni/Bopo, Pekheñkhara River Imanblaya, 3 Jan. 1990; UMSS 0890, 50, Bolivia, Amazonas/Beni/Madera/Kaka, tributary of Taipiplaya-Taipiplaya Rivers, 3 Oct. 2008. Hemibrycon boquiae: All from Colombia, Quindío state, Salento municipality, Upper Cauca River, Quindío River: IUQ 301a, 3, (C and S), Boquia Creek, 4°38'35"N, 75°75'11"W, 1819 m.a.s.l; IUQ 754,104, Boquia Creek (4°38'35"N, 75°75'11"W, 1819 m.a.s.l; IUQ 871, 15, Boquia Creek, 4°38'35"N, 75°75'11"W, 1819 m.a.s.l. Hemibrycon brevispini paratypes: IUQ 883,6, Colombia, Quindío state, Calarcá municipality, Upper Cauca River, Quindío River, Venada Creek, tributary of Santo Domingo River, Quebrada Negra road, 4°26'52"N, 75°41'02"W, 1278 to 1304 m.a.s.l; IUQ 1453,5 (C and S), Colombia, Quindío state, Calarcá municipality, Upper Cauca River, Quindío River, Quebrada Negra and Venada Creek, drainage of Santo Domingo River, 200 m along Quebrada Negra road after the bridge of the Santo Domingo River. Hemibrycon cairoense Paratypes: IUQ 537, 2 (C and S), Colombia, Risaralda state, El Cairo, Upper Cauca River, Los Ramirez Creek, tributary of La Italia Creek, road from Quinchia to El Cairo, 200 m beside the bridge; IUQ 537, 2 (C and S), Valle del Cauca state, El Cairo municipality, Upper Cauca River, Los Ramirez Creek, tributary of La Italia Creek, El Cairo, road from Quinchia to El Cairo, 200 m from bridge. Hemibrycon colombianus: IAvH 3130, 28, Colombia, Santander state, Magdalena River, Moniquira River, Suarez River, Sept 11 and 13, 1995; IAvH 2942, 6, Colombia, Boyacá state, Suarez River and El Cobre Creek; IAvH 3132, 24, Colombia, Boyacá state, Moniquira and Suarez Rivers, El Cobre Creek; ICNMNH 755, 7, Colombia, Santander state, Capitanejo and Nevado Rivers. Hemibrycon coxeyi ANSP 70155 (Holotype), Ecuador, Hacienda Las Mascotas, mouth of the Pastaza River, Marañón River drainage. Hemibrycon dariensis: USNM 260697,1, Colombia, Choco state, Atrato River, Bernal Creek, tributary of Negua River, 17 Mar 1967; USNM 293218, 2, Panamá, of Kuna Yala, Madinga River between Pingandi River and Mandinga (Atlántico), 09°28'N, 70°06'W, 3 Mar 1985; USNM 293234, 1, Panamá, Darién, Pirre River about 1/2 km above El Real (Tuira River), Pacific,19 Feb 1985; USNM 293245,28, Panamá, Darien, Tuira River, Darién Province, Pucuro River about 3–4 km above the confluence of the Tuira River, Pacific, 17 Feb 1985; IUQ 523, 26, Colombia, Antioquia state, Uraba, Zungo River highway, León River system,17 Dec 1990; IUQ 524,2, Colombia, Antioquia, Uraba, Creek km 25 Mutatá-Chigorodo road, Dec 1990; IUQ 525, 26, Colombia, Antioquia, Uraba, Caribbean sea, León River drainage, Villarteaga River, Dec 1990. Hemibrycon fasciatus (paratypes): All from the state (Departamento) of Antioquia, middle Magdalena River Basin: IUQ 3065, 4; 32.4–71.5mm SL, Santa Gertrudis Creek, tributary of Nare River, Concepción municipality 6°19'21.0"N, 75°09'38.6"W, 1820 m.a.s.l., 31 Jan 2010; IUQ 3156, 1, 52.7mm SL, Santa Gertrudis Creek, tributary of Nare River, Concepción and Alejandría municipality, after the Peñol-Guatapé dam. Hemibrycon guppyi: BMNH 1906623, lectotype, 1. USNM 290406, 1, C and S. USNM 290406, 7. Hemibrycon helleri: (see Arcila-M., 2008). Hemibrycon jelskii: MUSM 36126, 7, Peru, Cusco state, Amazon River, La Convención, Echarate, Urubamba, Perotoni River, 28 May 2009; MUSM 35492, 13, Peru, Ucayali state, Amazonas, Atalaya, Sepaliva, Lazaro Creek tributary of Mishahua River, 28 May 2009. Hemibrycon jabonero: All from Venezuela: EBRG 7542, 10, Falcón state, Sierra San Luis, Mitare River on old road between Cabure and San Luis, 28 Jun 1996; IUQ 553, 3, Carabobo state, Valencia Lake basin, El Ercigue river, north of San Joaquin, 4 May 1991; MBUCV 22854, 18, Carabobo state, Valencia Lake, 18 Jun 1968; MBUCV 12530, 4, Miranda state, Grande River 500 m after Santa Cruz River, Guatopo National Park, 1 Mar 1981; MBUCV 9736, 1, 66.4 mm SL, Monagas state, San Juan River, Los Morros Caripito, 28 Apr 1977; MBUCV 27652, 4, Carabobo state, Grande River, Guatopo National Park, 20 Dec 1980; MBUCV 12514, 5, Miranda state, Grande River, 500 m after Santa Cruz River, Guatopo Nacional Park, 3 Feb1981; MBUCV 22809, 5, Carabobo state, Miquita River, 2 km south of Goaigoaza, 2 Dec 1969; MCNG 42720, 17, Merida state, Chama River, Lake Maracaibo Basin, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 33313, 1, Zulia state, Río Chama, 3 km from bridge at road, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 27567, 1, Lara state, Caño Los Giles, 5 km. S.W. La Pastora, upper Tocuyo River, Caribbean Sea, 1 Jan 1992; MCNG 24838, 12, Zulia state Merida-Tachira, Maracaibo basin, Escalante River, 3 Mar1991; MCNG 48498, 38; Portuguesa state, creek north of Ospino, road to Estación La Reinosa, 3 Nov 1995; MCNG 188, 1, Zulia state, Negro River, Lake Maracaibo Basin, 14 Nov. 2005; MCNG 7475, 2, Merida state, road to Tovar, Uribante, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 24821, 3, Merida state, creek ca. 3 km. East from Capazón, 1 Jul 1991; EBRG 4324, 23, Aragua state, Limón River, pool 350 m NW of Profauna building, El Limón, 21 Mar 1990; EBRG 9950, 2, Carabobo state, Salado River, Hacienda Urama II, 2 Jul 2004; EBRG 9349, 4, Cojedes state, road to Hato Piñero, Las Damitas Creek, under bridge, 21 Mar 1990; EBRG 4324, 33, Aragua state, Limón River, pool 350 m NW of Profauna, El Limón, 21 Mar 1990; EBRG 9953, 32, Carabobo state, Morón River, old highway to Morón Reservoir, 30 Jun 2004; EBRG 9951, 20, Carabobo state, Alpargaton River, above quarry, 13 Apr 2005; MCNG 54541, 25, Falcon state, El Hueque Creek, bridge on Churuguara-Coro road, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 54589, 3, Yaracuy state, creek on Hacienda Guaquira, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 54610, 20, state Yaracuy, Sarare Creek 1 km from Hacienda Corozal, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 54566, 46, Carabobo state, El Samán on Alpargaton River, above sand quarry, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 54602, 16, Yaracuy state, Hacienda Guaquira, upper Guaquira Creek at cement crossing, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 49640, 5, Crucito River, Crucito Sector, 1 km from asphalt de road to Palma Sola, 16 Jan 2004; MCNG 16972, 8, Cocotal River (or Cocollar) at Campo Elias before San Antonio, at mouth with Guarapiche River, San Juan River system, 14 Nov 2005; MCNG 6475, 2, Apure state, mouth of creek tributary to Grande River, Tachira River drainage, 14 Nov 2005. Hemibrycon metae: IAvH 3122, 10, Colombia: Casanare state, Aguazul, Orinoco, Chichaca Creek, tributary of Cachiza River, 1 Mar 1994; IAvH 3125, 33, Colombia: Casanare state, Aguazul, Orinoco, Unete, Cravo Sur and Tua River drainage, 4 May 1996; IAvH 3129, 50, Colombia: Casanare state, Aguazul, Orinoco, Cupiagu Creek, Unete River drainage, 4 Mar 1994; all from Venezuela: MCNG 26774, 2, Barinas state, Santa Barbara River, 3 km NE, Santa Barbara, Apure River basin, 1 Jan 1992; MCNG 26774, 26, Barinas state, Santa Barbara River, 3 km NE Santa Barbara, Apure River basin, 1 Jul 1992; MCNG 7916, 1, Barinas state, Apure, Pedraza District, Ticoporo Creek at bridge on road from Acequia River, 7 Dec 1982; MCNG 50011, 1, Ventuari River, Tencua Falls, 58 km. E of San Juan de Manapiare, 5°2.86'N, 65°36.95'W, 21 Apr 2004; MCNG 41903, 2, Barinas state, upper La Yuca River, 3 Nov 1998; MCNG 32396, 30, creek NE of San Antonio, Highway 5, Curito River, 3 Feb1993. Hemibrycon surinamensis: (see
We are grateful for the support of the University of Quindío (UQ), Vicerrectoria of Investigations for grants 304, 357, 464 to C.R-V. and R.I.R-C. and Facultad de Ciencias Basicas and Tecnologías U.Q. for financial support for Research Project 594 and funding for a visiting researcher to IUQ (DCT) in June–July 2013 and 2014. Cristian Román-P (IUQ and UV) identified stomach contents and elaborated figure 2. We thank the editor of ZooKeys and one anonymous referee for their comments and corrections which helped to improve this paper.